用SHS法制备耐火材料的原理及影响因素

自蔓延高温合成（ｓｅｌｆｐｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｎｇｈｉｇｈｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ,简称ＳＨＳ,又称燃烧合成ｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｏｎｓｙｎｔｈｅｓｉｓ）,是最近２０年发展起来的一种先进的材料制造和工艺方法,是综合了多门学科而产生的高新技术。ＳＨＳ是利用物质间化学反应放出的热量,使反应持续进行而合成新物质。ＳＨＳ的广义概念为：任何具有化学反应放热特征,并能生成有实用价值物质的过程就是ＳＨＳ［１～６］。在自蔓延技术风靡全球许多年后的今天,因其制备工艺简单、烧结速度快且产品性能优良,ＳＨＳ…     

Sol—gel法制取Al2O3系陶瓷涂层的研究

本文研究了用溶胶－凝胶（Ｓｏｌ－ｇｅｌ）法制备Ａｌ２Ｏ３系陶瓷涂层的工艺过程和反应原理，阐述了溶胶制备，涂层工艺及其影响因素等问题，结果表明，涂层的性质与溶胶的性质、溶胶与基层的润湿性认及涂覆工艺有关。Ａｌ（ＯＨ）３溶胶的粘度应控制在２４￣４６ｃｐ，烧结加热速率不易高于１℃／ｍｉｎ；选用添加剂和多次涂覆技术等可以增加涂层厚度。     

重铬酸钾法测定废水COD条件改进的研究

本提出用ＣｕＳＯ４作催化剂，在Ｈ２ＳＯ４－Ｈ２ＰＯ４溶液中，重铬酸钾回流测定废水ＣＯＤ的方法，实验表明，最佳测定条件为：ＣｕＳＯ４浓度为７×１０＾－２ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１（混酸溶液）：Ｈ２ＳＯ４：Ｈ３ＰＯ４＝５：１（体积比）回流时间２ｈ，通过与标准方法对比，测定结果满意，本方法的优点是：不需用贵重金试剂Ａｇ２ＳＯ４，改用ＣｕＳＯ４作催化剂，精密度高，准确性好，具有一定的实用价值。     

SiO 2 -TiO 2 -ZrO 2 陶瓷涂层工艺的研究

１金属基板上ＳｉＯ２ ＴｉＯ２ ＺｒＯ２陶瓷涂层工艺的研究现状在金属基板上进行Ｓｏｌ ｇｅｌ涂层是国外在９０年代发展起来的一项新工艺。根据金属陶瓷复合材料这一新兴工业的应用前景,一些工业发达国家的政府研究部门和工业界都十分重视这项新工艺的开发与研究,...     

塞曼原子吸收法测定大洋多金属结核中的铜钴镍

报道以ＨＮＯ３－ＨＦ－ＨＣｌＯ４分解多金属结核样品，用日立１８０－８０偏振塞曼原子吸收分光光度计测定Ｃｕ、Ｃｏ和Ｎｉ的方法。试验了介质及共存元素对测定的影响，选择了最佳测定条件。用该法测定了大洋锰结核标准物质中的Ｃｕ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ，结果与标准值符合，且方法已应用于大批量样品分析中。对这些标样６次测定的ＲＳＤ分别是Ｃｕ０．４９％￣１．９９％，Ｃｏ１．８６％￣２．６６％，Ｎｉ０．４６％￣１．９６％。     

感耦等离子体发射光谱法测定原油中痕量铁镍铜钒

系统地试验了用感耦等离子体发射光谱同时测定原油中痕量元素Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｕ和Ｖ的多种前处理方法,制定出Ｈ２ＳＯ４、ＨＮＯ３分步炭化,５００℃灰化,ＨＣｌ＋ＨＮＯ３（ＶＨＣｌ∶ＶＨＮＯ３＝１∶１）溶解灰分的最佳分解方案。该方法的检出限为１．０～６．０μｇ／Ｌ,精密度好,ＲＳＤ（ｎ＝４）＜４．６％,加标回收率为９６．２％～１１１％。方法已应用于大庆、苏北、惠州等原油样品的分析。     

电感耦合等离子体—发射光谱法测定大气颗粒物中的铜,铅,锌

将样品滤膜一起用ＨＦ、ＨＮＯ３及ＨＣｌＯ４消化，制成１０％的ＨＮＯ３溶液，用ＩＣＰ－ＡＥＳ测定Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｚｎ。检出限分别为１．４、８．１、０．７，ＲＳＤ％分别为３．７、７．３、１．８，已用于测定青岛市区的大气颗粒物样品。     

用ICP－MS准确测定岩石样品中的40余种微量元素

本文建立了一种用ＨＦ＋ＨＮＯ３，密封溶解样品、以ＵＳＧＳ标准岩石样品ＢＣＲ－１作参考标准、外加质量监控样品测定岩石样品中微量元素的ＩＣＰ－ＭＳ分析方法。该方法具有简单、准确、测定元素多的特点。用该方法对ＵＳＧＳ和ＡＧＳＯ的标准岩石样品中４０余种微量元素进行测定，结果表明，除个别元素的分析结果与推荐值偏差接近或略大于１０％外，绝大多数元素的分析结果与推荐值偏差在５％以内。     

