基于等效介质理论的煤层气储层岩石物理建模与应用

地震岩石物理建模作为表征油气储层物性参数与地震参数间映射关系的主流工具,鲜有应用于煤层气储层,关键制约因素在于煤层气储层特有的吸附气和双重孔隙的等效计算问题尚未有效解决.为此,本文将吸附气视为类似煤基质的固相,将双重孔隙分解为基质孔隙和裂隙两部分;尝试利用自相容近似模型计算煤基质、吸附气和基质孔隙混合后煤基质干骨架的等效纵、横波速度,通过Mori-Tanaka模型和Brown-Korringa各向异性流体替换理论加入裂隙和流体,以此构建煤层气储层岩石物理模型.在此基础之上,通过正演模拟分析基质孔隙参数、吸附气含量以及裂隙参数的等效纵、横波速度响应;基于模型反演基质孔隙和裂隙参数,并将基于模型预测的纵、横波速度与实测数据对比,论证所构建的煤层气储层岩石物理模型的合理性.进一步通过制作岩石物理量版,探讨煤层气"甜点区"界定的两个关键参数——吸附气含量和脆性指数与储层物性参数(基质孔隙度、裂隙孔隙度)以及地震参数间的关系.结果表明:吸附气含量的变化引起的纵、横波速度、纵横波速度比和纵波阻抗变化微弱,引起的流体因子参数(λρ和μρ)变化略显著;基质孔隙度变化引起的地震参数响应显著强于吸附气含量;裂隙孔隙度与两种脆性指数间均具有明显的负相关性,可认为是煤层气储层脆性的主要影响因素.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气藏的有效运移系统

煤层气藏有效运移系统的优劣取决于煤储层的裂隙发育程度与开合程度,决定着煤储层的渗透性,其外在显现形式主要表现为煤储层的孔裂隙系统特征．本文基于煤基块弹性自调节效应理论和煤储层综合弹性能量理论,提出了煤储层裂隙开合程度参数4和裂隙发育程度参数专定量化研究了沁水盆地南部煤层气藏有效运移系统,探讨了其对煤层气富集高产的控制作用．结果表明：研究区现今阶段,眚高值区位于安泽、沁源一带,郑庄、樊庄次之,说明这两个区域内,煤储层裂隙发育程度较高;A高值区位于郑庄、樊庄一带,安泽、沁源次之,说明区域内煤基块弹性自调节正效应占优势,裂隙趋于张开．综合分析盼4可以发现,二者的最佳匹配区域位于郑庄、樊庄一带,说明此区域内煤层裂隙相对较发育,裂隙张开程度较高,可能具有较高的流体压力和较好的渗透性,有利于煤层气藏高产．     

煤层气储层含气量与其弹性参数之间的关系——思考与初探

首先研究了天然气AVO技术的岩石物理基础--Gassmann方程和Biot理论(以下统称为"Gassmann-Biot理论")--对煤层气AVO技术的适用性.根据该理论创始人在建立其理论时的假设条件、煤层气储层的双相孔隙特征、煤层气的双相赋存特征,本文推理认为,由于煤层气储层的基质型孔隙体系的连通性差,裂隙性孔隙在宏观上是非均质的,并且是各向异性的,因此,总体上来说,Gassmann-Biot理论不完全适用于煤层气储层.特别地,当煤层的水饱和状态保持不变而煤层的含气量变化时,因为煤层中孔(裂)隙中流体的体积压缩模量不变或基本不变,即使煤层的弹性参数发生变化,Gassmann-Biot理论也不可能预测其变化趋势.因此,天然气AVO技术的岩石物理基础完全地不适用于水饱和煤层气储层.研究发现,煤层气储层含气量与其密度、纵波速度、横波速度之间存在负相关关系,即含气量高,密度小、纵波速度小、横波速度小;含气量低,密度大、纵波速度大、横波速度大.但是,这些负相关关系不是现有岩石物理理论能够预测或能够解释的.依据煤层气地质学理论以及负相关关系与现有岩石物理理论的一致性,本文提供了对某勘探区A号煤层含气量与其密度、纵波速度、横波速度之间负相关关系的解释,并认为煤层气储层的含气量与其弹性参数之间的负相关关系可能是这类储层内在的固有的规律性的关系.本文证明含气量与其密度、纵波速度、横波速度之间负相关关系可以作为煤层气AVO技术的岩石物理基础,建立了AVO异常与煤层气储层"甜点(即富集高渗部位)"之间的关系,从而能够使用AVO异常探测煤层气富集高渗部位.     

