川东W地区茅口组储层地震预测

油气资源评价结果显示,茅口组作为川东碳酸盐岩重要产气层系之一,具有巨大的天然气勘探潜力,但目前探明率很低,并且针对茅口组古风化壳岩溶储层的研究工作开展较少。本文从分析茅口组古岩溶储层的地质特征入手,再以川东W地区三维地震资料为基础,开展地震相特征及其成因的研究,进行预测,结果与地质规律相符合。此类古岩溶储层有利区域的预测方法,能为本区及邻区的勘探目标优选提供重要依据,也为今后储层精细预测提供思路和建议。     

川东北普光地区二叠系茅口组古地貌恢复研究

四川盆地普光地区二叠系茅口组为海相碳酸盐开阔台地沉积,已钻井资料揭示该层系具有良好的油气勘探潜力。古地貌特征分析是预测储层有利发育区的关键和基础,分析原始地形对沉积和成岩过程中的控制作用,以及在油气成藏过程中所产生的作用,为预测勘探有利区提供依据。本研究结合茅口组地层单井沉积相特征,运用地层倾角校正求取地层真实残余厚度,选用残余厚度法开展古地貌恢复研究,按照岩溶洼地、岩溶斜坡及岩溶高地三种二级古地貌单元刻画出茅口组古地貌特征。     

风化壳古岩溶储层地震预测方法——以川东北元坝地区雷口坡组四段为例

川东北元坝地区雷口坡组四段古岩溶储层埋藏深、非均质性强,常规地震储层预测方法难以解释储层的分布发育情况。元坝地区位于岩溶古地貌的岩溶斜坡区,微地貌对岩溶储层分布起到控制作用,其中岩溶残丘是岩溶斜坡上最有利于岩溶储层形成的微地貌单元,且发育于岩溶残丘顶部的铝质泥岩有利于气藏的保存。运用"印模法"、地震反射结构分析等方法,利用三维地震资料进行古地貌分析,采用基于匹配追踪时频分析的低频能量增强油气检测技术,最终形成了一整套古岩溶储层地震预测方法,降低了勘探风险。     

川北元坝地区茅口组顶面古地貌恢复与岩溶发育特征

川北元坝地区茅口组碳酸盐岩岩溶储层发育,但该套储层非均质性强,储层预测有较大困难,需要进一步恢复岩溶古地貌、古水系,从而掌握储层分布规律,指导下一步油气勘探开发。文章选用残厚法恢复了元坝地区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌,并结合现代岩溶学和岩溶动力学理论,划分了岩溶台地、岩溶缓坡地、岩溶平原和岩溶盆地4类二级地貌单元。应用现代岩溶分类方法,根据微地貌组合形态,划分了6类三级地貌单元,并对古水系进行了刻画。分析认为元坝地区茅口组顶面岩溶古地貌属岩溶地貌形成演化的初期阶段,不同地貌位置岩溶发育有较大差异,岩溶缓坡地属地下水径流区,水动力条件最强,孔洞最发育,是下一步储层勘探方向。      

塔中气田奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层预测研究

提要：塔里木盆地塔中地区奥陶系碳酸盐岩岩溶储层具有埋藏深、地震资料分辨率及信噪比不高、非均质性强等特点。为此,利用古地貌、古水流和古断裂等地质主控因素方法与多地震属性信息融合技术相结合的解决思路,对研究区奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩岩溶缝洞型储层进行了分析和预测,刻画了不同类型岩溶储层的分布规律。该方法既降低地震信息的多解性、提高了储层预测的精度,又符合地质规律,研究成果为研究区的勘探生产奠定了坚实的基础。     

蜀南Z工区茅口组顶岩溶古地貌、古水系特征与刻画

蜀南地区茅口组灰岩岩溶储层较为发育,是蜀南地区重要的产层之一。但是该套储层非均质性强、缝洞充填程度高,储层预测具有较大困难。恢复岩溶古地貌、刻画古水系,可以摸清岩溶储层的发育分布规律,对蜀南地区茅口组油气勘探具有重要的指导意义。本文利用印模-趋势面法,以茅口组顶至长兴组顶的沉积厚度为标识,恢复了蜀南Z工区的岩溶古地貌,根据微地貌组合形态,划分了4类三级地貌单元,并结合岩溶水文地质学理论在Z工区刻画出南北向地表水系。分析认为不同的地貌位置,水动力条件具有较大差异;河流两侧位于径流区,水动力条件最强,溶蚀孔缝最发育,是下一步储层勘探方向。      

