新疆和什托洛盖煤田吉力湖西含水层特征研究

以和什托洛盖煤田吉力湖西地下水亚系统为研究对象,对该地下水亚系统的赋存条件、含水层特征、地下水流循环特征以及地下水位动态特征进行了研究。研究结果表明:研究区含水层特征主要包括基岩裂隙水、第四系松散岩类孔隙水和古近系碎屑岩类孔隙水;研究区补给来源主要为山区河道渗漏补给、暴雨洪流入渗补给和降水入渗补给;地下水的排泄主要包括潜水蒸发和侧向径流两种方式。研究区潜水动态类型为蒸发型,年内动态变化曲线呈单峰、单谷型,水位变化幅度在0. 67 m左右。     

鄂尔多斯盆地都思兔河流域白垩系含水层特征及供水前景分析

在鄂尔多斯盆地都思兔河流域供水水文地质详查的基础上,通过水文地质钻探、抽水试验、样品分析等手段,查明了流域含水层的结构、埋深以及含水层和隔水层在水平和垂直方向上的变化规律,探讨了各含水层之间的水力联系,并求取了含水层的水文地质参数;对比圈定了包乐浩晓、巴彦布拉格、好勒包勒吉3处富水区;采用地下水流数值模拟方法对上述3处富水区地下水开采量进行计算,提出了27种地下水开采方案,并经过对比得到地下水开采推荐方案。结果表明：包乐浩晓、巴彦布拉格、好勒包勒吉3处富水区主要补给为侧向径流及大气降水入渗补给,排泄方式以潜水面蒸发及向河流排泄为主;在地下水浅埋区,结合含水层单井涌水量的大小,确定采用管井开采方式、中段悬挂式非完整井结构,平均布井,井深300m,单一开采白垩系环河组的地下水,最大限度夺取潜水蒸发排泄量;根据推荐方案,上述3个富水区总开采量达到123500m3／d,可为该地区地下水资源开发与利用提供技术保障。     

盆地多级次地下水流系统盐分运移实验模拟

地下水年龄和滞留时间包含了地下水循环和演化的重要信息,被广泛用于盆地地下水循环模式的研究.使用多级次地下水流系统演示仪,实验模拟了三级水流系统模式中地下水年龄及滞留时间分布.研究发现,盆地底部、区域流线的下游、盆地滞留区最晚响应;浅部的局部水流系统稳定后的浓度值相对较低;中间水流系统相对深部的区域水流系统也较低,滞留区...     

同位素水化学指示的新疆孔雀河流域地下水与地表水关系

地下水是孔雀河流域农业灌溉的主要水源之一,其对本地区经济发展的支撑作用日益增强.为实现孔雀河流域水资源合理开发和生态保护,采用环境同位素和水化学方法,研究了孔雀河流域地下水与地表水关系.结果表明:地下水的主要补给来源为河水.含水层成因类型和现代河道分布共同控制着孔雀河流域地下咸淡水的空间分布格局;氢氧稳定同位素对不同水...     

试论杭加湖平原水网区地下水补给与排泄的主要方式

我国南方平原水网区浅层地下水以垂直补给(降水补给和灌溉补给)为主,这是公认无疑的。地下水排泄途径有二种:垂直排泄和水平排泄,但其中以何种方式为主,目前尚有争论,一种观点认为以垂直排泄为主,即以潜水蒸发为主,另一种观点则认为以水平排泄为主,即侧向渗流为主。持第一种观点的人认为平原水网区地势低平,地下水埋深浅,水力梯度小,地下径流微弱,而潜水蒸发却因地下水埋深浅相对较强,所以地下水以垂直排泄为主,地下水动态类型属降水-蒸发型。持第二种观点的人则认为平     

