陆相有孔虫形成环境的地球化学证据——以小渡口剖面为例

继70年代发现以来,近年来不断有文献报道在我国内陆盆地中发现有孔虫化石群,对它们的沉积环境问题的讨论又成为新-轮研究的热点.通过泥河湾盆地小渡口剖面第四系有孔虫化石壳体的微量元素地球化学特征与扫描电子显微镜的研究,认为化石壳体基本保存完好,即使存在埋藏后生作用的影响,但其改造程度并未影响壳体初始的87Sr/86Sr等地球化学信息,可重塑有孔虫宿生水体的地球化学性质.有孔虫壳体87Sr/86Sr为(0.711190±25)～(0.712018±14),远大于同期海水的87Sr/86Sr(0.709087～0.709147),与可代表研究区古陆表水化学组成的桑干河河水的87Sr/86Sr(0.711508±8)接近.混合水体87Sr/6Sr-古盐度关系及87Sr/86Sr-Sr/Ca关系判据说明有孔虫的出现与海水无关,其宿生水体为陆相环境.     

花岗岩化学风化过程中的Sr同位素演化——矿物相对风化速率的影响

对江西南部黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩风化剖面中Sr同位素体系的研究结果显示,花岗岩化学风化过程中,Rb,Sr之间发生明显分异,风化早期释放出的Sr/Si,Sr/Ca比值大于母岩值,Sr的淋失速率大于Si,Ca,K,Rb等营养离子.主要含Sr(和Rb)矿物相对风化速率的动态变化,导致花岗岩风化壳及其释放出Sr的87Sr/86Sr比值随时间波动变化黑云母、斜长石和钾长石的先后风化,导致风化残余物的87Sr/86Sr比值历经下降-升高-下降的波动变化,最终趋于稳定.这进一步说明,当用锶同位素示踪流域和全球范围的生物地球化学过程时,必须慎重考虑Sr从溶解固相中的优先释放以及含Sr矿物相对风化速率的变化导致的87Sr/86Sr比值的波动.     

利用介形类壳体Sr, Mg重建古环境受自生碳酸盐矿物的限制及机理探讨

以云南鹤庆盆地HQ孔上部15~55 m沉积物中2个不同种属的介形类壳体为研究对象, 通过比较壳体中Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca之间及其与沉积物Sr含量的关系, 得出以下结论: (1) 壳体Sr/Ca, Mg/Ca首先反映的是该介形类生存的微生态环境; (2) 壳体Sr/Ca较Mg/Ca更好地线性响应水环境的变化, 但当体系中有文石结晶沉降时Sr/Ca不再线性响应湖泊水体盐度的变化; (3) 壳体的Sr/Ca完全受控于湖水盐度及水体中自生碳酸盐矿物的结晶过程, 而壳体中的Mg/Ca则受湖水盐度和温度控制, 实际上温度只是壳体生长速率对壳体Mg/Ca控制的外在表现. 建议在以后的古环境重建及室内培养实验时, 更多地关注沉积物组成及其自生矿物结晶对生物壳体微量元素(如Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca)组成的制约.     

锶同位素(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)生物地层框架投影方法及其应用——以二叠系乐平统为例

晚二叠世是地球历史中海水锶同位素比值(87Sr/86Sr)上升速率最快的时期之一,但其具体的演化速率和规律仍有很大争议.本文认为传统的锶同位素地层学研究争议的根本问题是不同学者选择的时间框架不一致,即地史上锶同位素(87Sr/86Sr)的演化特征受投影时间轴框架(如地层厚度或绝对年龄)、沉积速率、界线研究程度以及测量方法等的影响.综合不同研究者对乐平世地层87Sr/86Sr的资料,以有时间跨度控制的牙形刺化石带为时间投影框架,重新建立该时期全球海洋87Sr/86Sr的演化规律,并获得以下新认识:(1)化石带与87Sr/86Sr直接对应,可更准确反映87Sr/86Sr演化特征;(2)可用于缺失化石资料的海相碳酸盐岩地层研究;(3)可用于不同沉积速率剖面及不同盆地间地层学研究;(4)87Sr/86Sr分析结果与样品矿物组成和分析方法有关;(5)晚二叠世海洋87Sr/86Sr上升速率为5.4×10?5/Ma或略低;(6)87Sr/86Sr数值与地层年龄关系的计算公式:Dpro=259?(RS?0.70695)/5.4×10?5 Ma.     

