MAPGIS工作平台在煤层气地质评价中的应用

利用MAPGIS工作平台在空间分析、属性管理等方面的优点,通过对石宝-邱家祠井田内地形等高线和煤层底板等高线栅格化处理,生成煤层埋深等值线图,准确地读取各区块煤层埋深。该方法的应用,提高了煤层气地质评价的可靠性。     

一种煤层埋深等值线图的自动生成方法

针对勘探资料少、地形复杂情况下绘制的煤层埋深等值线图可信度低的问题,以MAPGIS软件和SURFER软件为基础,在MAPGIS下将地形图进行矢量化和校正,提取地形高程数据,在SURFER软件下生成地表曲面模型和煤层顶面曲面模型,并将两个曲面进行相减,用所获得的第3个曲面来生成煤层埋深等值线图。该图可反映勘查区内任意一处煤层的真正埋深,可正确指导煤层的合理开发。      

临界深度控制下的煤层瓦斯赋存规律差异性分析

多煤层开采,在增加矿区煤层资源量提高经济效益的同时,一定程度上也为研究区基础地质工作,特别是瓦斯赋存规律研究增加了难度。受多期地质构造影响,各煤层在空间展布规律、储层物性发育等存在明显差异,造成了瓦斯赋存规律的复杂性。为充分明确垂向煤层瓦斯赋存规律,以黑塘煤矿主采煤层为研究对象,以各主采煤储层物性特征为主要研究内容,基于等温吸附曲线、煤层瓦斯参数及地温测试资料分析,重点研究深度控制下各煤层瓦斯赋存规律并进行差异性分析,结果表明:在取样深度范围内,各煤层瓦斯含量随埋深变化趋势不同,浅部煤层与煤层埋深呈现递减趋势。相较于浅部煤层,深部煤层一定深度范围内,煤层瓦斯含量与埋深关系逐渐趋于正相关。当埋深达到800 m后,瓦斯含量和埋深关系进一步趋于复杂,表明该区域煤层大致以800 m为界存在"应力转折点"。同时,地质构造、水文地质条件及煤变质程度对煤层瓦斯垂向规律差异性的影响作用有限,地温局部异常引起垂向层段地温梯度差异性是研究区瓦斯含量存在"临界深度"的主控因素。     

河北武安云驾岭煤矿2~#煤层瓦斯赋存主控地质因素分析

基于云驾岭煤矿瓦斯涌出量异常变化的现象,收集地质勘查及煤矿生产期间揭露的地质构造及瓦斯信息,运用瓦斯地质理论,从煤层瓦斯生成、运移、储存的角度,研究岩浆岩侵入、煤层埋深和断层等地质因素对2号煤层煤质、生烃能力、煤层渗透性、瓦斯含量等参数以及煤层瓦斯赋存的影响。研究结果表明岩浆侵入提高了2号煤层的变质程度、瓦斯储集能力和渗透性,促进了煤层二次生烃,同时岩浆热液产生的高温高压作用使煤层瓦斯大量逸散;岩浆侵入对煤层瓦斯的生成、运移和储存均产生了影响,是煤层瓦斯赋存的主要控制因素,断层特征及分布影响了瓦斯的储存和运移,煤层埋深影响了瓦斯的储存,断层和煤层埋深是煤层瓦斯赋存的一般影响因素。     

金沙县官田坝向斜瓦斯赋存规律差异性分析

为查明贵州金沙县官田坝向斜瓦斯赋存规律,保证后续煤矿开采工作的有序进行,基于研究区地质勘探钻孔资料、试井资料及井田地质条件的详细分析,结合实测瓦斯数据,借助于瓦斯地质理论,从垂向和平面两方面对不同煤层进行瓦斯赋存规律分析探讨,结果表明:在取样深度范围内,可采煤层CH4浓度分布变化较大,N2浓度分布变化较小。各层位煤层在埋深处于500600m普遍存在明显的"转折点",推测可能与地层层序格架控制的煤储层物性有关;随着煤层层位的加深,瓦斯含量与埋深的关系逐渐趋于弱化,一定程度上表明埋深因素对于瓦斯含量的控制作用随着煤层层位的加深而逐渐较弱;4、7、9号煤层瓦斯含量受埋深影响作用明显,13、15号煤层瓦斯赋存规律一定程度上受地下水活动作用控制。     

