Atmospheric circulation characteristics associated with the onset of Asian summer monsoon

The onset of the Asian summer monsoon has been a focus in the monsoon study for many years. In this paper, we study the variability and predictability of the Asian summer monsoon onset and demonstrate that this onset is associated with specific atmospheric circulation characteristics. The outbreak of the Asian summer monsoon is found to occur first over the southwestern part of the South China Sea (SCS) and the Malay Peninsula region, and the monsoon onset is closely related to intra-seasonal oscillations in the lower atmosphere. These intra-seasonal oscillations consist of two low-frequency vortex pairs, one located to the east of the Philippines and the other over the tropical eastern Indian Ocean. Prior to the Asian summer monsoon onset, a strong low-frequency westerly emerges over the equatorial Indian Ocean and the low-frequency vortex pair develops symmetrically along the equator. The formation and evolution of these low-frequency vortices are important and serve as a good indicator for the Asian summer monsoon onset. The relationship between the northward jumps of the westerly jet over East Asia and the Asian summer monsoon onset over SCS is investigated. It is shown that the northward jump of the westerly jet occurs twice during the transition from winter to summer and these jumps are closely related to the summer monsoon development. The first northward jump (from 25–28N to around 30N) occurs on 8 May on average, about 7 days ahead of the summer monsoon onset over the SCS. It is found that the reverse of meridional temperature gradient in the upper-middle troposphere (500–200 hPa) and the enhancement and northward movement of the subtropical jet in the Southern Hemispheric subtropics are responsible for the first northward jump of the westerly jet.     

1998年南海及其附近地区夏季风的爆发特征及其机制分析

利用NCEP/NCAR 1998年再分析资料和SS T资料, 研究了1998年南海季风爆发的特征及其机制。结果显示, 南海及其附近地区夏季风爆发分为3个阶段, 并具有不同的特征, 在南海季风爆发前, 南海海温已提前突然增温达极高值, 感热通量梯度在海陆之间的转换可能是引起东亚副热带季风和南海季风爆发的重要因子。     

南海夏季风活动的年际和年代际特征

利用NCEP风场资料和候平均向外长波辐射（OLR）资料分析了南海区域低层风场与对流活动的关系,在此基础上,采用南海中南部的纬向风平均值来定义南海夏季风的爆发,确定了长序列（1949～1998）的南海夏季风爆发日期和强度指数,并研究南海夏季风活动的年际和年代际变化特征。结果表明：南海夏季风爆发日期和强度指数呈显著的反相关;50年来的气候趋势是,爆发日期逐渐偏晚,强度指数逐渐减弱。二者都存在着明显的年际和年代际变化,它们在不同阶段上的波动是各种时间尺度振荡叠加的结果,而年代际尺度具有非常重要的作用。东印度洋海温异常在南海夏季风爆发前后,均与南海夏季风强度指数呈显著的反相关。东太平洋海温异常在南海夏季风爆发之前,与强度指数反相关,而爆发之后,与强度指数正相关。这体现了南海夏季风活动与ENSO事件的密切关系。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS OF THE IMPACTS OF LOCAL LAND-SEA THERMODYNAMIC CONTRASTS ON THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

1INTRODUCTIONAmongdrivingfactorsfortheEastAsianmonsoonareplanetary-scaleland-seathermodynamiccontrast(e.g.betweentheEurasiancontinentandthePacificOcean)andsub-planetary-scaleone(e.g.betweentheIndochinaandtheSouthChinaSea).ItisovertheSouthChinaSea(SCS)andadjoiningareasthattheEastAsiansummermonsoonfirstbreaksout.ItthenadvancestotheregionsofEastAsiaandSouthAsia.ItisthereforenaturaltofindlocalgeographicandtopographiceffectsoftheSCSregionevidentlyshownontheonsetoftheSCSsummermonsoon…     

上游赤道西风在南海夏季风暴发中的重要作用

利用17年（1979～1995）的NMC全球格点分析资料及从NOAA极轨卫星观测的地球向外长波辐射（OLR）资料,研究了南海夏季风暴发的年际变化特征。用本文的定义标准,南海季风从1979年到1995年间暴发的平均日期是5月第4候。南海夏季风暴发前后,南海周围地区对夏季风暴发的直接影响来自南海上游70°～90°E的赤道西风的加强和北抬东伸,同时索马里越赤道气流的加强和阿拉伯海高压在海上消失通过影响赤道西风也间接影响到南海。其中阿拉伯海反气旋的消失可能是南海夏季风暴发的一个重要信号。南海夏季风暴发的年际变化较     

太平洋和印度洋在南海夏季风爆发年代际变化中的作用

利用1951～1998年多种大气和海洋资料,研究了太平洋和印度洋在南海夏季风爆发中的作用.结果表明,影响南海夏季风爆发早晚的因素存在着年代际变化:1951～1970年,印度洋起主要作用;1970～1998年西太平洋起主要作用.该年代际变化主要是1970年前后北极涛动(AO)的跃变以及西太平洋副高强度变化的结果.1951...     