青藏高原东部兴措湖生物壳体元素及同位素记录的气候环境信息

通过对青藏高原东部若尔盖盆地兴措湖50年来Gyraulus sibirica壳体元素及同位素分析,并与器测气象资料的比较,建立了兴措湖记录与对应的降水和气温间的函数关系,探讨了湖泊记录所指示的气候环境意义,结果表明：青藏高原东部兴措湖地区腹足类生物在夏半年形成壳体,它所记录的是夏半年而不是全年的气候环境信息,Gyraulus Sibria壳体Mg/Ca比及δ^18O指标与夏半年气温有一定的相关性,其中壳体δ^18O指标对气温变化更敏感,δ^18O与夏半年气温滑动平均间的变率为1．64‰／℃,均值比为0．28‰/℃,Sr/Ca比,δ^13C指标与夏半年的降水量关系较密切,尤其是Sr/Ca比随降水量波动呈显著相关变化,Sr/Ca变化与降水间的平均变率（d(Sr/Ca)/dP)为－0．045/mm。     

源自青藏高原11条河流的Sr通量、同位素组成及其对海水87Sr/86Sr变化的贡献

为了评估青藏高原化学风化对海水Sr同位素比值变化的影响,系统采集了中国境内源自青藏高原的7条主要河流（金沙江、澜沧江、怒江、黄河、雅砻江、岷江与大渡河）的河水及河床沉积物样品,分析它们的Sr含量及同位素比值.结合其他学者研究的青藏高原南部的恒河、布拉马普特拉河、印度河及伊洛瓦底江数据,此11条大河搬运的总Sr通量为3.47×109mol·a-1,占全球河流搬运入海总通量的10.2%;加权平均87Sr/86Sr为0.71694,高于全球河流平均值.中国境内7条大河的87Srex通量（超过海水87Sr/86Sr部分的87Sr通量）为1.55×106mol·a-1,仅占青藏高原区域11条大河的6%,而恒河-布拉马普特拉河联合贡献了86%.假设40Ma以来全球其他河流输送入海的Sr通量保持常量,而青藏高原区域的11条河流所贡献的Sr通量从40Ma前的0线性增加到现在的值,那么与构造抬升相对应的这一Sr通量的增加能够解释同一时期海水87Sr/86Sr增长量的69%,剩下的31%可能由其他因素所引起.     

源自青藏高原11条河流的Sr通量、同位素组成及其对海水~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr变化的贡献

为了评估青藏高原化学风化对海水Sr同位素比值变化的影响,系统采集了中国境内源自青藏高原的7条主要河流(金沙江、澜沧江、怒江、黄河、雅砻江、岷江与大渡河)的河水及河床沉积物样品,分析它们的Sr含量及同位素比值.结合其他学者研究的青藏高原南部的恒河、布拉马普特拉河、印度河及伊洛瓦底江数据,此11条大河搬运的总Sr通量为3.47×109mol·a-1,占全球河流搬运入海总通量的10.2%;加权平均87Sr/86Sr为0.71694,高于全球河流平均值.中国境内7条大河的87Srex通量(超过海水87Sr/86Sr部分的87Sr通量)为1.55×106mol·a-1,仅占青藏高原区域11条大河的6%,而恒河-布拉马普特拉河联合贡献了86%.假设40Ma以来全球其他河流输送入海的Sr通量保持常量,而青藏高原区域的11条河流所贡献的Sr通量从40Ma前的0线性增加到现在的值,那么与构造抬升相对应的这一Sr通量的增加能够解释同一时期海水87Sr/86Sr增长量的69%,剩下的31%可能由其他因素所引起.     