川东南地区茅口组岩溶古地貌恢复及特征

东吴运动造成茅口组灰岩暴露地表并经历了表生风化作用。钻井揭示,气藏储层段与古岩溶所处的位置及强度密切相关,古地貌是控制古岩溶发育与分布的主要因素。针对钻井较少且分布不均、勘探程度不高的川东南地区,将钻井与地震紧密结合,分别运用残余厚度法与印模法对茅口组岩溶古地貌进行恢复,结果对比发现,这2种方法恢复出来的古地貌趋势基本一致。结合研究区的地质特征和实际资料,认为印模法可信度更高。在古水系特征分析的基础上,结合古地质图和钻井资料,把研究区划分为岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地,其中岩溶斜坡又可分为岩溶陡坡与岩溶缓坡。研究区西南岩溶高地与蜀南岩溶高地为同一岩溶高地,呈北西—南东向展布,且相对蜀南地区隆起幅度更高。在岩溶斜坡区,地下水以径流为主,溶蚀孔洞发育,是岩溶勘探开发的有利地区。     

鄂尔多斯盆地西北部地区奥陶系岩溶缝洞型储层发育特征及有利目标区分析

在鄂尔多斯盆地西北部地区祁连海域奥陶系石灰岩发育段发现岩溶缝洞型储层,并且具有较好的含气性,表明岩溶缝洞型气藏是该盆地碳酸盐岩天然气勘探的新类型。通过对盆地西北部奥陶系古岩溶缝洞发育的基本地质条件进行分析,从钻井、录井、测井及地震响应特征方面阐述了古岩溶缝洞型储层的特征,划分出两种储层类型;根据天1、鄂19井岩溶储层的地震识别模式,预测克里摩里组岩溶缝洞体的有利目标区的平面分布,其与奥陶系烃源岩构成较好的成藏组合,是今后西北部地区天然气勘探的重要区带。     

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组岩溶储层特征及古岩溶发育模式

塔中北斜坡奥陶系鹰山组碳酸盐岩古岩溶发育,油气资源丰富,具有广阔的勘探开发前景。本次利用岩石化学分析、岩芯钻井、地震测井及成像测井资料,对岩溶储层发育规律及岩溶缝洞发育模式进行研究。认为:鹰一段和鹰二段发育质纯厚层灰岩地层,属强岩溶层组,溶蚀孔,溶蚀裂缝及溶洞均发育,后期古岩溶作用是该区油气聚集的主要场所。垂向岩溶缝洞系统主要发育在鹰山组顶面以下0~50 m及80~180 m范围。同时,溶洞在该区发育,洞穴型岩溶是该区优质岩溶储层,钻井过程常伴有放空、水漏失现象。结合古地貌特征,建立了ZG18~ZG22井区古岩溶缝洞系统发育模式,为岩溶储层预测及勘探开发井位部署提供地质依据。      

基于野外资料和Google Earth影像的地质信息识别与提取方法——以塔里木盆地西克尔奥陶系古岩溶露头为例

以塔里木盆地西克尔奥陶系古岩溶露头为研究对象,根据高精度GPS野外定点和Google Earth影像数据的结合,明确了岩溶地质现象在影像图上的响应特征,进而提取定量化的古岩溶信息数据,经过数据处理建立了古岩溶地质模型。本项研究证实了基于野外资料和Google Earth影像的地质信息识别与提取方法的可行性,也表明了该方法能够实现对未开展露头考察的影像图直接提取相应地质信息和采集定量化数据。通过利用这些数据建立岩溶储层地质模型,结合野外资料,综合分析岩溶储层发育的控制因素,进而客观地理解地下岩溶储层特征及分布规律,能够为勘探开发提供有效指导。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.