西昆仑山前河流阶地的形成及其构造意义

西昆仑山前河流普遍发育6级阶地,利用光释光（OSL）与热释光（TL）方法对采自西昆仑山前几条主要河流的低阶地堆积物样品进行年代测定。研究结果显示,主要河流低阶地的形成具有同时性,构造活动是河流阶地形成的主要控制因素。河流阶地的年龄测定结果表明,西昆仑山前河流阶地最早形成于约1.2Ma,T4、T3、T2阶地分别形成于约39ka、18ka和5ka。多级阶地的形成反映了河流自早更新世中期开始下切于活动抬升的西昆仑山。河流阶地的发育及区域对比揭示了西昆仑第四纪晚期以来的隆升过程,区域构造活动明显地影响河流的形态与行为。河流阶地的分布、地貌特征及区域对比表明,河流阶地的形成与演化受新构造活动、山脉隆升、气候变化等多种因素的影响。     

河流阶地演化与构造抬升速率——以天山北麓晚第四纪河流作用为例

构造地貌学重点关注构造和地表过程对于地形地貌演化的差异化作用,构造活动速率则是评估这种影响的一个重要指标。利用河流阶地数据计算河流下切速率从而约束构造抬升速率是常用的方法,但由于阶地成因复杂,这一方法具有不确定性。对于山前河流地貌序列,基于背斜段与未变形段的阶地拔河高度差以及阶地面形成年龄,计算得到的河流下切速率可在一定程度上消除气候等因素的影响,因此可用于估算背斜自阶地形成以来的平均抬升速率。基于该方法,本文通过研究天山北麓乌鲁木齐河、塔西河、玛纳斯河、金钩河、安集海河及奎屯河等河流在背斜段发育的主要阶地,分析了背斜抬升速率及其时空特征。天山北麓发育3排逆断裂一背斜带,结果表明位于第Ⅱ排逆断裂一背斜带的吐谷鲁背斜自约13ka以来的抬升速率为3.52mm/a,同时期霍尔果斯背斜构造抬升速率为4.8mm/a,玛纳斯背斜东端的抬升速率相对较小,为2ram/a;第Ⅲ排构造带中的独山子背斜全新世抬升速率仅为1.2~1.9mm/a。这可能表明,自山前向盆地方向晚第四纪背斜抬升速率大致呈减小趋势,与背斜地壳缩短量的空间分布规律基本一致。更多的阶地年龄数据有助于更好地揭示天山北麓晚第四纪背斜构造活动特征。     

东昆仑山东段北坡河流阶地发育及其与构造隆升的关系

河流系统的发育往往能反映相关地质作用的细节.对东昆仑山东段北坡众多河流阶地及其沉积物的研究表明, 该区在早更新世晚期昆仑-黄河运动之后形成的东西向盆岭相间的地貌特征奠定了早期河流为东西向外流水系的基础; 中更新世晚期以来的又一次强烈构造抬升事件———共和运动, 导致昆仑山北坡各主要河流迅速溯源侵蚀发展, 伴随河流袭夺而形成现今的水系格局; 晚更新世晚期存在一段相对较长的构造稳定期, 河谷普遍发生堆积作用, 形成分布广泛且厚度较大的晚更新世冲积层; 接近全新世以来构造运动频繁而隆升的幅度趋于减弱, 形成了5级河流阶地, 并且阶地的发育类型普遍为以高级阶地(T₅) 为基座的上叠阶地, 河流至今未能切穿晚更新世稳定期形成的厚冲积层.      

天山北麓塔西河河流阶地的变形特征及成因探讨

通过对穿过吐谷鲁背斜的塔西河变形阶地测量和年代学分析，计算出该背斜处地壳抬升速率在75～130ka间为1．70～3．24mm／a．12～13ka间增至12．25～8．16mm／a．全新世时则为2．25—2．57mm／a,明显具有脉动性的特点，其平均隆升速率为2．06～3．57mm／a．第四纪以来．构造活动及气候变化控制着河流下切和侧蚀作用的进行．因此塔西河阶地的形成和发育明显受第四纪以来构造活动和气候变化等因素的影响，具有多成因性和多层次性．是构造气候相互耦合作用的结果．     

