堆龙德庆区比西沟泥石流特征及成因机制分析

堆龙德庆区比西沟于2019年7月10日暴发泥石流,造成沟口某部队、驾校和公路等被损毁。通过调查发现比西沟具有沟域面积大,主沟纵坡降大的有利地形条件和极端降雨条件;沟域内物源丰富,包括滑塌堆积物源、沟道堆积物源、坡面侵蚀物源,松散物静储量约152.52×10⁴m4m³,可参与泥石流运动的动储量为11.64×103,可参与泥石流运动的动储量为11.64×10⁴m4m³。比西沟再一次爆发泥石流的可能性较大,建议尽快采取工程治理防治措施。     

堆龙德庆区德庆镇邱桑寺泥石流特征及成因

堆龙德庆区德庆镇邱桑寺泥石流在2019年7月2日暴发,造成寺庙围墙垮塌、已有稳拦工程被冲毁、公路被掩埋。通过调查发现邱桑寺泥石流沟域面积不大,主沟纵坡降大,沟域物源丰富,包括滑塌堆积物源、沟道堆积物源、坡面侵蚀物源和人工弃渣物源,松散物静储量约57.66×10⁴m4m³,动储量约10.51×103,动储量约10.51×10⁴m4m³。近年暴雨天气多发,邱桑寺泥石流再一次暴发可能性较大,建议采取工程治理措施。     

九寨沟震区“6·21”泥石流成因与致灾机制研究

2019年6月20日晚九寨沟普降大到暴雨,导致九寨沟景区内卓追沟、下季节海子沟、则查洼沟等多处发生泥石流。3条泥石流沟分别冲出固体物质2.79×10⁴ m³、3.7×10⁴ m³, 2.67×10⁴ m³,造成多处停淤挡墙及拦砂坝损坏,并淤埋了景区内的部分道路,造成了交通的短时间中断。根据灾后地面调查和遥感解译,初步查明了本次泥石流灾害的成因和致灾过程机制。灾害成因：地震引发的崩塌滑坡产生大量的新增松散固体物源与原有的沟坡堆积物(包括老泥石流堆积物)在强降水的作用下形成泥石流,因此本次泥石流是地震和降雨共同作用的结果。通过泥石流发生前后各流域沟道纵剖面和典型横断面调查分析,发现泥石流致灾过程机制主要包括：(1)泥石流冲刷沟道使老泥石流堆积物参与泥石流运动、同时诱发沟岸失稳崩塌,因而增强泥石流规模和冲击力等动力学参数;(2)沟道卡口和崩滑体滑入沟道后导致泥石流堵塞,在后续泥石流的作用下发生级联溃决,进而增大泥石流峰值流量和冲击力等动力学参数。在两种机制的共同...     

北京延庆地区南湾道豁子沟泥石流发育特征

以北京市延庆地区南湾道豁子泥石流沟为研究对象,通过野外泥石流沟精细调查及历史资料统计,详细了解该泥石流发育特征和形成条件,针对流域内松散堆积物补给条件进行重点分析;综合研究该泥石流的动力学特征,进行泥石流危险区预测评价,提出相应的防治措施建议。研究结果表明:该泥石流沟内松散堆积物动储量为18.47×10⁴ m³,分为冲洪积、残坡积、人工堆积和崩滑塌等4种补给来源,其中冲洪积和残坡积所占比重最大;泥石流发展阶段处于衰退期;经动力学分析,洪峰流量值在10年一遇的降雨条件下为52.53 m³/s,20年一遇的降雨条件下为59.25 m³/s,50年一遇的降雨条件下为68.13 m³/s,100年一遇的降雨条件下为74.85 m³/s,对应的一次固体冲出总量分别为0.77×10⁴ m³、0.87×10⁴ m³、1.00×10⁴ m³和1.10×10⁴ m³;属于中型泥石流,最大危险区面积为0.238 3 km²。通过评价分析,该泥石流沟仍存在爆发中型泥石流的可能性,将对下游南湾村以及千沙公路行车和行人的生命财产安全造成威胁。研究成果可为延庆地区该类泥石流单沟预警模型研究和灾害防治提供科学依据。     

日喀则市谢通门县尼玛弄自然村坡面泥石流发育特征及防治对策

坡面泥石流具有规模小、分布广、暴发突然、流动快、过程短、冲击力大等特征,是一种危害十分严重的自然灾害。为了查明西藏日喀则市谢通门县尼玛弄自然村坡面泥石流的发育特征,以野外精细化调查和测量为工作方法,在查明泥石流区域地质环境及分区特征、主沟支沟的沟道特征、形成条件、物源转化关系的基础上,综合研判泥石流的发展趋势并划定了危险区范围。结果表明: 流域内松散固体物源总量约为22.72×10⁴ m³,可能参与泥石流活动的动储量约为7.82×10⁴ m³; 坡面泥石流一旦遭遇大暴雨,势必引发较大规模的泥石流灾害; 泥石流的综合致灾能力较强,受灾体的抗灾能力较弱,泥石流治理紧迫性等级为I级; 提出“导流槽+截流槽+导流堤”和“导流防护堤”两种工程治理方案,为该区泥石流防治工作提供参考。     