南海夏季风爆发的数值预报模拟实验

1998年5月21日00时（UTC）,对流层上部200hPa的南亚反气旋中心位于（16oN,94oE）附近,850hPa南海的中南部仍为副热带反气旋控制;到21日12时,200hPa的南亚反气旋中心迅速移到（21oN,94oE）附近,同时850hPa的南海副热带反气旋减弱东撤,南海的中南部由东南风转变为西南风,南海夏季风爆发。本文利用美国国家大气研究中心和宾西法尼亚州大学联合研制的中尺度模式（MM5V2）模拟预报这一过程,同时通过敏感性实验研究了区域边界条件和水平分辨率对季风预报模拟实验的影响。     

2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。     

一种基于整层水汽通量的南海夏季风爆发指数

利用1951～2000年的NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析风场、比湿和海平面气压资料,得到南海区域的整层水汽通量。根据南海夏季风爆发前后水汽通量的特征分析,定义了南海夏季风爆发指数IVIMT,并确定出1951～2000年南海夏季风的爆发日期。通过分析发现,利用该指数可以合理地确定南海夏季风的爆发时间。     

Effect of condensational heating over the Bay of Bengal on the onset of the South China Sea monsoon in 1998

Summary In this study, the authors analyse the observational features of the onset of the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon in 1998 shown in reanalysis data and use a numerical model to understand the mechanisms responsible for these features.The onset of SCS summer monsoon in 1998 occurred around 21 May. Prior to this period, monsoon depression activity was strong over the Bay of Bengal (BOB) and warm temperature anomalies appeared at the mid-upper troposphere over the northern BOB. In the meantime, warm horizontal thermal advection occurred over the northern Indo-China peninsula and South China. This warm advection seemed to play an important role in the winter-to-summer transition of the patterns of mean meridional temperature gradient in the 500–200-mb layer over South Asia.The PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 5 (MM5) is used to understand the physical link between the latent heating associated with the monsoon depression over BOB and the establishment of SCS monsoon. Full-physics simulations, for a 6-day period coinciding with the onset of the observed monsoon, reproduce realistically the evolution of the monsoon depression and monsoon onset process. It is found that the condensational heating over BOB is important for the formation of large-scale circulation pattern that favors the establishment of SCS monsoon. In an experiment without latent heating, the winter-to-summer reversal of meridional temperature gradient over South Asia was delayed and the onset of SCS summer monsoon did not occur during the simulation period.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC HEAT SOURCE ASSOCIATED WITH THE SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND THE POSSIBLE MECHANISM RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS LATE OR EARLY ONSET

The characteristics of atmospheric heat source associated with the summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (SCS) are studied using ECMWF reanalysis data from 1979 to 1993. A criterion of the SCS summer monsoon onset is defined by the atmospheric hea…     

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON II. INTER-DECADAL VARIATION

By using the 40-year NCEP (1958-1997) grid point reanalysis meteorological data, we analyzed the inter-decadal variation on the climatic characteristics of the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon. The results are as follows. (1) There was great difference on the onset date of the SCS summer monsoon between the first two decades and the last two decades. It was late on the 6th pentad of May for the first two decades and was on the 4th and 5th pentad of May for the next two decades. (2) Except for the third decade (1978-1987), the establishment of the monsoon rainfall was one to two pentads earlier than the onset of the summer monsoon in all other three decades. (3) The onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of the abrupt development and eastward advancement of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal. The four-decade analysis shows that there were abrupt development of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal between the 3rd and 4th pentad of May, but there was great difference between its eastward movement and its onset intensity. These may have important effect to the earlier or later onset of the SCS summer monsoon. (4) During the onset of the SCS summer monsoon, there were great difference in the upper and lower circulation feature between the first two and the next two decades. At the lower troposphere of the first two decades, the Indian-Burma trough was stronger and the center of the subtropical high was located more eastward. At the upper troposphere, the northward movement of the center of subtropical high was large and located more northward after it landed on the Indo-China Peninsula. After comparison, we can see that the circulation feature of the last two decades was favorable to the establishment and development of the SCS summer monsoon.     