渭河宝鸡段阶地形成时代及地层对比

渭河宝鸡段阶地共分为5级,第四纪地层自下更新统至全新统均有出露。五级阶地形成于早更新世中晚期,距今约130万年;四级阶地形成于早更新世晚期,距今约85万年;三级阶地形成于早更新世中期,距今约55万年;二级阶地形成于中更新世晚期—晚更新世早期,距今约15～11万年;一级阶地形成于全新世早期,距今约0.8万年。     

第四纪洞庭盆地澧县凹陷构造活动特征及动力学机制探讨

第四纪澧县凹陷为洞庭盆地西北部的一个次级凹陷.通过地表观察和钻孔资料,对澧县凹陷及周缘第四纪沉积物和地貌及其反映的构造活动特征进行了研究,进而探讨构造活动的动力机制.澧县凹陷呈由南、北西、北东边界正断裂所限的三角形.早更新世.中更新世中期,边界正断裂强烈活动,凹陷区大幅沉降,充填了一套以砂砾层为主的沉积,其厚度自凹陷边缘向中央增加;正断裂下盘局部存在较大幅度沉降.与此同时,澧县凹陷南面、西面的外围地区产生构造抬升,形成由冲积层组成的多级基座阶地.中更新世晚期开始凹陷区及周缘地带整体抬升,凹陷区北部及凹陷南缘产生自西向东的掀斜,凹陷区北部形成小型褶皱构造.上述构造活动特征指示澧县凹陷在早更新世.中更新世中期具断陷盆地性质,中更新世晚期以来具拗陷盆地性质.提出早更新世-中更新世中期构造活动与地幔上隆有关:深部地幔上涌对地壳加热,使凹陷区中地壳韧塑性物质膨胀而向周边侧向迁移,尔后冷却收缩致上层地壳"塌陷"而产生整体性下拗沉降,并于下沉块体侧翼发育正断裂.此外,重力均衡机制可能也起到一定作用.中更新世晚期以来的构造活动可能与深部物质蠕移运动的弹性回返以及板块尺度的物质运动和挤压作用有关.     

华容隆起及周缘第四纪构造-沉积特征与演化

第四纪华容隆起位于江汉—洞庭盆地中带。通过地表地质调查和钻孔资料对华容隆起及周缘第四纪构造-沉积特征与演化进行了研究。华容隆起总体呈EW向展布,北接江汉盆地,南与洞庭盆地安乡凹陷和沅江凹陷相邻,总体轮廓大致受到北面的EW向石首断裂、南西面的NW向南县—黄山头断裂、东面的NNE向砖桥断裂等正断裂所控制。隆起周缘凹陷第四纪各时代地层(冲积和湖积)发育较齐全。隆起内部低洼区及山地区边缘不同程度发育早更新世晚期—全新世沉积,其他地区分布前第四纪基岩或残坡积物。根据地貌、边界断裂、第四纪沉积以及前第四纪基岩分布等,重塑华容隆起和周缘第四纪构造升降活动、沉积和剥蚀特征及演化过程。第四纪初华容隆起内部因先期剥蚀切割而形成原始地貌分异。早更新世早期隆起周边断裂开始伸展活动,江汉盆地、安乡凹陷与沅江凹陷构造沉降并接受沉积,华容隆起遭受风化剥蚀。早更新世晚期—中更新世中期周边断裂继续伸展活动,华容隆起与周缘凹陷均构造沉降,前者沉降幅度较小而相对抬升。华容隆起内低洼地区及周缘凹陷接受沉积,期间在早更新世末有过构造抬升而受到剥蚀。中更新世晚期华容隆起及周边凹陷整体抬升并遭受剥蚀与网纹化,期间有过构造稳定时期并在华容—砖桥主隆起区的边缘形成河流与滨湖沉积。晚更新世区域构造较稳定,于主隆起边缘和外围平原形成冲、湖积。晚更新世末区域海平面大幅下降,导致华容隆起及周缘地区遭受剥蚀。全新世受海平面上升影响,周缘凹陷及隆起内部低洼地带形成河湖相堆积。受先期高地势控制,华容隆起主体、南部的南山次隆以及西部团山次隆局部地区等第四纪期间一直遭受风化剥蚀,部分地区形成较大规模的残坡积。受江汉—洞庭盆地整体沉降控制,华容隆起第四纪期间总体表现为明显的构造沉降。     

