黄土地场自重湿陷量实测值与计算值差异的原因分析

在兰州和平镇做了一大型现场浸水试验,测定了场地自重湿陷量,并利用实验数据计算了其湿陷量。现场浸水试验时,必须考虑浸水时间和入渗深度的影响,当湿润峰未到达湿陷性土层底面时,则存在很大一部分剩余湿陷量,由此低估了实际湿陷量。该现场浸水试验湿陷土层深度24 m,浸水61天,湿润峰深度达到12 m左右。按平均下渗速率估算,达到湿陷土层底面,需要120天以上。在湿陷性土层完全浸水的情况下,兰州地区大厚度湿陷性黄土的实测值远大于计算值,二者的比值为2.0左右,大于规范给出的修正系数1.5。综上所述,在现场试验时,除确定试验场地地貌单元、湿陷土层厚度外,必须给定合理的浸水时间,以便使湿陷性土层充分湿陷,或浸水后,及时测定湿润峰深度,计算实际湿陷土层的湿陷量,以便得出更合理的修正系数。     

黄土高原黄土地层的对比及细分

将前人对黄土高原黄土地层划分的研究成果进行全面总结、分析,结合洛川、宝鸡、西峰3个经典剖面,利用土壤 地层学、沉积学、磁性地层学、古生物学、年代学、地球化学等研究方法对黄土高原的黄土地层进行详细对比以及进一步 细分。将早、中更新世界线调整为B/M极性倒转开始的对应层位——L9顶部。根据岩性和气候旋回周期的差异性等,将离 石黄土三分,S8/L9作为离石黄土内部划分的一条新界线,S1~L5划分为上离石黄土,S5~S8划分为中离石黄土,L9~L15划分为 下离石黄土。在分析过程中发现关键层位（S0,L1,S1,S5,L9,L15,L33） 的年龄具有差异性。     

中国黄土中的风化壳研究

据野外调查和室内鉴定,在布容期 0.78～ 0MaBP形成的黄土剖面中确定了三个时期的风化壳,它们主要发育在黄土高原东南部。黄土中的风化壳是红褐色古土壤在特定的气候条件下转变而成的,厚度在 3～ 6m之间,风化壳剖面常由 3个层次构成,发育时间为 5～ 10万年不等。风化壳上部是发育好的红色古土壤,中部是褐黄色强风化破碎黄土,下部是棕黄色弱风化黄土。粘土矿物分析表明,黄土中的风化壳为伊利石-蒙脱石型。黄土中风化壳发育时的年均降水量在 90 0～ 10 0 0mm之间,是黄土高原降水丰富的气候事件的显示。黄土高原东南部和中部风化壳的发育证明黄土中有些古土壤确属淋溶型森林土壤,当时亚热带气候至少迁移到了黄土高原中部.     

浸油法测量黄土样品的容重及其意义

笔者通过对比实验,论证了一种新的测量黄土样品容重的方法－－浸油法的精确度和稳定性,并以甘肃灵台剖面为研究对象,测量了Ｌ９以上厚约７０ｍ的风尘黄土－古土壤堆积序列的容重值。结果表明,古土壤地层单元的容重值要明显高于其上下的黄土层,其变化范围为２．０５￣２．１８ｇ／ｃｍ＾３,而黄土层的容重值变化范围为１．８５￣１．９８ｇ／ｃｍ＾３;Ｌ９以上不同层位的黄土和古土壤单元容重值随深度变化不大,说明受天然压实     

用NMR法验证在冻土中TDR标定曲线的可靠性

TDR技术是一种较新的测定冻土中未冻水含量的方法, 它有很多优点, 但是由于TDR技术应用于冻土中测定未冻水含量起步较晚, 其可靠性有待于进一步验证. NMR技术是一种较成熟的测定冻土中未冻水含量的方法. 通过应用NMR和TDR两种方法对不同初始含水率下的棕壤土冻融特征曲线的测定, 对TDR法的标定曲线的可靠性进行了验证. 结果表明: 采用TDR法与NMR法测得的冻融特征曲线明显不同, 在相同负温下前者的测定值高于后者, 且其差异随初始含水率增高而加大; NMR法的测定结果表明, 初始含水率对冻融特征曲线的影响很小; 而TDR法的测定结果表明, 由TDR法测得的冻融特征曲线, 受初始含水率影响很大, 随初始含水率的升高而明显加大. 这表明含冰率和温度对冻土的介电常数影响很大, 因此, 采用TDR法测定冻土的未冻水含量时不宜采用原有的标定曲线.     

