雅鲁藏布江盆因拉隧道主要工程地质问题

盆因拉隧道为雅鲁藏布江峡谷段高地应力区某铁路的关键性控制工程之一。为了指导隧道施工过程的安全性,从地形地貌、地层岩性和地质构造等方面对盆因拉隧道沿线工程地质条件进行了研究,并采用超前地质预报方法、水压致裂法和涌水量预测进行了现场勘测,最后对工程区的工程地质问题进行了评价,提出了针对该隧道的施工指导意见。     

隧道施工不良地质应急预案研究

在充分研究隧道施工常见不良地质类型和超前地质预报技术的基础上,将隧道施工常见的不良地质分类与不同阶段超前地质预报技术的精度结合提出隧道施工不良地质预警分级及预案。隧道施工超前地质预报因方法不同其预报精度不等,且各种不良地质与隧道的空间关系不同而对隧道施工的危害也不同。考虑到预报精度和不良地质类型,作者将隧道施工不良地质进行了预警分级。针对某级某类不良地质体建立了相应的防控预案,以防为主,紧急情况有相应的处治措施。并以绿、蓝、黄、红四种颜色代表不同的危险等级在洞口标示起到警示作用,加强施工人员的安全意识,从而保证隧道施工过程的安全。     

瞬变电磁法指导复杂地质隧道超前水平钻探应用

云南山区地质条件复杂,隧道施工中经常发生突泥涌水等地质灾害。隧道超前地质预报是预防隧道施工地质灾害的重要手段。合理布置和实施超前水平钻孔,可以有效地揭示隧道掌子面前方的地质情况,预防重大突泥涌水地质灾害的发生。但对岩溶等不规则地质体,有限的1～2个超前水平钻孔不一定能揭示出这些地质体,给隧道施工造成重大安全风险。充分利用物探超前预报资料,特别是瞬变电磁法对突泥涌水等低阻地质体敏感的特性,指导超前水平钻孔的布置,对提高超前水平钻孔的预报效果有重要意义。本文以玉磨铁路扬武隧道为例,通过瞬变电磁法资料分析,指导超前水平钻孔布置,再与钻孔和施工开挖结果进行对比分析,说明瞬变电磁法预报和指导超前水平钻孔是有效的,并对今后瞬变电磁法结合超前水平钻孔进行隧道超前地质预报工作提出了建议。     

超前地质预报在歌乐山隧道施工中的应用

隧道在施工中不可避免地会遇到诸如溶洞、突水、坍塌等常见的地质灾害,为了将地质灾害影响程度降到最低,施工前进行超前地质预报是十分必要的.详细介绍了TSP超前预测预报方法的原理,并以歌乐山隧道为例子,针对该隧道复杂的地质条件,施工过程中采用超前预测预报和红外线探测技术相结合,成功地预报了掌子面前方的地质信息以及隧道涌水情况,有效地指导了该隧道的安全施工.     

论公路隧道信息化施工超前地质预报系统与地质灾害预报

文章以京珠国道高速公路旦架哨隧道左右线量测断面1-1和3-1断面为例,对公路隧道信息化施工技术中的超前地质预报进行了深入的探讨.主要采用锚杆轴力和围岩应力量测分析成果,同时结合地面地质调查与观测以及隧道洞内边墙地质观测.前者为定量的现场施工监控量测手段;后者则为定性的研究手段.建立了隧道施工超前地质预报系统框架,即,地勘-设计优化-施工-支护优化-现场监控量测等一系列互动式的反馈序列.成功地对地质灾害进行了预报,有效指导了隧道进行及时的支护与加固,确保了隧道的安全施工.对类似的工程具有很大参考价值.     

