Structure of vegetation cover in the western part of the Upper-Angara depression

Presented are the results from studying and mapping the vegetation in the Upper-Angara depression. We suggest the technique for mapping plant communities involving a combined use of the NDVI and NDWI indices, the SRTM-based digital elevation model, forest management data, and expedition-based research findings.     

黄土高原植被恢复潜力研究

黄土高原从1999年开始大规模退耕还林（草）,植被覆盖发生了较大变化,对黄土高原植被恢复现状和恢复潜力进行评估具有重要意义。本文使用1999-2013年SPOT VEG NDVI数据,采用线性回归、Hurst指数分析法、统计学方法以及地理空间分析技术,对黄土高原植被恢复状况和潜力进行了探讨。结论主要为：① 1999年退耕还林（草）以来,黄土高原植被覆盖度呈显著上升趋势,黄土高原三分之二地区的植被将会持续改善;② 植被响应曲线分析表明,黄土区植被覆盖度和干旱指数呈显著的指数关系,且缓坡相关性大于陡坡。土石山区植被响应函数为线性函数,相关系数下降;③ 整个黄土高原地区平均植被恢复潜力为69.75%。植被恢复潜力值东南高而西北低,黄土高原东南地区植被恢复状况较好,其植被恢复潜力指数较小,而植被恢复潜力指数较高的地区主要为北方风沙区及西部丘陵沟壑区;④ 不同降水量条件下,植被恢复速度差别显著,其中降水量在375~575 mm之间的地区,植被恢复最快。植被恢复措施应该“因水制宜”,避免因造林带来的土壤干化加剧。研究结果以期为黄土高原生态文明建设提供科学支撑。     

The application and comparison of several flux profile relations in CoLM

This paper discusses the important role that flux profile relations play in momentum flux, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux simulations in CoLM （Common Land Model） and compares the application of three flux profile relation schemes in CoLM by means of the Loess Plateau Land-Atmosphere Interaction Pilot Experiment （LOPEX） of 2005. It reveals that the results simulated by the model barely changed in the original flux profile schemes of the models a~er eliminating the very stable condition and the very unstable condition, and there were only tiny changes in numerical values. This indicates that the corrected terms added to fm（ξm）,fh（ξh） were very tiny and can be ignored under very stable and very unstable circumstances. According to a comparison of the three flux profile relations, the simulation results were basically coherent by using any CoLM： the correlation coefficient of the simulation value and the observed value was 0.89, and this bears on the coherence with the numerical procedures for the flux pro- file relations under unstable circumstances. The simulation results were improved considerably by utilizing the Lobocki flux pro- file schemes, which numerical procedures under unstable circumstances differed significantly fi＇om other three flux profile schemes; in this case the correlation coefficient of the value of simulation and the observed value became 0.95. In the next itera- tion of this study, it will be of great importance for the development of the land surface process model to continue experimenting with the application of some novel flux profile schemes in the land surface process models in typical regions.     

Assessing the progress of desertification of the southern edge of Chihuahuan Desert: A case study of San Luis Potosi Plateau

The aim of this study is to establish if the San Luis Potosi Plateau (SLPP), which is part of the southern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert, is generating desertification processes, indicating a progression of the desert toward the central part of Mexico. Therefore, we analyzed the temporal evolution of four environmental indicators of desertification: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), Iron Oxides Index (IO) and Surface Temperature (ST). Landsat TM images are used to cover a period from 1990 to 2011. A new equation of total balance is proposed to generate an image of the overall evolution of each factor which is applied to get a probability map of desertification. The evolution of NDVI, NDWI and IO shows a behavior almost stable over the time. In contrast, the ST shows a slight increase. The outcomes of this study confirm periods of vegetation re-greening and 8.80% of the SLPP has the highest probability to develop desertification. The most affected area is the portion west of the region, and the east and south are the least affected areas. The results suggest a slight advance of the desert, although most of the area doesn’t have the necessary conditions to develop desertification.     