地下水循环结构的动力学研究进展

由地下水补给、径流和排泄过程构成的地下水循环运动,是水文循环的重要组成部分,也是水文地质学的基本研究对象.地下水循环在空间上表现为不同结构单元的组合,存在以含水层特性为依据的介质结构和以渗流场为依据的动力结构2种划分方法.地下水流系统是动力结构意义上的地下水循环单元.近10年来,区域地下水流系统理论取得了显著进展,更加全面深入地揭示了地下水循环结构的动力学特性.通过对河间地块地下水流系统的研究,发现潜水面最高点并非地下水分水岭的准确位置.在盆地尺度上,系统研究了沟谷地貌、降水入渗强度、渗透性随埋深变化和盆地厚度等因素对潜水面波形与地下水循环动力结构的影响,初步发现了动力结构的周期性或趋势性演化特征.通过大规模流线路径的精细识别或驻留时间的统计分析,提出了三维地下水循环单元的划分方法.在水文地质效应方面,发现地下水循环的动力结构对地下水年龄的分布有重要影响.地下水循环的动力结构反映了不同补给区和排泄区之间的水力联系,在盆地尺度地球化学过程、流域尺度生态水文过程中发挥着关键作用,未来的研究重点是三维地下水循环的动力特性和演变规律.     

西安市黑河灌区水文地质条件及地下水资源量计算方法探讨

以黑河灌区为例,对灌区范围内的水文地质条件进行评价,并选取历史降水资料,对灌区地下水资源量、可采量进行计算。结果认为：区内潜水分为上更新统—全新统冲积、洪积砂砾卵石含水岩组和上更新统—全新统冲积砂砾卵石含水岩组两个不同成因的含水岩组;区内潜水的补给来源主要为河流渗漏和地下径流补给,其次是大气降水入渗和灌溉水回归入渗,其排泄主要有向河流排泄、地下水径流排泄、垂向渗漏和人工开采排泄四种途径;区内潜水的动态主要表现为入渗～径流型,局部为地下水浅埋地区和入渗～蒸发型动态;灌区潜水水化学类型比较单一,主要为HCO₃～Ca和HCO₃～Ca·Ma型水。选取区内的有典型代表性的较长系列的灌溉用水和地下水动态观测资料,采用水均衡法进行地下水资源量计算,从效果来看,计算结果和野外调查的实际一致,证明计算方法可行。     

西北黑河下游额济纳盆地地下水系统研究(上)

本文从额济纳盆地含水系统结构及埋藏分析、地下水补给与排泄、地下水流场、水化学特征、水环境同位素等方面的综合分析入手，将全盆地划分为潜水和承压水2大子系统，并进一步区分出5个亚系统及次亚地下水流系统。     

乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地与河谷区地下水流模拟

乌鲁木齐河流域柴窝堡盆地与河谷区是乌鲁木齐市的重要供水水源地。为了更好地为地下水资源的可持续开发提供依据,本文尝试将几何形状及含水层厚度差异悬殊的柴窝堡盆地与河谷区联合起来,运用GMS模型系统建立了区域地下水稳定流和非稳定流数值模型。通过对观测孔地下水位过程线和地下水流场进行拟合,校正了研究区的渗透系数、给水度和储水率等水文地质参数。并运用模型分析了研究区的地下水流系统、地下水均衡量、地下水位变化趋势及地下水位监测网的设计。结果表明研究区地下水流主要存在两个径流排泄区:沿乌鲁木齐主河道的径流排泄区和以柴窝堡湖和大小盐湖为排泄中心的径流区;地下水储存量相对较大,能够调节季节性变化与地下水开采的影响;应加强主要河流洪积扇补给区和山前侧向补给带地下水位的监测与排泄区泉水流量的观测。     

鄂尔多斯盆地多级次地下水流系统中硝酸盐分布特征及其成因

水资源短缺的鄂尔多斯盆地内地下水遭受硝酸盐(NO3-)污染等问题日益突出,识别盆地不同地下水流系统的NO3-分布规律及其成因,对地下水资源的合理利用与保护具有重要意义.选取鄂尔多斯盆地北部湖泊集中区白垩系地下水系统为研究对象,基于水化学和聚类 主成分分析划分地下水流系统级次,在此基础上对比分析不同级次地下水流系统中NO3-分布特征,综合水化学和环境同位素分析识别多级次地下水流系统中NO3-来源及其潜在过程.研究表明:研究区ρ(NO3)超出地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848-2017)Ⅲ类水标准的地下水样品集中在局部-中间地下水流系统,其超标率达到28％;区域地下水流系统中ρ(NO3)均值约为1 mg/L.研究区不同级次地下水流系统中ρ(NO3-)分布特征主要与人类活动影响程度有关,而地下水蒸发富集和反硝化衰减作用对ρ(NO3-)的影响可以忽略.其中,局部-中间地下水流系统受到人类活动产生的污染影响显著,其NO3-污染主要来源于无机铵肥和粪便污水等;区域地下水流系统可能尚未受到人类活动污染,其NO3-来源于天然有机氮矿化.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Shock-induced amorphous textures in plagioclase,Manicouagan, Quebec,Canada