晚二叠世-早三叠世海水的锶同位素组成与演化——基于重庆中梁山海相碳酸盐的研究结果

测试了重庆中梁山剖面晚二叠世-早三叠世60个海相碳酸盐样品的锶同位素比值,建立了相应的演化曲线,同时分析了这些样品的SiO2,CaO,MgO,Mn和Sr含量,以评估样品锶同位素组成对海水的代表性以及样品溶解过程的合理性.除7个样品的Mn/Sr比值大于2,其锶同位素组成对海水的代表性相对较差以外,绝大多数样品的锶同位素组成对海水都具有较好的代表性.在已报道的晚二叠世-早三叠世海水的锶同位素演化曲线中,中梁山剖面是数据密度最大,曲线最为完整的.曲线总体演化趋势具有很好的全球一致性,^87Sr/^86Sr比值整体上呈现随时间变化单调上升的特征,最小值（0.707011）位于晚二叠世,最大值（0.708281）出现在早、中三叠世界线附近.全球古陆植被缺乏和风化作用加剧是早三叠^87Sr/^86Sr比值随时间单调上升的主要原因.重庆中梁山剖面二叠纪三叠纪界线是一个全球认可的界线,界线处6个样品的^87Sr/^86Sr比值仅在小数后第5位变化,其平均值为0.70714,与Korte等在2006年公布的0.70715（样品来自有铰腕足壳）的二叠系/三叠系界线处^87Sr/^86Sr比值一致（变化在实验误差范围内）,因而提供的二叠系三叠系之交海水的锶同位素组成具有全球意义.可基本确认,二叠纪/三叠纪之交全球海水的^87Sr/^86Sr比值在0.70714-0.70715之间.     

内蒙古岱海古水温定量恢复及其古气候意义

通过分析岱海岩芯沉积中介形类壳体（Limnocythere of.inopinata）的Sr/Ca比值,结合现代活体介形类生态特征研究,获取了湖水的定量古盐度.另外,在实验室内开展湖水蒸发模拟试验,建立了湖水盐度与氧同位素之间的定量函数关系,获取了古湖水的氧同位素.最后,根据岩芯沉积中自生碳酸盐矿物的氧同位素分析值,结合古湖水的氧同位素组成,定量恢复了岱海古湖水温度,并探讨了其古气候意义.     

Biostratigraphy constraining strontium isotopic stratigraphy and its application to the Lopingian(Late Permian)

The Lopingian is one of the fastest rising periods of seawater strontium isotopic ratios(87Sr/86Sr) in earth history, and its mechanisms and increasing rates of the 87Sr/86 Sr evolution were still disputed widely. These disputations among researchers were caused mainly by timeframe selection(sections' thickness or data of radiometric ages), and different stratigraphic boundaries and un-upmost dated ages. This paper examined published 87Sr/86 Sr data of the Lopingian, and projected them on timescales based on evolutionary and age constrained conodonts fossils. 87Sr/86 Sr evolution vs fossil constraining timescales was re-established in this period. This research suggests:(1) 87Sr/86 Sr excursion projects on fossil zones can truly support 87Sr/86 Sr evolutionary pattern in the period;(2) 87Sr/86 Sr evolution provides a new approach for stratigraphic research of marine carbonate sections in lieu of biostratigraphic data;(3) 87Sr/86 Sr stratigraphy works on marine carbonate sections of different sedimentation rates even between different basins;(4) the 87Sr/86 Sr data and its shift was dependent on samples materials and chemical treatment methods;(5) the increasing rate of marine water 87Sr/86 Sr in the Late Permian is suggested as 5.4×10?5/Ma or slightly lower;(6) sedimentation age and its 87Sr/86 Sr of the Lopingian marine carbonate suggested as: DPro=259?(RS? 0.70695)/5.4×10?5(Ma).     