坡缕石的红外光谱研究

在仔细分析坡缕石结构特点的基础上,对坡缕石结构的组成离子进行了详细划分。利用晶体化学和分子轨道理论,深入研究了热液型和沉积型坡缕石的红外光谱谱图特点, 对坡缕石结构中的水以及 Ｓｉ— Ｏ 区红外吸收带进行了归属研究。其中, 约 ３６９４ ｃｍ － １ 、３６１１ｃｍ － １ 吸收带分别归属为 ν Ｍ ｇ— Ｏ Ｈ 、ν Ａｌ— Ｏ Ｈ , 约 ３５４０ ｃｍ － １ 吸收带归属为 ν Ｏ Ｈ ２ , 约 ３３９４ ｃｍ － １ 、３２９４ｃｍ － １ 吸收带归属为ν Ｈ２ Ｏ , 约 １６５５ ｃｍ － １、１４００ ｃｍ － １ 吸收带归属为δ Ｏ Ｈ ２ 、δ Ｈ ２ Ｏ ; Ｓｉ— Ｏ 振动区,连接坡缕石倒转结构单元间的直线型 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥倒— Ｓｉ的红外振动吸收频率最高, 与活性氧结合的 Ｓｉ— Ｏ活红外振动吸收频率居次, 其中 Ｓｉ— Ｏ活边 高于 Ｓｉ— Ｏ活内, 而连接辉石式单链的 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥非— Ｓｉ较低, 且 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥非间— Ｓｉ比 Ｓｉ— Ｏ桥非内 — Ｓｉ低。     

离子对色谱测定碱性样品溶液中铬的方法研究

提出了两种测定碱性样品溶液中铬的离子对色谱方法,第一方法将碱性溶液用Ｈ３ＰＯ４中和,流动相采用含有１５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ２ＳＯ４的１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ四丁基氢氧化铵溶液;第二种方法将碱性溶液用ＨＣｌ中和,流动相采用含有２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ辛胺和１０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＳＯ４的ψ＝６％的乙腈溶液。     

低阻油气层成因分类和评价及识别

在系统总结中国对低阻油气层认识和评价资料的基础上，结合目前的研究现状对其进行了系统成因分类，指出其相应的测井评价技术以及应注意的问题。提出沉积成因的低阻油气层识别和评价应以地质条件为约束条件，以系统、整体的思想分析和研究砂泥岩地层中低阻油气层。     

Refractory precursor components of Semarkona chondrules and the fractionation of refractory elements among chondrites

Chondrules from the Semarkona (LL3.0) chondrite show refractory and common lithophile fractionation trends similar to those observed among the chondrite groups. It appears that chondrules are mixtures of a small number of pre-existing solid components, and we infer that chondrule precursor materials were related to the nebular components involved in the lithophile element fractionations recognized in ordinary chondrites. Compositional trends among the chondrules can be used to deduce the compositions of these components.We use instrumental neutron activation analysis to measure many (~20) of the lithophile elements in 30 chondrules. The amounts of oxidized iron were calculated from other compositional parameters; concentrations of Si were estimated using mass-balance considerations. The data were corrected for the diluting effects of non-lithophile constituents. Plots of lithophile elements versus a reference refractory element such as Al show that there were two major chondrule silicate precursor components: a refractory, olivine-rich, FeO-free one, and a non-refractory, SiO₂-, FeO-rich one.The refractory component probably forms from olivine-enriched condensates formed above the condensation temperature of enstatite. The non-refractory component must have formed from fine-grained materials that were able to equilibrate down to lower nebular temperatures. Chondrite matrix may have had an origin similar to that of the non-refractory material, and constitutes a third lithophile-bearing component that took part in chondrite fractionation processes. The low abundance of refractories and Mg in ordinary and enstatite chondrites was produced by the loss of materials having a higher refractory-element/Mg ratio than that in the refractory component of chondrules.     

Petrographic and oxygen-isotopic study of refractory forsterites from R-chondrite Dar al Gani 013 (R3.5-6), unequilibrated ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites

We have conducted petrographic, chemical and in-situ oxygen isotopic studies of refractory forsterites from unequilibrated ordinary and carbonaceous chondrites as well as an unequilibrated R-chondrite. Refractory forsterites occur in all types of unequilibrated chondrites and all have very similar chemical composition with low FeO and high refractory lithophile element (RLE) contents. Refractory forsterites are typically enriched in ¹⁶O relative to ‘normal’ olivine independent of the bulk O-isotope ratios of the parent meteorites. Analyses of refractory forsterites spread along a Δ¹⁷O mixing line with Δ¹⁷O ranging from +2 to −10‰. Due to similarities in oxygen isotopes and chemical compositions, we conclude that refractory forsterites of various types of chondrites come from a single common reservoir. Implications of this hypothesis for the chemical and O-isotope evolution of silicates in the early solar nebular are discussed.     