黄土高原地区NDVI与气候因子空间尺度依存性及非平稳性研究

基于MODIS传感器的植被指数产品(MOD13Q1)及50年气候数据,通过地理加权回归与普通最小二乘回归模型对比,对中国黄土高原地区NDVI与气候因子间的空间尺度依存性及非平稳性进行研究,以期准确建立二者间关系.结果表明:① 研究区域内,NDVI与气候因子间存在很强的空间尺度依存关系,相同空间尺度下,年均降水较年均温对NDVI影响的波动性更大;② 与普通最小二乘回归模型相比,地理加权回归模型能够更准确地展现二者间关系;③气候因子对该地区NDVI的影响差异明显,降水存在直接正向影响,而温度的影响则较复杂;④ NDVI与气候因子间沿东北--西南的分布格局体现出区域内不同植被--气候区差异特征.二者间的异质情况还反映出除气候外,人类活动,地形等其他因素对NDVI的影响.     

Chihuahuan沙漠南缘沙漠化进展评价——以San Luis Potosi高原为例（英文）

The aim of this study is to establish if the San Luis Potosi Plateau(SLPP), which is part of the southern edge of the Chihuahuan Desert, is generating desertification processes, indicating a progression of the desert toward the central part of Mexico. Therefore, we analyzed the temporal evolution of four environmental indicators of desertification: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI), Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI), Iron Oxides Index(IO) and Surface Temperature(ST). Landsat TM images are used to cover a period from 1990 to 2011. A new equation of total balance is proposed to generate an image of the overall evolution of each factor which is applied to get a probability map of desertification. The evolution of NDVI, NDWI and IO shows a behavior almost stable over the time. In contrast, the ST shows a slight increase. The outcomes of this study confirm periods of vegetation re-greening and 8.80% of the SLPP has the highest probability to develop desertification. The most affected area is the portion west of the region, and the east and south are the least affected areas. The results suggest a slight advance of the desert, although most of the area doesn't have the necessary conditions to develop desertification.     

2000—2016年黄土高原不同土地覆盖类型植被NDVI时空变化

了解植被覆盖的时空变化对区域环境保护及生态环境建设具有重要意义。基于MOD13A1数据,辅以Sen+Mann-Kendall、变异系数、Hurst指数,通过分析2000—2016年间黄土高原NDVI年最大值(NDVI_ymax)和生长季均值(NDVI_gsmean)时空变化特征及趋势,以了解黄土高原实施退耕还林(草)等生态工程后的植被覆盖恢复情况。结果表明：① 2000—2016年植被NDVI_ymax和NDVI_gsmean呈现波动式增长趋势,增长率分别为0.0070/a(P<0.01)和0.0063/a(P<0.01),生态环境整体不断改善。② NDVI_ymax和NDVI_gsmean显示黄土高原植被覆盖呈增加趋势的面积远高于呈减少趋势的面积(93.42%和96.22%、6.58%和3.78%),植被覆盖状态正在不断改善。2种数据变化趋势下,不同土地覆盖类型表现略有差异,森林极显著增加趋势面积最大(73.02%和82.60%),其次为耕地(47.87%和67.43%),再次为裸地(47.03%和61.68%)。③ NDVI_gsmean的变异系数小于NDVI_ymax的变异系数,相对稳定区域面积比分别为63.31%与56.64%,2种数据分析下森林变异系数最小,植被稳定性最好。④ 从植被NDVI变化趋势与Hurst组合结果得出,NDVI_ymax未来呈现改善趋势面积占41.35%,退化趋势面积占58.65%;NDVI_gsmean呈现改善趋势面积占49.19%,退化趋势面积占50.81%。2种数据下,灌木地未来发展趋势最好,森林和耕地退化趋势面积超过了50%。研究人员应持续关注退化趋势地区的植被状态。     

A geospatial assessment of flood hazard in north-eastern depressed basin,Bangladesh

Floods are a frequently occurring calamity in deltaic Bangladesh. This paper aims to assess the temporal expansion of waterbodies during flooding using geospatial techniques. Several water indices were applied to classify the satellite images at various temporal scales. Among them, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) showed the highest correlation (r = 0.831; where p = 0.01) with rainfall data. Specifically, the NDWI results showed that perennial waterbodies measured 37 km² and 60 km² in Sunamganj District in 2017 and 2019, respectively. The area of waterbodies notably increased 52-fold from March to April (37 km² to 1958 km²) during the pre-monsoon flash flood of 2017. During the July 2019 monsoon flood, waterbodies started to extend after May and flooded 2784 km² in area. NDVI analysis showed that in 2019, floodwater submerged 361.7 km² of vegetation cover. At the same time, the Surma River's flooding resulted in a 73.9 per cent inundation of the total area of the Sunamganj District. We hope that this study will provide better understanding of the varying nature of floods that occur in the low lying bowl shaped Haor region which will in turn assist the government with flood mitigation.     