高煤级煤储层渗透性与应力耦合模型及控制机理

煤储层应力敏感性是影响煤层气井产能的地质因素,以鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘高煤级煤储层为对象,通过煤样的应力敏感性实验和现场测试,建立了高煤级煤储层渗透性与应力之间的相关关系和模型;探讨了渗透性变化的控制机理.研究结果表明, 煤储层渗透率随应力的增加按负指数函数规律降低.在应力小于5 MPa时,煤储层渗透率随应力增加快速下降,应力敏感性最强;应力在5~10 MPa时,渗透率随应力增加而较快下降,应力敏感性较强;而当应力大于10 MPa后,渗透率随应力的增加下降速度减缓,应力敏感性减弱.与沁水盆地南部高煤级煤样实验结果对比认为,鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘山西组2煤层应力敏感性要小于沁水盆地南部山西组3煤层的应力敏感性.煤储层渗透性是在应力作用下煤储层中裂隙产生压缩(压密)变形,裂隙开度急剧减小的结果.因此在煤层气开发过程中控制排采速度,尤其是排采早期降液速度,对于防止煤储层应力敏感性,提高采收率具有实际意义.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气储层压裂过程数值模拟研究

储层改造是煤层气井提高产能的重要措施,水力压裂是煤层气储层改造的重要方法.为研究煤层气储层压裂过程及其天然裂缝对煤储层压裂时破裂压力的影响,本文以山西沁水盆地南部高煤级煤矿区为研究区,运用有限元数值模拟方法,计算不同地应力条件下、裂缝处于不同位置时煤储层的破裂压力.结果表明:(1)不同类型地应力场对破裂压力的影响不同.对于均匀应力场,破裂压力随着围压的增大而增大,其增幅约为围压的两倍;对于非均匀应力场,当一个水平主应力不变时,破裂压力会随着水平主应力差的增加而减少;(2)如果地应力条件不变,煤储层破裂压力随着天然裂缝与最大水平主应力方向夹角的增加而增加,水平主应力差越大煤储层破裂压力增幅也越大;(3)在有天然裂隙的地层中进行压裂,当天然裂缝的方位不同时压裂裂缝既可能是沿着天然裂缝扩展的裂缝,也可能是压裂过程中产生的新裂缝,因此天然裂缝的方位对破裂压力具有一定的影响.     

裂隙展布特征对EGS采热影响的理论数值模拟研究

增强型地热系统(EGS)储层的裂隙展布特征决定了热开采的效果.基于EGS储层压裂得到的裂隙网络呈现出较强的非均匀性,本文构建EGS平行多裂隙非均匀展布模型研究裂隙展布特征对EGS采热影响.为表征裂隙展布的非均匀性,创新地引入了优势流动比的概念.研究结果表明:在体积为500 m×600 m×600 m,初始温度200℃,均匀激发热储层7条裂隙展布,流量为30 kg/s时,储层产出温度可保持储层初始温度15年,并在热开采进行50年后仍能保持较高产出温度192.3℃,电功率为2.88～3.10 MW,电功率的降幅仅为7.1%.非均匀激发热储层的采热性能受到裂隙数量和裂隙展布特征的共同影响.产出温度与裂隙数量呈不严格的正相关性,并与优势裂隙比呈负相关性.非均匀压裂的热储层中,通过封堵优势裂隙或增强储层压裂使裂隙宽度均匀化,均可增强系统的采热性能.综合来看,裂隙数目越多,裂隙宽度分布越均匀,流体产出温度越高,采热效果越好.本文对EGS地热田的储层激发,和人工热储层的构建有一定的指导意义.     

裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度计算方法

裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度是油气藏评价的两个重要参数.本文提出利用裂隙介质AVO属性计算裂隙性储层孔隙度与饱和度的新方法.运用等效理论将裂隙介质等效为各向异性介质,得到裂隙介质的AVO响应即得到裂隙介质各向异性截距与梯度,根据各向异性截距梯度与孔隙度饱和度的关系得到裂隙介质的孔隙度和饱和度.本文建立裂隙介质(TTI介质)梯度截距和孔隙度饱和度的关系,可以根据地震数据直接求取裂隙介质的孔隙度和饱和度.模型试算表明,该方法能得到裂隙介质准确的孔隙度和饱和度,且稳定性较好.     