浅埋破碎地层隧道施工方法研究

西藏扎墨公路嘎隆拉隧道所处地域地质条件复杂,受地质构造的影响,隧道口地层节理裂隙特别发育、岩石强度低,围岩自稳能力差,给隧道的施工安全带来很大影响。通过数值仿真研究破碎地层采用全断面、台阶法和CD法施工时围岩和支护结构稳定性,提出适合嘎隆拉隧道破碎围岩地层特点的三台阶开挖法。在此基础上,运用三维数值仿真计算嘎隆拉隧道三台阶法开挖过程中的围岩稳定性,研究隧道开挖时围岩和衬砌的受力变形情况。研究成果为该隧道施工和同类工程建设提供了理论依据和实践经验     

超前预测预报在笔架山隧道施工中的应用

由于地质条件的复杂性,隧道施工中难免会遇到诸如岩溶突水、岩爆、围岩大变形、塌方等地质灾害问题。超前预测预报技术作为隧道勘察结果的进一步认识和补充,在隧道施工减灾、防灾方面发挥着重要的作用。以笔架山隧道为例子,针对该隧道复杂的地质条件,采用工程地质方法和物探方法相结合,以隧道内地质观测分析与设备测试相结合的超前预测预报技术,成功地预报了掌子面前方的地质信息,有效地指导了该隧道的安全施工。     

贵阳市政 BJ-1 隧道施工地质超前预报及监控量测技术

BJ-1隧道为一浅埋、偏压的市政隧道,泥、页岩风化严重,岩体破碎,岩溶及地下水发育,地下管线和地表建筑物密集,施工安全风险极大。为确保隧道施工安全、保障地表建筑物及居民安全,隧道的施工地质超前预报和监控量测工作非常重要。在分析隧道可能存在的主要工程地质问题的基础上,结合地质预报重点及难点,以地质法为基础、以地质雷达和HSP声波反射法为主要物探手段,对隧道进行了综合地质预报。根据施工安全控制需要,制定BJ-1隧道施工监测实施大纲,重点实施隧道净空收敛、拱顶下沉、地表沉降和爆破振动等监测工作,建立隧道工程监测预警制度。对超前地质预报及隧道监测成果进行综合分析,为本隧道工程的安全施工决策提供了可靠依据,有效地避免了隧道施工过程中危险事件的发生。本研究方法对同类城市隧道工程设计、施工具有重要参考价值。     

岩溶地区隧道施工综合预报技术案例分析

由于岩溶地区隧道地质条件的复杂性,在隧道施工过程中实施准确及时的隧道综合地质超前预报是非常有必要的,并且对隧道内不同段落进行风险评价和风险分级,以实现和提高对岩溶隧道不良地质灾害的综合预报。此次研究以伊家岩隧道为工程背景,通过严格实施该综合超前地质预报方案,成功预报了隧道掌子面前方的岩溶,结合预报结果和实际揭露的对比分析,其综合预报准确率可到90%以上,证实了该综合预报方法具有较高的系统性和工作效率,有效地指导了隧道的安全施工,为同类工程提供了技术资料和经验。     

TGP隧道地震波预报系统与技术

隧道工程是铁路、公路和水利水电等大型工程项目中的重要部分,因地质条件不明造成隧道施工事故的危害是巨大的,加强隧道施工地质超前预报工作是非常必要的。国内外对隧道地震波超前预报技术研究已多年,笔者就这方面的现状及及问题进行了讨论,指出了TSP技术存在的不足,阐述了克服盲目性,提高科学预报的重要性,介绍了新开发的TGP隧道地震预报系统与技术及应用效果。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

Paleomagnetic implications on the evolution of the tethys belt from the atlantic ocean to the pamirs since the triassic

We first re-examined the apparent polar wander curves for stable Eurasia and Africa since the Triassic. These curves were then combined together with curves of North and South America according to the kinematics of the Atlantic ocean and a synthetic polar wander curve was given. Then, most of the paleomagnetic results from the Tethys mobile belt, from the Atlantic to the Pamirs, were analysed.Several groups of plates, microplates and blocks can be seen. First, relatively stable regions like Maghreb and Sicily, which have not moved much. Then we have a group formed by Iberia, Sardinia, Italy and, to a lesser extent, Corsica and the Western and Central Alps. For these blocks, movements are anticlockwise rotations chiefly driven by the anticlockwise rotation of Africa, but they are sometimes stronger.To the east, a major change takes place. The north of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian zone are clockwise rotated and these rotations are recent: Oligocene-Miocene for the first part, Pliocene to the present for the second part.A major problem arises in Turkey, Caucasus and Iran. Paleomagnetic results indicate a position far to the south of Eurasia, and, at the same time, geological evidence is in favour of a position close to Eurasia. We discuss these discrepancies.