黄河源区黄河袭夺长江水系之初探

对黄河源区的河流地貌研究表明,该区共发育三级阶地,其中第一、第二级阶地形成于晚更新世的末期至全新世,而第三级阶地形成于晚更新世晚期。在晚更新世晚期,多石峡被切开,黄河源区晚更新世湖泊消失,现今黄河形成。随着现今黄河的形成和晚更新世湖泊的消失,南岸支流之一的多曲向南溯源侵蚀加强,并穿越巴颜喀拉山,夺取了巴颜喀拉山南侧原属于长江流域的贝敏曲和洛曲,使分水岭向南推进了25km,袭夺的时间为晚更新世末期。     

大渡河中游泸定-石棉段阶地特征及河谷发育史探讨

基于大渡河中游泸定一石棉河段野外观察和阶地沉积物研究,分析河流的发育特征,影响及其发育演化史。研究表明,该区存在多级构造裂点或岩性裂点,发育有三级夷平面和4～6级阶地,并对阶地沉积物的ESR年代测定,结合前人的阶地测年的数据,阐述了大渡河河谷第四纪的形成过程和青藏高原形成的响应。     

宁夏南部晚更新世沉积物沉积特征及其构造意义

通过研究宁夏南部第四纪沉积物类型及沉积作用,结合沉积物年代学分析,初步确定宁夏南部晚更新世发育众多沉积盆地。其沉积学特征研究表明,晚更新世沉积盆地主要发育冲积扇沉积物、湖相泥质粉砂质沉积物、盆地边缘斜坡岩相组合、现代河流一级阶地沉积物以及黄土等几种沉积物。沉积作用特点显示,晚更新世沉积盆地的大范围出现主要受构造伸展作用控制,表明青藏高原北东扩展过程中,宁夏南部地区于晚更新世期间还存在较明显的构造伸展活动,从而证实青藏高原隆升及其北东向扩展具明显的阶段性。     

天山北麓晚新生代独山子-安集海褶皱冲断带构造分析及其对河流改道的影响

新生代以来，受印度极块与欧亚大陆的碰撞和持续汇聚作用的影响，天山强烈变形隆升，并在南北两侧形成了一系列冲断推覆构造．大山北缘由南向北发育了3排褶皱-冲断带，第三排独山子-安集海构造形成于第四纪以来．根据野外地表考察结果并利用二维反射地震剖面资料，定量分析了独山子背斜和安集海背斜的构造几何学和运动学特征，确定了他们的变形时间和变形量．独山子背斜和安集海背斜的最小缩短量分别为4340m和l240m，缩短率分别为15．74％和7．2％，由于构造降升幅度的差异，造成了发育于北天山山前的一系列河流发生横向迁移，奎屯河和安集海河偏流向东发生河流改道．     

Late-glacial sedimentological and morphological changes in a lowland river in response to climatic change: the Maas,southern Netherlands

The late Pleniglacial and Late-glacial Maas valley, south of Nijmegen, contains four terraces. Three river systems are described based on the morphology of channel scars on these terrace surfaces and by sediment characteristics. The River Maas reacted to climatic warming at the start of the Weichselian Late-glacial by changing its river system slowly, from a braided system to a transitional phase between braiding and meandering and finally to a highly sinuous meandering system. The Maas reacted rapidly to the Younger Dryas climate deterioration by again establishing a braiding system. At the onset of the Holocene, the river changed abruptly to a meandering river without a transitional phase. The triggering factor for change in the Maas river pattern is almost certainly the changing climate in the Late Glacial. Gradient lines on the terrace surfaces show that tectonic activity did not modify the morphology of the channels. A division of the terraces is shown, the morphological, sedimentological and petrographical characteristics are presented and the linking of changing fluvial patterns with climatic changes or tectonic movements is discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Distribution and Forming Model of Fluvial Terrace in the Huangshui Catchment and its Tectonic Indication

