干旱盆地地下水排泄区水环境初探

干旱盆地地下水排泄区以蒸发主要排泄方式导致水环境发生恶化，从而引发出一系列的环境问题。本文以吐哈油田南湖水源地建设为例，通过对浅层潜水和深层承压水之 间的水力了产系的分析，初步探讨了由开采承压水而引起的咸水下移、浅层咸水淡化以及地下水环境得以改善等问题。     

德州市浅层地下水水质演化

德州市属于典型的黄河下游冲积平原孔隙水水文地质区.该地区具有咸、淡两种水体共存的独特水环境特征,淡水天然的水环境条件非常敏感和脆弱.由于持续开采地下水,使该区域地下水的水动力场和水化学场发生了较大变化.根据德州市1996-2007年的地下水水质监测数据,论述了浅层地下水的水质特征,分析研究了浅层地下水的水质演化.结果表明:在开采条件和自然条件的共同作用下,浅层地下水水质不断演化,其中变化比较明显的水质指标是总硬度、矿化度和Cl-等.在区内齐河县、夏津县的苏留庄等一带,水动力场的变化导致地下水的矿化作用减弱,浅层地下水的矿化度、总硬度有所降低,水质趋向淡化.在宁津县、禹城市的张庄乡等一带,水动力场的变化导致地下水的矿化作用增强,浅层地下水的矿化度、总硬度明显升高,水质持续咸化.针对研究区地下水水质的演化趋势,提出了使微咸水逐渐向淡水方向演化的水质调控措施.     

镭同位素示踪隆教湾的海底地下水排泄

福建省漳州市降教湾海水中镭同位素的研究,目的是评价海底地下水排泄量.在2007年6月的航次中,垂直于岸线的9 km剖面上布置15个站位,每个站位用潜水泵采集表层海水样60L于塑料桶中.水样运回实验室后,立即用装有锰纤维的PVC管以虹吸的方式富集水样中的镭同位素,水通过PVC管的流速小于300 ml/min.224Ra活度用连续射气法测定,测完224Ra后密封7d以上,然后用汽接射气法测定226Ra活度.224Ra和226Ra活度都呈现自岸向海逐渐降低的规律,表明扩散控制镭同位素的分布,由224Ra获得68.83 km2d-1的扩散系数,同时226Ra形成-0.963dpm1001-1km-1的活度梯度.用扩敞系数和活度梯度建立的226Ra的离岸通最为6.62×1011dpmkm-2d-1,这个通量一定是得到SGD输入的镭支持,从而获得隆教湾的海底地下水排泄量是3.03×109m3km-2d-1.该排泄量包括陆源地下淡水排泄量和再循环海水排泄量,绝大部分可能足再循环海水,有待进一步研究.     

海底地下水排泄对海洋锶储库的影响

海底地下水排泄（submarine groundwater discharge,SGD）不仅是全球水循环的重要组成部分,也是各种溶解化学物质由陆向海输送的重要而隐蔽通道。本文在分析全球海洋锶来源的基础上,综述了多种岩性含水层条件下SGD锶的地球化学行为及其控制因素,并利用已有的SGD通量和高分辨率全球岩性数据,计算出更为保守和精确的SGD锶通量及同位素组成,确认了SGD是海洋贫放射成因锶的重要来源之一,起到平衡河流输入的富放射成因锶的作用。     

海底地下水排泄对海洋锶储库的影响

海底地下水排泄（ submarine groundwater discharge, SGD）不仅是全球水循环的重要组成部分,也是各种溶解化学物质由陆向海输送的重要而隐蔽通道。笔者等在分析全球海洋锶来源的基础上,综述了多种岩性含水层条件下SGD锶的地球化学行为及其控制因素,并利用已有的SGD通量和高分辨率全球岩性数据,计算出更为保守和精确的SGD锶通量及同位素组成,确认了SGD是海洋贫放射成因锶的重要来源之一,起到平衡河流输入的富放射成因锶的作用。     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊及其下游地下水同位素分析