土-水特征曲线滞后现象的微观机制与计算分析

对吸湿与脱湿过程中引起非饱和土土-水特征曲线滞后性质进行机制分析,认为在微观角度看,接触角的差异是主要原因。基于热力学原理,假定粒间弯液面为一圆弧,综合考虑不等径颗粒半径比、接触角等因素,应用几何关系导得了两接触土颗粒填充角之间的迭代关系,并进行编程计算。在此基础上,引入热力学弯液面压强计算公式和水量体积计算公式,得到了不等径土颗粒间基质吸力－水量计算方法。应用该方法对不同接触角条件下的单个弯液面和不同堆积形式土粒的土-水特征曲线进行了解算,结果表明,由于接触角不同,土-水特征曲线具有明显的滞后现象;孔隙填充将引起低吸力状态土体含水率增加,其对松散颗粒影响较大,含水率可增大达90%;颗粒堆积形式及级配对接触角不同引起的滞后现象影响不大。此外,仅考虑接触角因素无法解释滞回圈的形成,其计算理论有待进一步深入研究。     

黄土高原红粘土与黄土古土壤粒度特征对比--红粘土风成成因的新证据

对黄土高原具有代表意义四个剖面的晚第三纪红粘土样品进行了粒度分析,并将结果与典型风成黄土古土壤样品的粒度特征进行详细对比,得到红粘土是风成成因的沉积学证据。结果表明,黄土高原红粘土与其上覆第四纪古土壤形成环境相似,红粘土是在相对于黄土堆积搬运风动力变幅小的条件下沉积的,在沉积之后受到较强的风化成壤改造作用。     

Loess stratigraphy in central China

The loess deposits in central China record world-wide climate changes of the last 2.5 Ma. Numerous climatic oscillations are marked by alternating loess and soil units with continuous coverage of the Matuyama and Brunhes Epochs. Magnetic susceptibility of the deposits correlates closely with the oxygen isotope record of the deep-sea sediments and provides an independent measure of climate and time.The key marker bed of the chinese loess sequence is the paleosol S5, the time equivalent of the mid-Brunhes oxygen isotope stages 13, 14 and 15. It marks a prolonged interval of warm humid climate lasting from approximately 615 to 470 thousand years ago. Several episodes of river downcutting coincide with deposition of the exceptionally thick loess units L1 (oceanic oxygen isotope stages 2 to 4) L2 (stage 6), L5 (stage 12) L6, (stage 16) L9 (stage 22) L15 (stage 38 about 1.15 Ma) and WS4 (about 2.3 Ma). These erosional events are interpreted as a result of episodic uplift of the Loess Plateau.The deposition of the earliest loess layers between 2.5 and 2.3 Ma ago marks a first order shift from warm and humid environments toward harsh continental steppes comparable to those of the Middle and Late Pleistocene. Little, if any lithologic or paleontologic changes were noted within or above the Olduvai magnetozone, so that the proposed Plio/Pleistocene boundary at approximately 1.65 Ma has no lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic representation in the chinese loess series.Comparison with the Deep Sea Drilling Program core 552A in the North Atlantic and with the Santerno River section near Bologna shows that the occurrence of the earliest loess in China coincides with the timing of the first significant ice rafting in the North Atlantic and with the appearance of cold water foraminifers in the marine deposits of northern Italy. An extension of the stage system of the oxygen isotope signal extended back to the Gauss-Matuyama boundary is proposed.     

Comparison of Methods for Determining Specific-surface Area of Fine-grained Soils

Characteristics of fine-grained soils primarily depend on their specific-surface area and hence, reliable determination of this parameter is essential. In this context, researchers have employed quite sophisticated instruments (viz., a BET surface area analyzer, the mercury intrusion porosimetry, internal reflectance spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and gas pycnometer etc.) and methodologies (viz., sorption of Methylene Blue dye, Ethylene Glycol Monoethyl Ether and p-Nitrophenol) to determine specific-surface area of these soils. However, most of these methodologies are found to be quite tedious, cost and time intensive. Apart from this, the results obtained are contentious due to the inherent limitations associated with either the instruments employed or the basic assumptions made for computing the specific-surface area of the soil. Hence, it becomes mandatory to evaluate the efficiency of these methodologies for determining specific-surface area of fine-grained soils. With this in view, different types of soils were considered in this study and their specific-surface area was determined, by following different methodologies, and the results were evaluated critically. In addition, attempts were made to develop relationships between the basic properties of fine-grained soils (viz., liquid limit, cation-exchange capacity, activity, and free swell index) and the specific-surface area. These relationships will be of immense help to the practicing engineers and research fraternity.     

Basic Geologic Problems of Loess in China

The geology of loess in China involves many problems. This paper deals only with the basic ones of the or-igin of loess. the geologic setting and palaeoenvironmental evolution leading to the formation of the Loess Pla-teau. and the regional stratigraphy of loess deposits. particularly the last problem. A better knowledge of theformation and development of the loess deposits in China has been obtained through analysis and correlationof lithostratigraphy. biostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy. climatostratigraphy and chronostratigraphy.     