<正>The Huang Shui River,a main tributary of the Yellow River,crosses a series of tectonically subsided and uplifted areas that show different patterns of terrace formation.The distribution of fluvial terrace of the Huang Shui River is studied through topographic and sedimentologic terrace mapping.Three terraces in the Haiyan Basin,four terraces in the Huangyuan Basin,19 terraces in the Xi'ning Basin(the four high terraces may belong to another river),nine terraces in the Ping'an Basin, five terraces in the Ledu Basin and 12 terraces in the Minhe Basin are recognized.Sedimentology research shows that the geomorphologic and sedimentological pattern of the Huang Shui River,which is located at the margin of Tibet,are different from that of the rivers at other regions.The formation process of the terrace is more complicated at the Huang Shui catchment:both accumulation terrace and erosion terrace were formed in each basin and accumulation terraces were developed in some basins when erosion terraces were formed in other basins,indicating fluvial aggradation may occur in some basins simultaneously with river incision in other basins.A conceptual model of the formation process of these two kinds of fluvial terraces at Huang Shui catchment is brought forward in this paper.First,the equilibrium state of the river is broken because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement,and the river incises in all basins in the whole catchment until reaching a new equilibrium state.Then,the downstream basin subsides quickly and the equilibrium state is broken again,and the river incises at upstream basins while the river accumulates at the subsidence basin quickly until approaching a new equilibrium state again.Finally,the river incises in the whole catchment because of climatic change and/or tectonic movement and the accumulation terrace is formed at the subsidence basin while the erosion terrace is formed at other basins.The existence of the accumulation terrace implied the tectonic subsidence in the sub-basins in Huang Shui catchment.These tectonic subsidence movements gradually developed from the downstream Minhe Basin to the upstream Huangyuan Basin.Dating the terrace sequence has potential to uncover the relationship between the subsidence in the catchment and the regional tectonic at the northeastern Tibetan Plateau.     

岷江上游河流阶地发育特征及与古滑坡关系初步分析

河流阶地形成演化及其对滑坡的控制是近年来古滑坡研究的热点问题。笔者在对岷江上游河流阶地和古滑坡实地调查测试的基础上,对岷江上游河流阶地的级序、拔河高度、成因类型等进行了分析,绘制了阶地高程位相图和年龄位相图,并结合阶地和古滑坡年代,讨论了阶地与古滑坡的发育关系等。主要取得了以下认识:1)岷江上游的河流阶地具有分段性,成因主要为气候多期次波动与构造活动共同作用,古滑坡及堰塞湖是影响高山峡谷区河流阶地发育的重要因素;2)叠溪-茂县段在20~30 ka B.P.发生了多处大型古滑坡,其中20 ka B.P.的古滑坡可能主要是气候波动引发,30 ka B.P.发生的古滑坡可能主要受控于构造活动(地震);3)岷江上游大量分布的古滑坡堆积体与阶地发育的叠置关系有待进一步理清,开展该地区的河流阶地级序研究要充分考虑古滑坡和堰塞湖的影响.     

Morphologic expression of Quaternary deformation in the northwestern foothills of the Ysyk-Köl basin,Tien Shan

The Tien Shan is one of the most active intracontinental mountain belts exhibiting numerous examples of Quaternary fault-related folding. To provide insight into the deformation of the Quaternary intermontane basins, the territory of the northwestern Ysyk-Köl region, where the growing Ak-Teke Anticline divided the piedmont apron of alluvial fans, is studied. It is shown that the Ak-Teke Hills are a sharply asymmetric anticline, which formed as a result of tectonic uplift and erosion related to motions along the South Ak-Teke Thrust Fault. The tectonic uplift gave rise to the local deviation of the drainage network in front of the northern limb of the fold. Optical (luminescent) dating suggests that the tectonic uplifting of the young anticline and the antecedent downcutting started 157 ka ago. The last upthrow of the high floodplain of the Toru-Aygyr River took place 1300 years ago. The structure of the South Ak-Teke Fault is examined by means of seismologic trenching and shallow seismic profiling across the fault. A laser tachymeter is applied to determine the vertical deformation of alluvial terraces in the Toru-Aygyr River valley at its intersection with the South Ak-Teke Fault. The rates of vertical deformation and an inferred number of strong earthquakes, which resulted in the upthrow of Quaternary river terraces of different ages, are calculated. The study territory is an example of changes in fluvial systems on growing folds in piedmont regions. As a result of shortening of the Earth’s crust in the mountainous belt owing to thrusting, new territories of previous sedimentation are involved in emergence. The tectonic activity migrates with time from the framing ridges toward the axial parts of intramontane basins.     

