地震方法在城市浅覆盖区活断层调查中的应用

反射地震方法是当前探测城市地震活断层的主要方法,该方法在厚覆盖区探测效果较好。在浅覆盖区采用的接收排列长度较短,震源干扰波对浅层反射波干扰严重,且要求的分别率较高,应用反射地震方法探测城市活断层难度较大。北戴河鸽子窝断裂是秦皇岛—大连断裂在陆地上的一部分。由于该断裂为隐伏断裂,对断裂的倾向、断距、上断点和空间展布存在不确定性。为查明该断裂的空间展布形态、性质以及活动性,采用高精度浅层地震探测技术探测该断裂获得了十分清晰的反射地震图像,依据该地震剖面能够对第四系内部界面、基岩和基岩风化层及断裂构造进行解释,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设、钻孔深度的设计以及断裂活动性的评价提供了依据。最后经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和断裂构造特征与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好。     

断层土壤氢气的特征

随着利用地表土壤气体组分特征研究活断层方法的兴起，笔者在黄土覆盖层巨厚的陕西关中盆地几条断裂上，进行了土壤气测试特别是测氢的尝试，测试的结果表明：氢气醒目地分布在断裂带的两侧或微裂缝区，远离时则尖灭。因此用测试断层土壤氢气法来寻找隐伏断裂、判断活断层的位置及走向是一种行之有效的方法。     

探测城市断裂活动性的浅层地震方法技术

用地震方法探测城市直下型活动断裂是一种不可替代的勘探技术,对于不同的探测深度需采用不同的排列长度。试验研究结果表明,小道间距接收不但有助于准确确定断裂的空间位置,而且也有助于确定基岩断裂上断点的埋深,即采用小道间距接收,有利于综合提高地震记录的纵横向分辨率。结合北京夏垫活断裂的浅层反射地震探测结果,讨论了采用浅层反射地震技术探测城市活断层应注意的一些问题。     

基于浅层地震勘探技术的近海海底断裂探测研究

根据某近海工程选址海域地球物理勘查工作成果,通过水域多道地震勘探和单道地震勘探方法的相互补充与印证,论述了浅层地震勘探技术在海底断裂探测中的应用及其有效性。基于2种地震勘探成果的地震时间剖面中有效反射相位特点,结合地质资料分析,推断了目标海域海底断裂的上断点深度、断裂两侧基岩面落差、断裂倾向等特征,并根据相邻测线断点的对应和相似性确定断裂带走向、性质和规模,并对断裂的最新活动时间进行了初步分析。     

厚覆盖层地区隐伏活断层探测的地震方法技术——以桥北镇—宿迁断层为例

地震反射勘探法是当前城市地震活断层探测的主要方法,它在厚覆盖区探测断层及其上断点的效果取决于所采用的工作方法和技术参数。桥北镇—宿迁断裂是郯庐断裂带在江苏境内一条重要的隐伏断裂。以宿迁市活动断层探测项目中针对该断裂敷设于厚覆盖层地区的QL14测线为例,为了查明测线控制地段内断裂的空间展布形态、性质以及活动性,针对不同目标、目的层深度和精度要求,作者按照组合、分步探测的工作思路,采用了不同的地震勘探方法技术和采集参数对其进行了高分辨率地震反射成像,解决了地质任务要求与野外资料采集方法之间的矛盾,从而获得了埋深约16~450 m范围内高分辨率的地层结构和非常清晰的断裂构造图像,为钻孔联合剖面位置的布设、钻孔深度的设计以及断裂活动性的评价提供了地震学依据。最后经高精度钻孔联合地质剖面证实,地震勘探方法反演得到的主要地层界面和构造特征都与钻孔联合地质剖面吻合较好。试验结果表明:采用组合探测的方法能够获得断层在不同深度的产状、展布以及由深至浅完整的分布图像;地震勘探法在厚覆盖区确定隐伏断层具体位置和判定断层活动性具有可行性以及地震勘探与钻孔联合地质剖面相结合的工作方法具有有效性。     