The textural relationships and structural states of optically isotropic labradorite from the Manicouagan, Quebec, impact structure have been examined by light (optical) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopy. Two distinct diaplectic glasses have been recognized based on their contrasting morphology, timing and the inferred modes of formation. The earliest isotropic bands and grain-scale isotropism (maskelynite) optically exhibit a gradational,in situ transformation from crystalline plagioclase with preservation of relict textures (twins, grain boundaries). The same transformation from crystalline to amorphous structure is observed in TEM to occur heterogeneously at scales on the order of the unit cell. The progressive transformation of optical properties reflects an increase in the volume fraction and eventual coalescence of these amorphous units. This maskelynite-type diaplectic glass is interpreted to form in the solid-state directly from crystalline material during the compressional phase of the shock wave. The other isotropic material occurs in spatially discrete tensiongashes and planar deformation features (PDFs) that overprint the maskelynite-type glass. This second type of diaplectic glass (PDF-type) is developed homogeneously within a given glass band and exhibits sharp crystal-glass boundaries, in contrast to the gradational boundaries of the maskelynite-type glass. PDF-type glass is interpreted to form by melting in tensional release zones during passage of the rarefaction wave. These observations emphasize the ability of naturally shocked rocks to preserve subtle evidence of variations in the shock process from highly transient events.     

A catastrophic rockslide-debris flow in Wulong, Chongqing, China in 2009: background, characterization, and causes

On June 5, 2009, a catastrophic rockslide-debris flow occurred at the crest of the Jiweishan Mountain in Wulong, Chongqing, China. Approximately five million cubic meters of limestone blocks slid along a weak interlayer of bituminous and carbonaceous shale. The source mass descended from the upper part of the slope rapidly, crossing a 200-m wide and 50-m deep creek in front of it. Blocked by the opposite steep creek wall, the sliding mass changed its direction and traveled a further 2.2 km along the creek in debris-flow mode, finally forming a large accumulation zone with an average depth of 30 m. This is one of the most catastrophic rockslide events in recent years in China. It buried 12 houses and the entrance of an iron mining tunnel where some 27 miners were working inside. Ten people died, 64 missing, and eight wounded. Immediately after this disaster happened, the government organized an expert team to assist the rescue work. As one of the geological experts, the author did a lot of field investigations and collected first-hand information. Multi-methods including the remote sensing, 3D laser scanning, geophysical exploration, and numerical modeling were used for analyzing the characteristics and the triggering mechanism of the Wulong rockslide. The preliminary investigation results reveal that this rockslide with poor geological conditions was mainly induced by the gravitation and the karst effect and also affected by the previous mining activities. The research in this paper is meaningful and useful for further research on such kind of rockslides that are geologically similar to the Wulong rockslide.     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

Analysis of F, Al, Mn, Zn, Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg concentrations in brick teas from main producing areas in China

Brick-tea-type fluorosis is a peculiar endemic disease in China, which had been discovered in minority areas of western China since 1980, and distributed mainly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai and parts of Sichuan Province. The prevalence rate of fluorosis in Tibetan and Mongolian nationality people was higher. Epidemiological investigation showed that fluorosis morbidity and degrees were different in different brick-tea drinking areas, and it was probably caused by drinking various kinds of brick tea from different regions. Therefore, we collected 33 samples of brick tea from six provinces where minority nationalities were accustomed to drinking a large quantity of brick tea. F concentrations were determined by the combustion hydrolysis-ion selective electrode method. The results showed that among the brick teas, the F concentrations ranged from the minimum 74.1 mg/kg in Yunnan Province to the maximum 991.2 mg/kg in Sichuan Province. Besides, there was a great difference among the various kinds of brick tea, and F concentrations decreased in the order of Kang brick tea, Green brick tea, Black brick tea, Mi brick tea, Fu brick tea, Chitsu ping tea, Puerh tea, and Tuo tea. The average F concentration in brick teas was 431.92 mg/kg.     