陕北黄土高原景观动态的植被覆盖季节响应

半干旱地区生态环境状态与景观动态变化息息相关,为深入探讨景观动态的生态响应,本研究选择陕北黄土高原为研究区,分别就景观动态的3种类型 (景观类型间变化、类型内组分变化及未变化) 与植被覆盖状态进行分析。其中植被覆盖状态主要通过植被覆盖值高低及年内植被恢复期、维持期与转折点等曲线特征体现。结果发现研究区景观类型的动态变化并不显著,而各动态类型与植被覆盖的相关程度各不相同,植被覆盖不仅和景观类型有关,亦与景观动态类型有关,而在植被覆盖对景观动态的响应上,则体现出由于景观动态类型的差异,造成同一景观类型的植被覆盖季节响应模式和强度完全不同。     

近15 a黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及驱动力分析

研究黄土高原地区植被覆盖变化及其驱动因素可以揭示研究区气候变化和人工生态调节过程对植被变化的影响。基于500 m分辨率的MODIS-NDVI数据和同期气象数据,运用均值法、斜率分析法、相关分析法及残差法,分析了2001-2015年黄土高原的植被时空演变变化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明：近15 a黄土高原植被在季度上总体都呈现增加趋势且存在一定差异,夏、秋季植被增加最为明显;黄土高原植被覆盖在空间上呈现自东南向西北递减的分布特征;植被NDVI变化在不同季节上都存在明显的空间差异;黄土高原植被NDVI对气温、降水的响应关系有明显的季节差异,并在空间上与降水的相关性显著,与温度相关性不明显;人类活动对植被覆盖变化有双重影响,其中生态恢复工程是黄土高原中部地区植被覆盖快速增加的重要因素。     

黄土高原不同生态类型NDVI时空变化及其对气候变化响应

了解植被的时空变化及其气候主控因子可为植被保护和恢复提供重要的理论依据。基于MOD13A1和气象数据,分析了黄土高原Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI）时空变化特征,探讨了NDVI对水热条件在不同时间尺度的响应特征。结果表明：黄土高原植被覆盖状态正在不断的改善,气候呈暖湿的发展趋势;83.77%的植被退化区（退化区面积占研究区总面积的5.79%）海拔<2000 m且退化类型以不显著减少为主,不同覆被类型的退化区海拔分布及退化比例差异明显,湿地的退化面积比最高（23.91%）、其次耕地（11.88%）。年尺度上,NDVI与降水呈正相关的面积高于气温,约75.06%的区域受水分条件控制;灌木地（海拔分布<2200 m）、耕地（<3000 m）、草地（<3000 m）和裸地（600~3700 m）等植被生长受水分条件影响;森林（<1000 m、1700~3700 m）和湿地（>2500 m）的植被生长受热量影响。月尺度上,黄土高原植被NDVI对热量响应以滞后1个月为主,不同植被对水热响应的滞后性差异明显,草地、湿地、耕地和裸地对热量响应以滞后1个月为主;森林和灌木地则表现水热同期的特征。伴随滞后时间的推移,水分主控面积逐渐降低,热量成为影响植被生长的主要因素,水热主控及响应滞后性分布受海拔影响明显。     

黄土高原植被降水利用效率对植被恢复/退化的响应

基于2000-2014年MODIS NDVI数据及气象数据,运用累计降水利用效率变化差异（CRD,cumulative rain use efficiency differences）估算模型和基于地形要素降水量插值法,探讨2000-2014年黄土高原RUE（降水利用效率rain use efficiency）对植被变化的响应,以期为黄土高原生态可持续发展提供数据支撑。结果表明：黄土高原大部分地区植被覆盖得以改善,其面积约占总面积的81%,区域边缘植被覆盖退化严重。黄土高原降水利用效率RUE与累计NDVI的相关性总体表现为“东南呈正相关,西北为负相关”的空间格局,全区相关系数以正相关为主。黄土高原CRD与植被变化趋势的相关性显著,其中,植被退化背景下,植被退化程度越严重,RUE越低;植被恢复背景下,RUE受“退耕还林还草”作用显著,2000-2005年,RUE呈上升趋势,2007年后,随着退耕还林还草政策的工作重心转移,RUE呈波动变化。     