各向异性介质中剪切波振幅-炮检距比值研究的可行性

剪切波分裂的研究可以取得原生岩体的裂隙走向、裂隙密度、裂隙组及其排列成行的微裂隙群区等其它参数的信息。这类信息对研究储集层特征和其它烃类开采的应用是重要的,裂隙密度通常由剪切波各向异性的百分率导出,百分率是由两分裂剪切波之间的时滞测出的。储集层对可检测出的由它造成的时滞可能太薄,因而在一个储集层内的时滞(和裂隙密度)用传统的反射测量法或垂直地震剖面的走时分析法都可能分辨不出来。研究剪切波振幅一炮检距比值(AvO)技术为的是弄清它们能否提供确定薄油储层各向异性参数更为可行的方法.用简单的双层模型研究具有入射角的反射剪切波振幅的特性,对第二层(代表一储层)内充水裂隙和干裂隙就剪切波各向异性百分率的范围内计算了前切波Avo的变化,为的是弄明白能否用剪切波AvO特征波形提取关于储层特性的特征信息.对于细裂隙,剪切波AVO曲线图形对各向异性和裂隙容积的变化是敏感的.广角偏移距反射资料中有着关于裂隙容积的大部分信息,它可以用于增加采油的跨井监测.剪切波AVO的变化可以被采集系统畸变.关于百分率各向异性的大部分信息都包含在以近垂直入射的反射剪切波的振幅之中.本文回顾了垂直入射反射振幅法,提出了一个简单的编图程序用来确定它们在不同储集环境中使用的可行性.     

孔、裂隙并存地层中的声波测井理论及多极子声场特征

在油、气储层的勘探和开发中观察到的一个现象是储层岩石中普遍存在孔隙和裂隙.随着近年来孔、裂隙介质弹性波动理论的进展,我们可以将此理论应用于测井技术,以此来指导从声波测井中测量孔、裂隙地层的声学参数.本文计算了孔、裂隙地层里充流体井眼中的多极子声场,分析了声场随裂隙介质的两个主要参数(即裂隙密度和裂隙纵横比)的变化特征.井孔声场的数值计算表明裂隙密度可以大幅度地降低井中声波纵、横波的波速和振幅.随着裂隙密度的增加,在测井频段内也可以看到纵、横波速的频散现象(这种频散在孔隙地层中一般是观察不到的).本文还研究了多极子模式波 (即单极的Stoneley波、伪瑞利波以及偶极的弯曲波)随裂隙参数的变化特征.结果表明,这些模式波的振幅激发和速度频散都受裂隙密度的影响.裂隙密度越高影响越大.此外,裂隙还对模式波的传播造成较大的衰减.相对裂隙密度而言,裂隙纵横比是一个频率控制参数,它控制裂隙对声场影响的频率区间.本文的分析结果对裂缝、孔隙型地层的声波测井具有指导意义.     

平行多裂隙模型中换热单元体对EGS釆热的影响

增强型地热系统(EGS)是开发深层高温地热能的有效途径.本文在垂直单裂隙模型(SVFM)的基础上构建了平行多裂隙模型(MPFM),验证了其可靠性及优越性,创新地提出了换热单元体(HTU)的概念,将对整体热储层的研究集中于采热基本单元上,并利用此模型对EGS采热过程中裂隙流体及热储层温度场的演化进行模拟.基于介质分类,将采热的影响因素分为流体和岩体.本文针对岩体热储层分别设计多组案例,分析了岩体HTU尺寸及储层初始温度对釆热的影响.结果表明,HTU的厚度与流体产出温度呈负相关,但与热储层的热采率呈正效应;HTU的长度与采出温度和热储寿命呈正相关;热储层的初始温度也与流体采出温度呈正相关,对热储寿命影响不大.因此,热储层激发越充分,对流换热越充分,采热效率越高.注采策略应与热储层的激发情况相配合,才能取得较好的热开采效果.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.