亚洲夏季风爆发前后西北太平洋和孟加拉湾热带气旋活动统计特征

亚洲夏季风爆发始于孟加拉湾,然后向中国南海和印度次大陆扩展,其过程约持续1个月。各地区夏季风爆发时间呈明显的年际变化。利用热带气旋资料和气象再分析资料,统计了1951-2010年孟加拉湾和中国南海夏季风爆发前后西北太平洋热带气旋、孟加拉湾气旋风暴活动和夏季风爆发的关系。结果表明,在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发过程中,共有36 a出现孟加拉湾气旋风暴,并且夏季风爆发偏早年出现风暴的几率最高,为80%。在孟加拉湾夏季风爆发偏早、正常和偏晚3种类型中,孟加拉湾风暴活动频率高峰期多出现在夏季风爆发前后几天内。并且在孟加拉湾风暴活动频率高峰出现前期,西北太平洋热带气旋最先出现活动频率高峰。孟加拉湾夏季风爆发前有40%-50%的年份西北太平洋出现热带气旋活动,其中,夏季风爆发偏早年,爆发前西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间偏早（4月第2候）,且多活动在中国南海和菲律宾附近;爆发正常年,西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间为4月第4候,多活动在略偏东的海域;爆发偏晚年,西北太平洋热带气旋活跃的时间为5月初,活动区域最偏东。中国南海夏季风爆发过程中,60 a中共有29 a西北太平出现热带气旋,其中爆发偏早和正常年出现热带气旋的频率较高,并且热带气旋多出现在爆发当日和爆发后一段时间。整体来看,亚洲夏季风爆发前,西北太平洋热带气旋活动频率最先开始增强,然后孟加拉湾风暴开始活跃并伴随着孟加拉湾夏季风爆发,夏季风爆发偏早和正常年,孟加拉湾夏季风爆发后,西北太平洋热带气旋再次增强,中国南海夏季风爆发。      

CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEASUMMER MONSOONⅡ.INTER—DECADAL VARIATION

By using the 40-year NCEP(1958-1997) grid point reanalysis meteorological data.we analyzed the inter-decadal variation on the climatic characteristics of the onset of South China Sea summer monsoon.The results are as follows.(1) There was great difference on the onset date of the SCS summer monsoon between the first two decades and the last two decades,It was late on the 6^th pentad of May for the first two decades and was on the 4^th and 5^th pentad of May for the next two decades.(2)Except for the third decade(1978-1987),the establishment of the monsoon rainfall was one to two pentads earlier than the onset of the summer monsoon in all other three decades.(3) The onset of the SCS monsoon is the result of the abrupt development and eastward advancement of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal.The four-decade analysis shows that there were abrupt development of the southwesterly monsoon over the Bay of Bengal between the 3rd and 4th pentad of May,but there was great difference between its ewastward ovement and its onset intensity.These may have important effect to the earlier or later onset of the SCS summer monsoon.(4) During the onset of the SCS summer monsoon.there were great difference in the upper and lower circulation feature between the first two and the next two decades.At the lower troposphere of the first two decades.The Indian-Burma trough was stronger and the center of the subtropical high was located more eastward.At the upper troposphere.the northward movement of the center of subtropical high was large and located more northward after it landed on the lndo-China Peninsula.After comparison.we can see that the circulation feature of the last two decades was favorable to the establishment and development of the SCS summer monsoon.     

2004年南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面-过程的可能影响Ⅱ： 数值试验

在对南海夏季风的爆发及中南半岛陆面过程的可能影响进行了诊断分析的基础上,应用MM5/NOAHLSM模式,研究了中南半岛陆气相互作用对2004年南海夏季风爆发过程的可能影响。结果发现:在南海夏季风爆发前,中南半岛南海地区低层气温差确实出现低值,甚至负值;尽管短期内中南半岛土壤湿度和降水的变化没有引起季风爆发日期的改变,但对季风爆发的强度有影响。土壤湿度和降水变化引起的干异常可导致地表感热通量的增大和地表温度的升高,致使中南半岛与南海之间低层的温差异常(负温差)减小,季风爆发强度减弱;不同的是,湿异常可引起季风爆发强度增强。这一结果说明,在南海夏季风爆发前期,中南半岛上空对流活动和降水异常及其引起的土壤湿度的异常变化在一定程度上会影响到季风爆发的过程。文章还比较了不同温湿地表条件下低层大气状态的差异和地表能量、水分平衡过程的不同,分析了陆气相互作用对季风活动产生影响的物理机制。     

不同资料揭示南海夏季风爆发特征的比较

利用全球月平均海温资料，近地面的风、气温、湿度资料，以及海表感热和潜热资料，在综合分析海温和气象要素变化的基础上，确定了7个全球海气相互作用的关键区，并运用相关分析法，着重分析了各关键海区上空气象要素场与海温的时滞相关，以揭示不同关键海区海气相互作用的异同。分析表明：不同海区海气热力相互作用较强，海温与气温比湿有较好的互代性，特别是中东太平洋和南印度洋海区。动力作用对海温的影响各海区差异较大，中西太平洋海区的动力影响可能更关键。在感热潜热与海温的相关中，东西太平洋海区和西北太平洋及南印度洋两季风区都较关键。通过分析各海区海温和各气象要素相邻月的持续相关概率，进一步了解哪些要素、哪些区在哪些时段其异常持续性好，或异常持续性容易发生破坏，这不仅对做预报有一定的参考价值，也为我们讨论海气相互作用的物理机制提供了依据。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET*