湖北宜昌王家湾五峰组顶部Chondrites的发现及其环境意义

本文报道了湖北宜昌王家湾剖面五峰组笔石页岩段观音桥层发现的遗迹化石Chondrites的分布及其生态特点。结合生物相和同期上扬子海盆相对海平面的变化,分析了盆地水体底域在缺氧一富氧转折时期的古氧相变化特征：指出五峰组笔石页岩段上部地层沉积底域为典型的缺氧环境,在其与上覆观音桥段之间的沉积转换面附近发生了从无氧到有氧的转变,观音桥段中Hirnantia动物群繁盛于富氧的海底环境。     

Neutron-capture elements in halo, thick-disk, and thin-disk stars. Strontium, yttrium, zirconium, cerium

We derived Sr, Y, Zr, and Ce abundances for a sample of 74 cool dwarfs and subgiants with iron abundances, [Fe/H], between 0.25 and ?2.43. These estimates were obtained using synthetic spectra, assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) for Y, Zr, and Ce, allowing for non-LTE conditions for Sr. We used high-resolution (λ/Δλ?40 000 and 60 000) spectra with signal-to-noise ratios between 50 and 200. We find that the Zr/Y, Sr/Y, and Sr/Zr ratios for the halo stars are the same in a wide metallicity range (?2.43 ≤ [Fe/H] ≤ ?0.90), within the errors, indicating a common origin for these elements at the epoch of halo formation. The Zr/Y ratios for thick-disk stars quickly decrease with increasing Ba abundance, indicating a lower rate of production of Zr compared to Y during active thick-disk formation. The thick-disk and halo stars display an increase in the [Zr/Ba] ratio with decreasing Ba abundance and a correlation of the Zr and Eu overabundances relative to Ba. The evolutionary behavior of the abundance ratios found for the thick-disk and halo stars does not agree with current models for the Galaxy’s chemical evolution. The abundance ratios of Y and Zr to Fe and Ba for thin-disk stars, as well as the abundance ratios within each group, are, on average, solar, though we note a slight decrease of Zr/Ba and Zr/Y with increasing Ba abundance. These results provide evidence for a dominance of asymptotic-giant-branch stars in the enrichment of the interstellar medium in heavy elements during the thin-disk epoch, in agreement with the predictions of the nucleosynthesis theory for the main s-process component.     

Flood anticipation,reality, and uncertainty,the 2019 flood in Khuzestan,Iran

Natural Hazards - Despite the application of various methods to calculate uncertainty in flood vulnerability assessments, the challenge of uncertainty remains. The main purpose of this study was to...     

Arsenic in streams,stream sediments,and ground water,fairbanks area,alaska

Arsenic concentrations of less than 5 ppb to as large as 1,260 ppb in stream waters and from 5 ppm to 4,000 ppm in stream sediments were found in the Pedro Dome-Cleary Summit area, Alaska. Waters from three of 20 wells sampled had arsenic concentrations exceeding the U.S. Public Health Service recommended limit of 50 ppb. The high arsenic levels are a consequence of arsenic enrichment in the rocks of the area. Placer and lode-gold mining may increase the arsenic content of the waters by exposing arsenic-containing rocks to surface waters and by increasing the load of arsenic-rich sediments in the streams. Finding these disturbingly large concentrations of arsenic in the waters of the Fairbanks area was the major result of this work, inasmuch as a subsequent study (to be published) revealed arsenic concentrations as large as 10 ppm in domestic wells and prompted an extensive study by Federal and State agencies of the health hazard posed by these arsenic-rich waters.     

Disruption in Biogeosciences:Conceptual,Methodological,Digital,and Technological

正Over four years ago,a group of investigators came together to determine if Big Data approaches (specifically data mining,machine learning and analytics in general) might provide insight into some of the grand challenges in Earth's history:evolution of minerals,rise of oxygen,life,influence of super continental cycles,quantifying the magnitude of extinction events,and more.As a result,the team of mineralogists,petrologists,geochemists,