本文通过环境同位素水化学等分析方法研究了祁连山北侧、龙首山、巴丹吉林沙漠、古日乃、拐子湖和额济纳盆地的泉水和井水的来源,揭示了巴丹吉林沙漠等下游地区的地下水来自于祁连山降水的补给,平均补给高程为3 300m,祁连山顶部存在大片裸露的灰岩地层,雪水融化后沿着喀斯特地层或山前大断裂补给到深部,穿过龙首山直接补给到巴丹吉林沙漠及其下游地区,在沙漠湖泊中发现的钙华与钙质胶结证明地下水经过了石灰岩地层,承压水通过越流补给到浅部含水层,通过蒸发量计算得到的地下水补给量接近6×108m3/a,承压水中地下水的年龄为20~30 a.     

豫北平原地下水开发利用与水质演化规律

本文通过对豫北平原多年的地下水开发利用及浅层地下水水化学资料分析,发现原为咸水-微咸水的大部分地区浅层地下水已淡化,咸水-微咸水分布区已由大面积分布演变为孤岛状,淡水资源量大幅增加。浅层地下水水化学现状、地下水14C同位素、地下水动力场也提供了浅层地下水淡化的证据。     

从水文地球化学角度研究鄂尔多斯盆地南区白垩系地下水的排泄途径

主要从水文地球化学的角度,以鄂尔多斯盆地白于山以南地区白垩系地下水的水化学水平分带和地表水基流水化学特征为主要依据,结合地质构造格局及岩相古地理条件,分析研究了该区白垩系地下水的补、径、排条件.认为该区白垩系地下水水化学场存在一个由东、北、西南向中部的水平分带,愈向盆地中部水质愈复杂、TDS愈高.马莲河基流水质的沿途变化规律反映出其接受东西两侧地下水的补给.说明鄂尔多斯盆地南区的东部地区和西南部地区为地下水补给区,而中心地带为地下水排泄区,最终经马莲河排出区外.天环向斜轴部和马莲河谷是南区汇集东西两侧地下水的排泄通道.     

淮河流域沙颍河段浅层地下水水质演化特征

淮河流域地表水污染越来越严重,但地下水质变化情况不详.特别是沙颍河段(河南省城)污染最为严重,具有代表性.通过本次工作,采用地面调查、水土样化验分析等方法,第一次系统地对淮河流域沙颍河段(河南省域)浅层地下水水质状况进行调查分析评价.该文通过对淮河流域沙颍河段(河南省域)浅层地下水2003、2004年水质化验资料的分析对比.揭示了其季节变化特征、年际变化特征,通过现在水质资料与历史水质资料的对比研究,发现了该地区浅层地下水水质演化特征及影响因素.该文为该区制定社会、经济可持续发展规划提供了科学依据,为今后类似地区进行环境地质调查指明了方向,对提高人民群众的饮水安全具有重要意义.     

Tracing groundwater discharge in a High Arctic lake using radon-222

In the High Arctic, groundwater fluxes are limited by the presence of continuous permafrost, although it has been hypothesized that there may be localized groundwater flow and hydraulic connectivity beneath large lakes, due to the presence of taliks, or large regions of unfrozen ground. However, due to the logistical difficulty of employing seepage meters and piezometers in deep, ice-covered lakes, relatively little is known about groundwater discharge to polar lakes. One method of assessing groundwater discharge is through the use of geochemical tracers. We conducted a pilot study to quantify groundwater discharge into a High Arctic lake using dissolved radon gas as a geochemical tracer. Lake water was collected in 15 L polyvinyl chloride (PVC) bags with minimal atmospheric interaction from a 25-m deep lake near Shellabear Point, Melville Island, Northwest Territories, Canada. Sample bags were aerated through a closed water loop for 60 min to allow sufficient radon to equilibrate in a coupled air circuit. Radon in air concentrations were measured on a Durridge RAD7 portable alpha spectrometer. The field trial in a remote setting and separate tests with groundwater samples collected from a temperate site demonstrate the utility of the methodology. The limited results suggest that radon levels in the lower water column are elevated above background levels following nival melt in the surrounding watershed. Although these results are insufficient to quantify groundwater discharge, the results suggest subsurface flow may exist, and further study is warranted.     