重庆观音峡矿区新店子井田煤层气赋存影响因素及开发模式研究

基于煤层气赋存及开发理论,运用煤层煤心含气量等测试手段,以重庆观音峡矿区新店子井田为研究对象,对煤层气赋存影响因素进行了分析研究,并优选出适合于研究区的煤层气开采利用模式。研究认为,煤化程度、地质构造、围岩物性及封盖能力、煤层埋深、煤层厚度、水文地质条件是影响煤层气赋存的主要因素,其中煤层埋深起主导作用,煤层埋深与甲烷含量呈显著正相关关系,其次是区内压扭性断裂构造较为发育,构造应力相对集中的断层附近煤层甲烷含量明显高于其他区域。研究区开发层段的煤储层属超压、较高渗透率储层,层数多,倾角较大,高角度沿煤层钻井、排水降压增渗的开采技术更适合研究区的煤层气开发。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东部深层煤层气成藏地质条件分析

       鄂尔多斯盆地东部目前的煤层气开发深度浅于1200 m,丰富的深部煤层气资源有待勘探开发。鉴于此,本文分析了 区内深部煤层赋存特征、热演化程度、煤层含气量及其分布规律。认为上古生界埋深的总体分布格局与两个向西凸出浅埋 带的叠加,可能导致煤层含气性和渗透性区域分布格局的进一步复杂化。发现上古生界煤阶区域分布格局与煤层埋深类似, 指示深成变质作用对区域煤阶分布起着主要控制作用。预测了深部煤层含气量的分布格局,认为煤层埋藏一旦超过临界深 度时煤层含气量随深度的加大反而有所降低。建立了自生自储、内生外储两类煤成气藏模式,认为吸附型煤层气藏与游离 型煤成气藏的共生为合采提供了丰厚的资源条件。     

焦作煤田煤层气储气层特征及含气性

焦作煤田的二1煤层厚度稳定,结构简单,且煤层气资源丰富。煤层的孔裂隙、吸附性、含气性、渗透性、储层压力、含气饱和度、储层温度等煤储层特征是煤层气选区评价和勘探开发决策的重要依据之一。通过对煤储层特征和分布规律深入的分析和研究认为:①焦作煤田二1煤层的纳米级孔隙发育,煤层吸附能力较强,且随着埋深的增加,吸附能力增大;②该煤层多数处于低压状态,但随着埋深的增加,储层压力和压力梯度有增大的趋势。③煤层气含量和含气饱和度随埋深的变化呈现相近的变化规律,含气量越大,甲烷(CH4)含量越大,甲烷(CH4)含量由浅至深有增大的趋势。④根据我国渗透率划分标准,该煤层原始煤储层的渗透率多数属于中高渗透率煤层,局部地段属于低渗透煤层。     

济阳坳陷石炭二叠系埋藏条件及煤型气源岩分布特征

山东地区经历了多次构造运动,含煤地层遭受严重破坏,因此各地煤系保存程度差异较大。济阳坳陷是石炭—二叠系的深陷区,但济阳坳陷构造十分复杂,煤系保存于坳陷中的一些次级凹陷中。石炭二叠系的埋深多在30 0 0~5 0 0 0m范围内,次级凹陷局部出现较大的埋深变化,最大埋深可达上万米,最小埋深仅在千米左右。煤型气源岩主要为煤层和暗色泥质岩。泥质岩最厚为5 5 5.5m (惠民凹陷),煤层最厚4 0.5m (车镇凹陷),泥岩、煤层厚度分布与残留厚度的变化趋势大体一致。研究表明,济阳坳陷石炭二叠系煤层属较好的烃源岩,泥岩整体上为差—中等烃源岩,局部发育有好的烃源岩。      

煤层风氧化带宽度的确定方法

在煤炭资源储量估算中,煤层风氧化带垂深都是根据煤质化验指标来确定,对在煤层底板等高线上如何确定煤层风氧化带宽度没有明确的规定,为此,依据实际工作中遇到的三种地质情况：地表基本平坦：地表有倾角且倾向与煤层倾向相同;地表有倾角且倾向与煤层倾向相反,分别用制图法、计算法确定其煤层风氧化带的宽度。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.