堆龙德庆区比西沟泥石流特征及成因机制分析

堆龙德庆区比西沟于2019年7月10日暴发泥石流,造成沟口某部队、驾校和公路等被损毁。通过调查发现比西沟具有沟域面积大,主沟纵坡降大的有利地形条件和极端降雨条件;沟域内物源丰富,包括滑塌堆积物源、沟道堆积物源、坡面侵蚀物源,松散物静储量约152.52×10~4m~3,可参与泥石流运动的动储量为11.64×10~4m~3。比西沟再一次爆发泥石流的可能性较大,建议尽快采取工程治理防治措施。     

皮山县某泥石流沟分区及风险评价

为了更好服务皮山县防灾减灾,有必要对典型泥石流沟进行详细调查评价。通过野外调查,结合天地图实体勾绘,了解该泥石流沟地质环境、分区特征;对该泥石流沟15项影响因素、直接损害、潜在威胁对象调查统计以及相关数据收集和公式计算,定性-半定量评价该泥石流沟易发程度、危害性和危险性,了解该泥石流动力参数特征和演变特征。根据研究发现,该沟为标准泥石流沟,分区明显,形成区(流通区)-堆积区;该泥石流处于活跃期且易发,其规模等级为中型,危害等级为中型;潜在危险性等级为极高,活动性等级为高级。按50年一遇的频率计算,该泥石流沟最大流速为1.54 m/s;峰值流量为1917.43m³/s;一次泥石流总量为5.79×103/s;一次泥石流总量为5.79×10⁴ m4 m³,固体物质总量为3.76×103,固体物质总量为3.76×10⁴ m4 m³。     

汶川地震极震区泥石流物源动储量统计方法讨论

本文总结了汶川地震灾区泥石流物源的主要类型,即：滑坡堵沟型物源、崩塌覆盖型物源、碎屑坡积型物源。根据三类物源参与泥石流活动的特点,建立了泥石流动储量的启动地质模式,沟谷下切侵蚀堵溃式和沟谷侧缘侵蚀滑坍式。在此基础上,选择地震灾区44处泥石流为样本,采用数学统计方法获得了总物源量与动储量的相关性,基本呈线性关系。总物源量为50×104m3以内时,动储量可达到15%;总物源量为100×104m3以内时,动储量可达到30%;总物源量为200×104m3以内时,动储量可达到37%;总物源量超过300×104m3时,动储量可超过40%。根据动储量的启动地质模式,本文还提供了计算单体动储量的图解法。     

基于地下水陆面过程耦合模型的黑河干流中游耗水分析

耗水分析能够直接揭示水资源利用的本质, 蒸散发是流域尺度耗水的主体. 将一个典型的陆面过程模型和一个地下水模型紧密耦合, 从而在地下水模型中增加具有物理机理的蒸散发描述, 同时改进陆面过程模型中地下水的动力过程, 由此在发挥这两类模型各自优势的基础上, 构建了一个地下水-陆面过程耦合模型. 利用该模型模拟了黑河干流中游2008年逐小时的蒸散发过程. 结果表明: 黑河干流中游2008年总耗水量约为35.7×10⁸ m³, 耗水最大的地表类型是农作物为19.3×10⁸ m³、 裸地和戈壁为7.2×10⁸ m³、 草地为6.0×10⁸ m³、 稀疏植被为3.1×10⁸ m³, 其中, 不同地表类型的年蒸腾量分别为8.8×10⁸ m³、 0.02×10⁸ m³、 2.2×10⁸ m³以及0.4×10⁸ m³, 对应它们的年蒸散发强度分别为: 580 mm、 117 mm、 331 mm以及202 mm. 通过耗水平衡分析也得到2008年黑河干流中游地下水呈负平衡状态, 全年地下水超采约0.9×10⁸ m³, 其中区内地下水储量在7—11月间呈增加趋势, 其他各月呈减少趋势.     

鲁西北平原地下水资源评价与可开采潜力分析

为研究山东省鲁西北平原地下水资源情况,为地下水资源的可持续利用提供合理化建议,采用水均衡法对研究区地下水资源进行评价,并采用开采系数法对研究区地下水可开采潜力进行分析。结果表明,均衡期内研究区总补给量为1 224 411.90×10⁴ m³·a^-1,总排泄量为1 187 412.52×10⁴ m³·a^-1,补排差为47 380.47×10⁴ m³·a^-1,研究区地下水资源处于正均衡状态;多年来平均计算均衡差较小,地下水处于相对稳定状态;全区可开采资源量为1 040 750.11×10⁴ m³,现状开采量为655 550.26×10⁴ m³,潜水开采潜力指数为1.59,地下水资源具有开采潜力,但是开采潜力较小,需要对地下水资源进行合理规划。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.