Geochemical evidence for non-marine depositional environment of foraminiferal fossils from the Nihewan Basin, China

From the first finding in 1970s, the findings of foraminiferal fossil assemblages in inland basins have been reported from time to time, especially in recent years. The debates on the depositional environment of foraminiferal fossils have become the hot spot of researches again in China. Based on the researches of trace element geochemistry and electron scanning microscope of shells of Quaternary foraminiferal fossils from the Xiaodukou section in the inland Nihewan basin, the original ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and other geochemical information of shells were believed to be preserved well and could be used to rebuild the geochemistry of contemporary waters where foraminifera deposited, although there existed some effects of burial diagenesis on the geochemistry of shells to a certain extent. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of well-preserved Xiaodukou foraminiferal shells were measured, giving a range of 0.711190±25–0.712018±14, apparently higher than the value of contemporary seawater (0.709087–0.709147) and similar to that of the Sanggan River, proving that it represented the value of the ancient lacustrine water. The hyperbolic mixing models of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-palaeosalinity and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-Sr/Ca indicated that the contemporary waters where Xiaodukou foraminifera inhabited was an inland lake and there was no seawater input to the depositional environment.     

Weak chemical weathering during the Little Ice Age recorded by lake sediments

Low magnetic susceptibility, low Sr content and hence high Rb/Sr ratio in the lake sediment sequence indicate a weak chemical weathering process under arid and cold climate of the Little Ice Age in a single closed lake watershed. According to different geochemical behavior between rubidium and strontium in earth surface processes, variation of Rb/Sr ratios in the lake sediment sequence can be used as an effective geochemical proxy with definite climatic significance of chemical weathering in watershed. Unlike chemical weathering process in tropic zone and modern temperate-humid climate, concordant changes in both Sr content and magnetic susceptibility with δ¹⁸O values of Dunde ice core suggest that the weak chemical weathering was controlled by air temperature during the Little Ice Age maximum. After the Little Ice Age, chemical weathering intensity was controlled also gradually by precipitation with increasing in temperature.     

A Rb/Sr record of catchment weathering response to Holocene climate change in Inner Mongolia

Variation in the rubidium to strontium (Rb/Sr) ratio of the loess–palaeosol sequences has been proposed to reflect the degree of pedogenesis and weathering in the northwestern region of China. To characterize the Rb/Sr ratio of the dissolved loads of a single catchment, we analysed a 12·08 m sediment core from Daihai Lake in Inner Mongolia, north China. Dating control was provided by ²¹⁰Pb, ¹³⁷Cs and AMS‐¹⁴C. Sequential extraction experiments were conducted to investigate the concentrations of Rb and Sr on various chemical fractions in the lake sediments. Down‐core variation in the Rb/Sr ratios provides a record of Holocene weathering history. From 9 to 3·5 ka bp , accelerated chemical weathering was experienced throughout the Daihai catchment under mainly warm and humid conditions, and this reached a maximum at c. 5 ka bp . However, weathering was reduced between c. 8·25 and 7·90 ka bp , which may reflect the global 8·2 ka cooling event. After c. 2·5 ka bp , increased Rb/Sr ratios with higher frequency of fluctuations indicate reduced weathering within the Daihai catchment. The highest Rb/Sr ratios in the Little Ice Age lake sediments indicate the weakest phase of Holocene chemical weathering, resulting from a marked reduction in Sr flux into the basin. The Rb/Sr record also shows an enhancement of chemical weathering under today's climate, but its intensity is less than that of the Medieval Warm Period. Increased Rb/Sr in lake sediment corresponding to reduced catchment weathering is in striking contrast to Rb/Sr decrease in the glacial loess layers in the loess–palaeosol sequence. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Weathering,Sr fluxes,and controls on water chemistry in the Lake Qinghai catchment,NE Tibetan Plateau