六盘山东麓泾河上游河流阶地的形成年代及新构造运动意义

六盘山是研究青藏高原东北缘隆升与构造变形的关键部位,其东麓泾河河流阶地是第四纪以来六盘山构造隆升的地貌载体。通过对泾河上游河流阶地的剖面实测,厘定了河流阶地的级序,泾河上游主要发育5级河流阶地T5-T1,不同地段阶地的形态类型不同,柳树沟T5、T4和T3为堆积阶地,T2和T1为基座阶地,高家山均为侵蚀或基座阶地;利用光释光(OSL)、电子自旋共振(ESR)测年并与黄土-古土壤序列进行对比,建立了河流阶地的年代格架,T5-T1年代分别为541 ka B.P.、477 ka B.P.、279 ka B.P.、60 ka B.P.和8 ka B.P。阶地的形态类型、形成年代与气候阶段的对应关系研究表明,泾河上游河流阶地以构造隆升驱动为主,气候变化影响为辅;541~279 ka B.P.期间柳树沟地区为堆积区,堆积速率为0.31 m/ka,而高家山为构造隆升区,河流下切速率为0.37 m/ka,堆积速率与侵蚀速率基本一致,说明T5、T4和T3阶面上较厚的砾石层是六盘山隆升的相关沉积;279 ka B.P.时期由于六盘山快速隆升驱使山前柳树沟地区由堆积区转为侵蚀区,河流侵蚀作用加强造成T2、T1平均下切速率增大为1.13 m/ka,这次地貌转换事件是在青藏高原扩展隆升的背景下六盘山向东挤出隆升的结果。研究结果为青藏高原东北缘以面积和体积扩张的观点提供了新的依据。     

Chronological Link Between the Abrupt Change of the Loess Grain Size Sequence and the Formation of River Terraces on the Eastern Margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Since the Late Early-Pleistocene

Based on the study of magnetostratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility and grain size of Garzê A section on the southeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau since the late early-Pleistocene, the basal age of Garzê loess is located at ~1.16?MaBP and a series of abrupt paleoclimatic changes is detected. The times of abrupt changes are of distinct series features, and the interval between each two adjacent abrupt changes is ~50 kyr or ~100?kyr. The most significant abrupt changes occur at around 1.06, 0.85, 0.6, 0.46, 0.39 and 0.14?MaBP. There is a chronological link between the abrupt changes of paleoclimate and the formation of river terraces and it is almost simultaneous with a strengthening trend of neotectonic activities. Therefore, maybe the climatic transition controll the timing of terrace formation, and the tectonic uplift originate potential energy and has a direct effect on channel incision, both the climatic transition and the tectonic uplift are important. Terraces are the products of the interaction of instable climatic variations and tectonic uplift. Like the loess-paleosol sequences, river terrace sequences are also controlled by the climate-tectonic coupling system and are ruled by climate-tectonic gyration with a ~100?kyr paracycle, which may be the short eccentricity period of the earth.     

天山北缘河流阶地形成及构造变形定量分析

新生代以来,北天山山前发育了3排冲断褶皱带。新生代晚期一系列河流普遍穿过这3排冲断褶皱带并发育了三级河流阶地。在最新构造活动的影响下,河流阶地普遍发生变形,遭受抬升。利用光释光及14C年代学方法确定了塔西河三级阶地的形成年龄,并实际测量了三级阶地的高程。结果表明吐谷鲁背斜的构造抬升速率在32．85-28．75 ka问为9．50-12．57 mm／a,12-13 ka间为9．67-14．5 mm／a,全新世则增至10．79-23．44mm／a,天山基底的平均隆升速率达到3．39-3．86mm／a。通过对天山最高一级夷平面、野外实测侏罗纪地层高程及天山发育的煤层的相对隆升速率的研究则表明天山自24 Ma以来平均的隆升速率约为0．085-0．146 mm／a。结合对北天山其他主要河流阶地的观察及研究可以看出自晚更新世一全新世以来,天山北缘的最新构造活动具有不断加快的特征。