江苏滩涂区浅层地震探测方法技术应用

针对海陆衔接带地质调查工作不足、现有地球物理调查手段缺失等问题,在江苏省南通市如东县试点滩涂区开展浅层反射地震探测方法技术试验研究。该浅层反射地震探测选用锤击震源激发,自然频率60 Hz的检波器接收。通过试验确定了合理的观测系统参数及仪器记录参数,获得了能清晰反映第四系地质结构的高精度浅层反射地震剖面,并据此总结了在滩涂区开展浅层地震探测影响数据采集的因素,为在滩涂区开展浅层地震探测工作提供了经验性建议。通过此次浅层地震工作,探测到测区内第四系底界面位置,并对第四系内部层位进行了划分,查明了测线敷设范围内的隐伏活动断裂,发现了测线敷设范围内浅层气的存在,并圈定了浅层气沿测线方向的分布范围。     

地震纵波横波联合勘探方法寻找近地表第四系内隐伏断裂方法研究

这里主要针对城市活断层浅层地震探测存在的一些技术问题,结合北京平原区活动断裂监测专项地质调查项目,在近地表第四系未固结沉积层中,发育许多具有相当规模的隐伏断裂,虽用纵波反射地震方法能够探测到它们的存在,但不能追踪到超浅层。结合以往的纵波资料,采用小道间距纵、横波联合勘探方法,获得了目标场地较清晰地震图像资料,并用钻井验证方法的可靠性。探讨了极浅层乐夫波等干扰波引起的假异常,需要在数据处理和解释的过程中,采取相应的技术措施消除影响,为今后类似地区活断层地震调查提供技术参考和科学依据。     

基于构造活动历史的活断层工程避让研究

活断层工程避让在本质上属于工程抗断问题,其目的是减少活断层未来发生地表破裂时对建筑物的破坏.不是所有活断层都能产生地表破裂,只有地震活断层才是工程避让的对象.各种研究方法确定的活断层工程避让安全距离,是否适用于某一具体的活断层,尚需对活断层本身开展相关研究.本文基于活断层研究的基本方法,分别以贺兰山东麓断裂和银川隐伏断裂为例,通过对活断层构造活动历史的分析,以活断层的过去预测未来,为裸露和隐伏活断层的工程避让提供依据.对裸露活断层而言,采用地震地质填图、槽探、断层陡坎地貌调查的方法,鉴定其是否为地震活断层,古地震和断层陡坎地貌的原地复发特征是确定工程避让位置的依据,探槽剖面断层带宽度及断层陡坎宽度可作为避让距离的参考.对隐伏活动断裂而言,首先应通过多种手段进行断层定位,槽探和钻探是鉴定地震活断层并进行构造活动历史分析的基础.古地震事件的原地复发、以及钻探剖面不同深度不同沉积时期的地层界线的断距变化是分析未来地表破裂位置的主要依据,已有断层面在地表延伸的位置是下次地震地表破裂发生的位置,是工程避让的参照.通过分析,认为前人统计的15m避让距离适用于贺兰山东麓断裂和银川隐伏断裂,银川隐伏断裂考虑最大定位误差后的避让距离为40m.     

工程物探在广西某重点工程勘察中的应用

中石油在西南的某重点工程项目,发现有F7断层穿过场地,为此利用浅层地震反射波法和高密度电法进行断裂带勘察。其中布设地震测线3条,电法测线4条。经勘探查明了该工程区域内的地层特征及F7断裂的位置、深度、倾向及伸深方向。根据勘探结果,在地震L1测线与高密度电法G2测线上布设钻孔验证,其结果证实,在解释的破碎带两侧地层层序正常,而破碎带内的钻孔显示有断层存在。本次勘探对F7断裂带的位置及产状的准确描述,为该重点工程的设计提供了可靠的依据。     

青岛即墨温泉盆地第四纪以来活断层及其地质背景

根据野外地质观察和第四系的断错,在青岛即墨温泉盆地发现第四纪以来活断层。笔者在阐述了温泉盆地第四纪以来活断层的几何特征、构造特征的基础上,阐述了活断层产生的地质背景。用地震预测整体观的视角,认为盆地中第四纪以来活断层是与沧口—温泉活动断裂、温泉地热异常、地震异常、地球化学异常具有密切的成因联系。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。