Loess cave-dwellings in Shaanxi province,China

China's loessland is the home of ancient China's civilisation. For thousands of years, a distinct form of dwelling in Shaanxi, a part of China's loessland has been caves burrowed out of the soil. People still prefer living in cave dwellings to free standing Chinese houses. The persistence of cave dwellings may be an indication that the traditional cave dwellings has been a successful ecological adaptation to the local loess environment with long severe winters and intense summer heat.     

兰州地区黄土的冻结温度

兰州东岗镇剖面下部黄土的冻结温度T_f与土含水量W和Na~+与Cl~-含量(mmol/100g)有以下的相关关系:T_f=-4.27W~(-1.03)[Na~+]~(0.54)[Cl~-]~(0.48)。在冻结开始瞬间,可认为W等于未冻水含量W_u,T_f等于土温T,于是此式可改变为Anderson-Tice公式的形式:W_u=40.53|T|~(-0.98),据Tice等人的实验资料,对兰州九洲台剖面黄土,有W_u=30.21|T|~(-0.97);而对于兰州白塔山剖面黄土,有W_u=26.47|T|~(-0.98),这些来源不同而结果相近的式子,说明含盐量与第一个系数的关系比之它与T的指数的关系更为密切。     

Soil conservation and sustainable eco-environment in the Loess Plateau of China

The Loess Plateau is well known to the world because of its thick loess and severe soil erosion. Loess is a highly erosion-prone soil that is considerably susceptible to water erosion. The Loess Plateau also has a long cultivation history, hence population growth, vegetation degeneration serious soil and water loss were obviously problems on Loess Plateau. This article analyzes several strategies of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau, such as terracing, planting trees, natural vegetation rehabilitation and construction of warp land dams. Different periods had different strategies of soil and water conservation and each strategy had its characteristics and effects. Finally, the research directions and future perspectives of the Loess Plateau were discussed, including the strategies of sustainable eco-environment of Loess Plateau in China.     

1961—2005年黄土高原地区积温演变

为揭示黄土高原积温区域变化特征,采用EOFS、小波分析和分形分维分析等方法,研究了该区域在近45 a的年正负积温变化.结果表明:黄土高原正负积温变化的区域一致性程度较高;负积温存在以3-4 a为主的年际振荡,正积温存在以2-4 a为主的年际振荡;负积温在1982年左右发生突变,年总量呈明显减少,3 a周期加强;正积温在1985/1986年突变后呈明显增加趋势,2 a周期消逝,4 a周期衰减,3 a周期突出.积温大振幅区集中在黄土高原腹地,变化信息由高原中部向周边传播;负积温分维数大于正积温,负积温变化全程复杂于正积温,这可能与冬夏季大气环流活跃程度和冷暖空气在近地面运动受大地形影响有关.     

黄土高原北部风沙区土地沙漠化问题及防治对策

本文所研究的黄土高原北部风沙区生态环境脆弱,加上长期以来人类不合理地利用资源,土地沙漠化问题日益严重。沙漠化土地已经以不同的等级类型不连续地散布在整个黄土高原的北部边缘,并有进一步由北向南推进的趋势。其中地表沙性物质基础和干旱多风的动力条件是其发生发展的基本条件,起决定作用;人为因素是外在条件,加速沙漠化的发展。黄土高原北部土地沙漠化的危害,在本区域的表现十分突出。不仅对当地经济的发展和人民生活有严重影响,更为严重的是该地区土地沙漠化的现状、形成及扩展,会使黄河流域土地沙漠化进一步向南推进,对整个黄土高原甚至我国整个北方地区的自然环境都有直接影响。黄土高原北部边缘土地沙漠化问题,不仅是当地经济振兴的严重障碍,而且威胁着整个黄土高原地区资源的开发与利用。因此,如何及时采取有效措施遏制其土地沙漠化势头就成为了一个迫在眉睫,并急需解决的问题。本文在搜集大量原始资料的基础上,对该区土地沙漠化的现状进行了总结,探讨了形成机理,并进一步分析了沙漠化的危害,最后提出了相应的防治对策。     

中国南方典型富硒区土壤硒有效性调控与评价

多目标区域地球化学调查发现中国南方酸性土壤的硒含量普遍较高,但其生物有效性一般较低,土壤硒有效性直接关系到富硒土地资源的可利用性,而土壤酸碱度是影响土壤硒生物有效性的重要因素。本文选取福建、海南富硒红壤(pH为3.91~4.98)、富硒水稻土(pH为4.33~5.75),以生石灰、燃煤炉渣为改良剂,分别设置6个实验处理以调控土壤硒生物有效性。结果表明:添加生石灰和燃煤炉渣均能提升南方酸性土壤的pH,上升幅度在1~2个pH单位,从而有利于土壤中硒元素的活化,显著提高了土壤中硒元素的生物有效性;燃煤炉渣用量与其10倍的生石灰对提升土壤硒有效度的效果相当,而燃煤炉渣作为调控物料更为经济、实用,既可以实现炉渣的有效利用,又可以改善土壤结构、提高土壤硒有效度。