Strontium (Sr) concentrations and isotopic ratios have been measured in a series of water and rock samples from most of the major tributaries of the Lake Qinghai basin on the north‐eastern Tibetan Plateau. Dissolved Sr and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr show ranges of 488–12 240 nmol/l and 0·710497–0·716977, respectively. These data, together with measurements of major cations and anions in rivers and their tributaries and various lithologies of the catchment, were used to determine the contributions of Sr and its isotopic expense to rivers and lakes. Our results demonstrate that the chemical components and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the alkaline waters are derived from mixing of carbonate and silicate sources, with the former contributing 72 ± 18% dissolved Sr to rivers. The difference in tributary compositions stems from the lithology of different river systems and low weathering intensity under a semi‐arid condition. Variation in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios places constraint on the Sr‐isotopic compositions of the main tributaries surrounding Lake Qinghai. The water chemistry of the Buha River, the largest river within the catchment underlain by the late Paleozoic marine limestone and sandstones, dominates Sr isotopic composition of the lake water, being buffered by the waters from the other rivers and probably by groundwater. However, the characteristic chemical composition of the lake itself differs remarkably from the rivers, which can be attributed to precipitation of authigenic carbonates (low‐magnesium calcite, aragonite, and dolomite), though this does not impact the Sr isotope signature, which may remain a faithful indicator in paleo‐records. Regarding the potential role of groundwater input within the Lake Qinghai systems in the water budget and water chemistry, we have also determined the Sr concentration and ⁸⁷Sr/^S6Sr ratio of groundwater from diverse environments. This has allowed us to further constrain the Sr isotope systematic of this source. A steady‐state calculation gives an estimate for the groundwater flux of 0·19 ± 0·03 × 10⁸ m³/yr, accounting for about 8% of contemporary lake Sr budget. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chemical weathering since the Little Ice Age recorded in lake sediments: a high‐resolution proxy of past climate

Because of the different geochemical behaviour of rubidium and strontium in earth surface processes, variations of the Rb/Sr ratios in lake sediments were used as a geochemical proxy of chemical weathering and past climate in a single watershed. Low magnetic susceptibility, low CaCO₃, low Sr concentration and, hence, high Rb/Sr ratio in the lake sediments indicate weak chemical weathering under a cold but wet climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA) in the closed Daihai Lake watershed. The concordant change in both Sr and CaCO₃ concentrations with δ¹⁸O values in the Dunde ice core suggests that weak chemical weathering during the wet LIA was controlled by air temperature. After the LIA, however, precipitation played a dominant role in chemical weathering. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Sr isotope diversity of hot spring and volcanic lake waters from Zao volcano,Japan

The ratio of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr was measured from different water samples of thermal/mineral (hot spring as well as crater lake) and meteoric origins, in order to specify the location and to verify the detailed model of a volcano-hydrothermal system beneath Zao volcano. The ratio showed a trimodal distribution for the case of thermal/mineral water: 0.7052–0.7053 (Type A, Zao hot spring), 0.7039–0.7043 (Type B, Okama crater lake and Shin-funkiko hot spring), and 0.7070–0.7073 (Type C, Gaga, Aone, and Togatta hot springs), respectively. However, in comparison, the ratio was found to be higher for meteoric waters (0.7077–0.7079). The water from the central volcanic edifice (Type B) was found to be similar to that of nearby volcanic rocks in their Sr isotopic ratio. This indicates that the Sr in water was derived from shallow volcanic rocks. The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio for water from the Zao hot spring (Type A) was intermediate between those of the pre-Tertiary granitic and the Quaternary volcanic rocks, thus suggesting that the water had reacted with both volcanic and granitic rocks. The location of the vapor–liquid separation was determined as the boundary of the pre-Tertiary granitic and the Quaternary volcanic rocks by comparing the results of this strontium isotopic study with those of Kiyosu and Kurahashi [Kiyosu, Y., Kurahashi, M., 1984. Isotopic geochemistry of acid thermal waters and volcanic gases from Zao volcano in Japan. J. Volcanol. Geotherm. Res. 21, 313–331.].     