基于MODIS影像的土地覆被分类研究——以京津冀地区为例

在全球变化研究中,如何快速、准确获取土地覆被信息对该项研究有着至关重要的作用.随着遥感科学的不断发展和应用领域的深入,研究者可以利用遥感影像进行土地覆被分类研究,并且具有准确、快速、自动化等优点.本文利用MODIS数据具有的多光谱、多时相特点,以京津冀地区为例,选取2013 年全年16-day 的MOD13Q1/EVI时间序列数据、2013 年5 月份一期的MOD09Q1(1、2 波段)和MOD09A1(3-7 波段)产品,并运用时间序列谐波分析法对全年MOD13Q1/EVI 时间序列数据进行去云、去噪的平滑重建处理,使其数据更能反映物候周期性变化规律.选择谐波分析后的全年MOD13Q1/EVI 时间序列数据、MODIS数据的1-7 波段地表反射率和NDWI(归一化差异水体指数)、MNDWI(改进归一化差异水体指数)和NDSI(土壤亮度指数),构建了3 种特征变量组合方案的CART决策树,分别进行京津冀地区的土地覆被分类研究.结果表明:方案一(全年EVI 的23 个时相)、方案二(方案一+MOD09 的1-7 波段地表反射率)和方案三(方案二+MNDWI+NDSI+NDWI)的总体分类精度分别达到86.70%、89.98%、91.34%,Kappa系数分别为84.94%、88.66%、90.20%.研究表明,仅利用MODIS遥感影像自身多种分类特征和决策树方法对宏观土地覆被分类就可达到较高精度,显示了本文分类方法在实践中的可行性及MODIS数据在区域尺度土地覆被分类研究方面的优势与潜力.     

基于TVDI的黄土高原地表干燥度与土地利用的关系研究

基于地表温度和植被指数的经验关系构建地表干燥度指数。该指数对Ts/NDVI特征空间的生态特征的解释,对土壤和作物的水分含量具有一定的指示意义。通过对地表干燥度进行分级,分析陕北黄土高原区地表含水状况的空间差异,进而结合该地区的主要土地利用类型,探讨各类型的干燥度情况,并对不同地表干燥度条件下各土地利用类型对地表水分的保持能力差异进行分析,结果表明,在该区相对湿润环境中,林地以及疏林地的水分保持能力优于农地和草地,但在干旱的环境下,草地则好于林地及疏林地。建议根据不同土地利用类型的保水能力,在湿润区域增加林地的面积比例,在偏湿润区域增加疏林地的面积,在干旱区域增加草地的比例,减少农地开垦。     

Variation in vegetation greenness in spring across eastern China during 1982-2006

Vegetation greenness is a key indicator of terrestrial vegetation activity. To understand the variation in vegetation activity in spring across eastern China (EC), we analysed the variation in the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from April to May during 1982-2006. The regional mean NDVI across EC increased at the rate of 0.02/10yr (r²=0.28; p=0.024) prior to 1998; the increase ceased, and the NDVI dropped to a low level thereafter. However, the processes of variation in the NDVI were different from one region to another. In the North China Plain, a cultivated area, the NDVI increased (0.03/10yr; r²=0.52; p<0.001) from 1982 to 2006. In contrast, the NDVI decreased (-0.02/10yr; r²=0.24; p=0.014) consecutively from 1982 to 2006 in the Yangtze River and Pearl River deltas, two regions of rapid urbanisation. In the eastern region of the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the lower reaches of the Yangtze River in East China, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and decreased thereafter. In the Hulun Buir area and the southern part of the Yangtze River Basin, the NDVI increased prior to 1998 and remained static thereafter. The NDVI in the grasslands and croplands in the semi-humid and semi-arid areas showed a significant positive correlation with precipitation, while the NDVI in the woodlands in the humid to semi-humid areas showed a significant positive correlation with temperature. As much as 60% of the variation in the NDVI was explained by either precipitation or temperature.     