Estimating groundwater discharge into a lake through underwater springs by using GIS technologies

Estimating groundwater recharge in a freshwater body such as a deep lake is often a problem for hydrologists, since direct measurements are costly and difficult to implement. This study attempts to calculate the groundwater discharge in a lake using a simple water balance model, water level measurements, aerial photographs and GIS technologies. In particular, a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for the lake has been developed, which in combination with GIS (Geographical Information System) software and water level fluctuations has provided the lake's monthly water storages. Additional hydrologic elements, including land and water uses, overland flow and evapotranspiration, have been estimated and incorporated in a water balance model which after extensive analysis have provided credible monthly values for the groundwater recharge in Lake Trichonis. This particular methodology can be widely applied in catchments with similar hydrologic regimes and can provide reliable, cost-efficient estimations of groundwater recharges into water bodies.Abbreviations GIS Geographical Information Systems - DTM Digital Terrain Model     

镭同位素示踪盐湖地下水排放通量 ——以大柴旦盐湖为例

为了解大柴旦盐湖地下水排放通量,测试了深部热水、浅层地下水、河流水、盐湖表层水中镭同位素(223 Ra、224 Ra、226 Ra和228 Ra)的活度值.研究结果表明湖水中223 Ra、224 Ra、226 Ra和228 Ra的活度值,在盐度较低时随着盐度的增加而升高,当盐度大于168.99‰时,则随着盐度的增加而降...     

Relationships between drainage area characteristics and lake water quality

The aim of this work is to quantify some of the complex relationships between drainage area characteristics (such as bedrocks and quaternary deposits) and lake water quality (pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness). Seventysix drainage lakes, mainly oligotrophic, are described with respect to drainage area characteristics, morphometry, and water chemistry. The DAZ (drainage area zonation) method has been used to describe the drainage areas. The method utilizes a weighting system to reduce the impact of land types with increasing distance from the lake. The most significant parameter governing the water chemistry parameters seems to be the percentage of open land (cultivated land and/or meadows) in the drainage areas. High percentage leads to high pH, alkalinity, conductivity, and hardness. The correlations concerning alkalinity and pH are improved using the DAZ method. No significant relationships between bedrock geology of the drainage areas and lake water chemistry have been recorded.     

湖泊水质遥感研究进展

详述了湖泊遥感水质最新发展动态,如遥感水质模型的数学方法、与水质指标最敏感的波段以及TM、SPOT、MODIS、MERIS、AVHRR、CASI等传感器的适用情况,并分析了可能导致湖泊水质遥感模型误差的原因和解决办法。湖泊各项水质组分与光谱之间相互影响可认为是一种非常复杂的非线性关系,最适合用神经网络这样的黑箱模型来模拟。应当研究和选取敏感波段,用高光谱逐段分析与各种水质指标相关最密切的波段。湖泊水质遥感最终走向实用化必将其与水生态问题结合起来,作为一种监测手段,在水中藻类的时空分布、流域营养物质输送模型和湖泊水域水质模型等问题中得到广泛应用。我国学者使用超光谱数据源获得更为精确的监测成果还比较少,由于我国卫星可以用来进行水质遥感的波段比较宽,应当在新一代的资源环境卫星上加入更适合水质遥感的波段。     

毛乌素湖盆滩地湖水与地下水交互作用分析

湖水与地下水交互作用对于水资源合理开发与利用有着重要意义.基于温度示踪的原理,采用解析法、数值法2种方法,分析了湖床底部埋深0～0.4 m湖水与浅层地下水交互关系,并与水动力学方法进行了对比.结果 表明,2018年5月20日至28日,湖水与地下水之间的垂向渗流速度为2×10-7～1×10-6 m/s,且在埋深0.4 m...     