中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 :“蘑菇云”模型

从地幔类型、地球物理资料、岩石学研究成果 3方面讨论了中国东部显生宙地幔演化的主要样式 ,认为古老岩石圈地幔物质以亏损玄武质组分的橄榄岩为主 ,岩石密度低 ,具上浮性质 ,是克拉通稳定的主要原因 ,不可能发生因重力诱发的拆沉作用。白垩纪晚期—新生代地幔成分为饱满的二辉橄榄岩 ,地温高 ,明显有别于古老地幔。该热地幔物质呈“蘑菇云”状上涌 ,蘑菇云之间仍有古老地幔的残留体 ,二者多数呈陡边界接触 ,这是东部地幔演化的主要样式。与此同时岩石圈伸展导致岩石圈减薄。中生代中国东部绝大部分地区地温很高、地壳厚度大 ,但许多问题尚待研究。古老岩石圈地幔中的低速、低阻物质为流体和低熔程度的熔体 ,它们呈脉状、透镜状 ;新生代地幔中的该物质为含熔体的软流圈物质 ,它们呈多个蘑菇云状 ;中生代地幔中的低速物质可能为大量的玄武质熔体 ,呈蘑菇云平流层状。中生代壳幔相互作用明显 ,克拉通稳定时期及新生代时期层圈之间相互作用的活跃带位于岩石圈与软流圈之间。     

Effects of coarse-grained materials on properties of residual soil

Residual soils are generally characterised by a low coefficient of permeability and high shrinkage potential. Several soil improvement methods can be applied to overcome these problems, including mixing the residual soil with coarse-grained soils. In order to study the effects of varying coarse-grained materials on the hydraulic properties and shrinkage characteristics of residual soils, a local residual soil was mixed with different percentages of a gravelly sand and a medium sand. The hydraulic properties and shrinkage potential of the residual soil and the soil mixtures were investigated. The measurements showed that increasing the amount of coarse-grained materials increased the saturated permeability and reduced the shrinkage potential of the residual soil mixture. Increasing the amount of coarse-grained materials in the residual soil produced changes in several key parameters of soil-water characteristic curve (e.g., the slope, the air-entry value, the residual matric suction, and the residual volumetric water content), as well as the unsaturated permeabilities of the soil mixtures.     

“泥科学与应用技术”的提出及研究进展

随着社会经济的发展,以淤泥、污泥为代表的各种泥状物产量巨大,接近于城市垃圾的数量。而各种泥的性状及污染物种类非常复杂、多样,经济、安全地进行各种泥的处理和利用已经成为一个重要的问题。各种泥状物虽然种类不同、成分各异,但具有很多共同的物理、化学性质。在处理方面也具有以脱水为主的减量化、以污染物稳定为主的无害化、以改变性质后进行利用为主的资源化的途径上的一致性。此外,泥所具有的一些特殊性质也能够被利用来解决一些特殊的问题。长期以来,各种泥的科学研究和处理技术分布在各行各业,使用的概念、指标不能统一,技术和方法隔离发展,影响了对于泥的基础理论和技术的发展。针对这些问题,提出了建立“泥科学与应用技术”的学科方向,对于泥的主要种类和问题,处理泥中所遇到的热点问题以及几个典型的研究进行了综述,为解决泥的问题进行了分析和总结。     

Origin of chondritic forsterite grains

Iron-poor and refractory lithophile element (RLE) rich forsterite grains occur in all major types of unequilibrated chondrites. In our laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) minor and trace element study we show that refractory forsterites (RF) from carbonaceous (CC), unequilibrated ordinary (UOC) and a Rumuruti chondrite (RC) have similar chemical compositions with high RLE concentrations and low concentrations of Mn, Fe, Co and Ni. Fractionation of RLEs and rare earth elements (REEs) is in agreement with formation by crystallization from a RLE rich silicate melt. Low concentrations and the fractionation of moderately siderophile elements (Fe, Co, Ni) in RFs suggests formation at low oxygen fugacity, possibly in equilibrium with primitive Fe,Ni metal condensates in a gas of solar composition. Anomalously high Ti in the parental melt can be explained by Ti³⁺/Ti⁴⁺ ∼1.5, supporting formation of RF in highly reducing conditions. Low Mn concentrations indicate formation at high temperatures (>∼1160 K). The model of formation of RFs and the accompanying physico-chemical conditions during their formation as well as their relation to non refractory olivine are discussed.     

藏东南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩中玻安岩的地球化学特征和地质意义

对南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩带内旁辛蛇绿岩中变基性岩的地球化学特征进行研究后,发现该基性岩为玻安岩,具有SiO2>53%,镁指数(Mg#)>0.6,难熔元素(Cr、Co和Ni)明显富集,而高场强元素(Nb、Zr、Ti和Y)亏损等玻安岩所具有的典型地球化学特征。旁辛蛇绿岩中玻安岩的主要地球化学特征不仅能与世界著名的玻安岩进行对比,而且也能与雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带的日喀则和得几蛇绿岩中的玻安岩进行对比。因此,可以认为南迦巴瓦地区雅鲁藏布江蛇绿混杂岩形成于岛弧环境。