南京市热场分布特征及其与土地利用/覆被关系研究

文章采用Landsat ETM⁺热红外波段反演LST,分析南京市热场分布规律,构建了土地覆被指数LCI定量表示热场分布特征与土地利用/覆被的关系。结果表明:南京市存在三个连续分布且范围较广的热岛中心,主要分布在工业区;建成区平均温度比郊区高0.972℃;土地利用/类型的空间格局总体上决定了城市热场的空间分布,下垫面介质的热特征和生物学特征差异是地表温度不同的根本原因,工业热源是南京市热岛形成的重要因素;LCI可以和城市气候模型、水文模型结合起来运用,为城市热岛提供一种新分析方法。对某一特定区域而言,随着城市化水平的提高,单位面积内LCI值逐渐减小。     

黄土高原植被覆盖度变化的地形分异及土地利用/覆被变化的影响

基于16 d合成MODIS NDVI数据提取的时间序列植被覆盖度数据,采用一元线性回归趋势分析,对黄土高原2000-2008年植被覆盖度的时空变化及其地形分异、土地利用/覆被变化的影响进行了定量分析。结果表明：（1）研究时段黄土高原植被覆盖度整体呈快速上升趋势,局部下降;（2）黄土高原植被覆盖度变化存在明显的地形分异,陡坡等植被恢复、重建和保育的主要区域植被覆盖度增速显著;（3）土地利用/覆被变化对植被覆盖度的增加影响突出,土地利用/覆被类型变更区植被覆盖度增速显著高于未变化区域,退耕还林还草区增速尤其突出;（4）土地利用/覆被类型未变化区域植被覆盖度总体上也呈增加趋势,但因植被覆盖度水平相对较高,增速明显低于土地利用/覆被类型变化区。上述结果表明,黄土高原植被保育、植被恢复和重建在植被覆盖度提升方面取得了明显成效。     

1982—2015年中国气候变化和人类活动对植被NDVI变化的影响

基于中国603个气象站的地表气温和降水观测资料以及GIMMS NDVI3g数据,采用变化趋势分析和多元回归残差分析等方法研究了1982—2015年中国植被NDVI变化特征及其主要驱动因素（即气候变化和人类活动）的相应贡献。结果表明：① 1982—2015年中国植被恢复明显,在选择的32个省级行政区中,山西、陕西和重庆的生长季NDVI增加最快,仅上海生长季NDVI呈减小趋势。② 气候变化和人类活动的共同作用是中国植被NDVI呈现整体快速增加和巨大空间差异的主要原因,其中气候变化对各省生长季NDVI变化的影响在-0.01×10 ^-3~1.05×10 ^-3 a ^-1之间,而人类活动的影响在-0.32×10 ^-3~1.77×10 ^-3 a ^-1之间。③ 气候变化和人类活动分别对中国近34年来植被NDVI的增加贡献了40%和60%;人类活动贡献率超过80%的区域主要集中在黄土高原中部、华北平原以及中国东北和西南等地;人类活动贡献率大于50%的省份有22个,其中贡献率最大的3个地区为上海、黑龙江和云南。研究结果建议应更加重视人类活动在植被恢复中的作用。     

绿洲植被覆盖度遥感信息提取——以敦煌绿洲为例

以敦煌绿洲为研究区,利用Landsat TM遥感数据,通过归一化植被指数(NDVI)和混合像元分解两种方法,提取了敦煌绿洲的植被覆盖度信息。在基于NDVI提取植被覆盖度时,选取了基于NDVI的像元二分模型; 在混合像元分解过程中,对遥感影像进行波段反射率归一化处理和最小噪声变换(MNF),确定了3个类型端元:植被、不透水表面/土壤、水体/阴影; 最后利用高分辨率遥感影像验证对比了两种提取方法的精度。结果表明:混合像元分解更能准确地提取敦煌地区植被覆盖度信息,其线性相关系数为0.8915,均方根误差为0.0882,而且提取结果更符合实际情况,可以为敦煌植被状况监测及生态环境保护提供科学建议。     

FACTORS CONTROLLING DIFFERENTIATION OF SELENIUM ECONVIRONMENT IN THE LOESS PLATEAU

ItisataskofNationaScienceandTechnologyProjectNo.75-62-03-05and06forthe7thFive-YearPlanperiod.InvestigationsinGansuandShanxiwereundertakenbyInstituteofGeography,CAS,whiiethatinShaanxiwascarriedoutbyNortllwestInstitllteofWaterandSoilConservation,CAS.**OthermembersintheGroupofEndemicDiseaseandEnvironment,InstituteofGeograpl1y,CASare:YangLinsheng,ZhaoYuanwei,ZhaoNaiqin,LiDezhu,WangLizhenandTanJianan.I.IntrodIlcti01llthasbeenreported[21thattwoendemics,KeshanandKaschin-Beck,arecl…