Twenty years of groundwater evolution in the Triassic sandstone aquifer of Lorraine: Impacts on baseline water quality

The Lorraine Triassic Sandstone Aquifer (LTSA), which has already been the subject of a chemical and radioisotopic study (1979), is used to investigate the impacts of 20 a of large scale pumping on baseline water quality. In parallel, new sampling of the aquifer (2001) provides new inorganic geochemical data (including trace elements) that allow improving the knowledge of baseline conditions and hydrochemical functioning of a major sandstone aquifer. The good correlation between ¹⁴C activities, temperature and depth along the main flow line indicate regular downgradient trends and possible water stratification. Unreactive tracers, mainly stable isotope ratios ¹⁸O and ²H, as well as C isotopes are used to define a timescale for the aquifer, showing two groups of groundwater, namely of modern and Holocene age, and late Pleistocene age, with a mixing zone. Baseline quality is then represented by a wide range of concentrations, mainly the result of time-dependent water–rock interaction, as already observed elsewhere in Triassic sandstone aquifers. Some trace elements such as Li, Rb, Cs, which are not limited by solubility constraints, show linear trends. During saturated flow downgradient, the chemistry is also specifically characterised by a regular increase in Na and Cl (and locally SO₄) as a result of evaporite dissolution related to overlying or basement limits. The aquifer is mostly oxidising with a redox boundary marked by U decrease, some 40 km from outcrop.     

全国地下水质分布及变化特征

以2013—2017年地下水监测站点水质监测数据为基础,统计地下水质监测指标的变化特征,筛查影响地下水质的主要指标,研究地下水质变化规律。选取2013—2017年具备连续监测数据的地下水监测井,对常规20项监测指标进行分析。研究发现:就监测站点水质指标而言,总硬度、铁、锰、“三氮”等超标率均达到了10%及以上,是导致地下水水质恶化的主要指标。总硬度超标集中在华北、东北、西南和西北地区的监测井,超标率在各省市间差别较大。氨氮超标率在各省市地区的监测井中差别较大,超标较为严重的省份是黑龙江、江苏、广东和宁夏。硝酸盐氮超标率年际变化稳定,华北、东北和西北地区的监测井中硝酸盐氮超标较为严重。亚硝酸盐氮超标在华北、东北和西北,以及上海、江苏、湖北、广西和贵州的监测井中较为严重。铁、锰超标主要集中在华北、华东、中南地区的监测井中,东三省、安徽、湖北、四川、宁夏等省份尤其严重。基于地下水监测井统计数据,在全国尺度上对地下水质量进行了综合分析评价,总结出了地下水监测中需要着重关注的指标,如“三氮”总硬度,铁、锰等。     

海水入侵水质变化模拟实验研究

通过模拟海水入侵地下水过程的实验,研究了青岛地区海水对不同土壤浸泡上清液中各种元素的变化,得出了海水入侵过程中常规离子如Cl-、HCO3-、P和Ca2 的变化规律。与此同时,海水含有一定量重金属。在与不同土壤浸泡过程中,实验中分析了Ni、Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Mn和Zn共7种元素。上清液中Ni、Cd和Zn浓度增加,Pb、Cu和Cr的浓度略有降低或基本不发生变化。用饮用水和蒸馏水分别与不同土壤浸泡作参比实验,上清液中各种元素基本不发生变化。浸出液中基本上不含重金属。另外,应用海水、饮用水和蒸馏水与不同土壤浸泡时,所有上清液中均未检测出Mn元素。因此,海水入侵过程中,地下水不仅变咸,也使地下水重金属增加。