87Rb87Sr systematics of a geothermal water-rock association in the Massif Central,France

Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic composition have been measured in thermo-mineral waters from the Massif Central in France. Rocks and mineral fractions which are thought to be important Sr contributors were also analyzed. The results suggest the waters to be mixtures of two or three components from different reservoirs, which can be associated with possible source rock types like granite and syenodiorite occurring in the region. The strontium isotopic ratios found in the separated minerals of the syenodiorite stratum indicate no chemical fractionation during the water-rock interaction. A RbSr internal isochron age of(265 ± 10) × 10⁶yr is inferred for the Roche d'Enval syenodiorite.     

Strontium isotopic geochemistry of intrusive rocks,Puerto Rico,Greater Antilles

The strontium isotopic geochemistry is given for three Puerto Rican intrusive rocks: the granodioritic Morovis and San Lorenzo plutons and the Rio Blanco stock of quartz dioritic composition. The average calculated initial⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are 0.70370, 0.70355 and 0.70408, respectively. In addition, the San Lorenzo data establish a whole-rock isochron of71 ± 2m.y., which agrees with the previously reported K-Ar age of 73 m.y. Similarity of most of the intrusive rocks in the Greater Antilles with respect to their strontium isotopic geochemistry regardless of their major element composition indicates that intrusive magmas with a wide range of composition can be derived from a single source material. The most likely source material, in view of the available isotopic data, is the mantle wedge overlying the subduction zone.     

Using Sr isotopes to trace the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs

Identifying the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs is important for food safety and fair market competition.In this study,we used strontium(Sr) isotopes as a tool to trace the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs.Chinese mitten crabs,water,and different types of crab feed were collected from four different lakes for Sr isotope analyses.The results showed that the Sr isotope compositions of the different parts from one single crab were consistent within error,indicating that any piece of a crab could be used to represent the Sr isotope characteristics of the whole crab.The Sr isotope compositions of Chinese mitten crabs from the same lake were consistent within the analytical error,and the values were similar to the Sr isotope composition of the water from the same lake.However,the Sr isotope compositions of water and crabs from different lakes are significantly different.Therefore,the Sr isotope compositions of Chinese mitten crabs are mainly controlled by lake water composition,while the impact of feed is limited.This study provides an effective method for tracing the geographic origins of Chinese mitten crabs.     

Sr fluxes and isotopic compositions of the eleven rivers originating from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their contributions to <Superscript>87</Superscript>Sr/<Superscript>86</Superscript>Sr evolution of seawater

To evaluate influence of chemical weathering of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) on seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr variation, river water and sediment samples were collected, and their Sr concentrations and isotopic compositions analyzed, from the seven large rivers that originated from the QTP. By combining these with the data of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Indus and Irrawaddy originated in the southern QTP, the total Sr flux of the eleven rivers reaches 3.47×10⁹ mol·a⁻¹, which accounts for 10.2% of the total Sr flux transported by the global rivers. The weighted mean ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr is 0.71694, higher than the average value of the global rivers. The ⁸⁷Sr_ex (⁸⁷Sr flux in excess of the seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio) of the Chinese seven rivers is 1.55×10⁶ mol·a⁻¹, only accounting for about 6% of the value of the eleven rivers originated from QTP, and the Ganges-Brahmaputra system accounts for 86%. We assume that the QTP rivers have no strontium contributions to the oceans before ∼40 Ma and the Sr fluxes of the global rivers, except the QTP eleven rivers, are constant, then a maximum linear increase in Sr fluxes of the QTP rivers from zero to the modern value in response to tectonic uplift can explain ∼69% increase of seawater ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr over the past ∼40 Ma and the remainder of 31% is perhaps provided from other factors. Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40473009, 40331001, 40873001)