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) have been analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995 in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region.It is found that there exist maximum centers of TMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as the western Pacific,SCS,the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal,and their locations and strengths change significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset.A positive zonal deviation of TMLH occurs first in the Indochina Peninsula,apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula.The appearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with the summer monsoon onset.Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas,the TMLH increases gradually with a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon,and the rate of increase is significantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean,TMLH decreases before the monsoon onset,varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually after the ending of monsoon.Therefore,it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an important role in the maintenance of the summer monsoon,and its variation is an phenomenon accompanying the onset of summer monsoon.     

THE CLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER THE SOUTH CHINA SEA I.40-YEAR AVERAGE

By using 40-year NCEP reanalysis daily data (1958-1997), we have analyzed the climatic characteristics of summer monsoon onset in the South China Sea (105°E ~ 120°E, 5°N ~ 20°N, to be simplified as SCS in the text followed) pentad by pentad (5 days). According to our new definition, in the monsoon area of the SCS two of the following conditions should be satisfied: 1) At 850hPa, the southwest winds should be greater than 2m/s. 2) At 850 hPa, θ_se should be greater than 335°K. The new definition means that the summer monsoon is the southwest winds with high temperature and high moisture. The onset of the SCS summer monsoon is defined to start when one half of the SCS area (105°E ~ 120°E,5°N ~ 20°N) is controlled by the summer monsoon. The analyzed results revealed the following: 1) The summer monsoon in the SCS starts to build up abruptly in the 4th pentad in May. 2) The summer monsoon onset in the SCS is resulted from the development and intensification of southwesterly monsoon in the Bay of Bengal. 3) The onset of the summer monsoon and establishment of the summer monsoon rainfall season in the SCS occur simultaneously. 4) During the summer monsoon onset in the SCS, troughs deepen and widen quickly in the lower troposphere of the India; the subtropical high in the Western Pacific moves eastward off the SCS in the middle troposphere; the easterly advances northward over the SCS in the upper troposphere.     

异常东亚冬季风对夏季南海地区风场及热力场的影响

用合成及SVD方法,对冬季风异常在南海地区的风场和热力场中所产生的影响进行了研究,并探讨了这种相互联系的可能机制。结果表明,冬季风异常对流场的影响可以从冬季持续至春、夏季。在强冬季风年,南海夏季风爆发偏早、偏强且突发性显著;而在弱冬季风年则相反。长江流域的情况则与此相反,强冬季风时,该地区夏季对流偏弱,降水减少;弱冬季风时相反。南海地区风场的变化与该地区大气及下垫面热状态的改变有关。强、弱冬季风所对应的同期及后期的海温截然不同。在强冬季风年,热带海温场上呈现LaNi*S～/n@a型的异常分布,而在亚洲大陆近海及南海地区,则维持较强的负距平,海水温度明显偏低,强度以春季为最强。它所形成的南海及邻近地区海陆之间的温度梯度有利于夏季风的早爆发和加强;而在弱季风年,则完全相反。与异常冬季风相关联的大气的热状态同样具有季节的持续性。春、夏季季风区中大气热状态的改变,影响了夏季风特别是南海夏季风爆发的早晚及其强度的变化。由冬季风异常引起的热源变化可能也是环流隔季相关的重要纽带之一。     

1990s年代际转型前后南海季风系统的气候季节内振荡(CISO)特征

利用多变量经验正交分解(MV-EOF)等方法,研究了在季节内振荡尺度上南海季风系统的时空分布特征。结果表明:南海夏季风的爆发时间在1993/1994年前后存在显著的年代际转型,由爆发偏晚转变成爆发偏早。第一模态反映了南海夏季风爆发时季风系统的时空特征,转型前后特征类似,降水场自赤道向北依次呈现干-湿-干交替分布的特征,南海中心为异常气旋。相应的大范围环流场主要反映了转型前的偏晚年,南海夏季风槽位置偏南,转型后的偏早年,南海夏季风槽位置偏北。第二模态体现了南海季风系统夏季的时空特征,转型前后共同特征表现为南海地区夏季北湿南干的南北偶极子降水分布及南海中心区的异常西风。相应的大范围环流场主要反映了南海季风活动与东亚季风呈现反位相的特点,且对流信号向北传播。转型前的偏晚年,季风活动受准双周振荡控制,对流信号由西北方向传入南海;转型后的偏早年,季风活动以30～60天振荡为主,对流信号由东南方向传播至南海。