新疆东天山滑石山一带贝义西组火山岩形成时代及构造环境

新疆东天山滑石山一带贝义西组主要为一套海相火山岩,有基性和中酸性两类,以酸性火山岩为主,火山岩相划分为爆发相和溢流相,以溢流相为主,具双峰式喷发特征。基性玄武岩为钠质碱性岩石,轻稀土富集,铈亏损,大离子亲石元素K、Rb相对富集,Sr亏损明显,高场强元素(HFSE)无明显亏损。酸性火山岩主要为高钾钙碱性岩石,轻稀土富集,铈、铕亏损,大离子亲石元素K、Rb相对富集,Sr亏损明显,高场强元素(HFSE)无明显亏损。酸性火山岩通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb获得年龄为799～808Ma。结合地质背景认为贝义西组火山岩形成于大陆裂谷环境,是Rodinia超大陆在塔里木克拉通北缘裂解产物。     

内蒙古中心屯地区晚侏罗世火山岩岩石地球化学特征及其成因意义

中心屯地区位于大兴安岭火山岩带中南段,区内岩浆活动强烈,发育有中生代不同时期的基性-酸性火山岩。在野外地质调查的基础上,通过研究晚侏罗世火山岩岩石学特征及岩石化学数据,发现区内晚侏罗世火山岩主要为中性-酸性岩石,属于钙碱性系列;稀土元素大都具有铕负异常,配分曲右倾,显示轻稀土元素富集、重稀土元素亏损的特点;微量元素的过渡元素Cr、Co、Ni含量较低,富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Ba、K等,亏损大离子亲石元素Sr,亏损Nb、Th、Ti、P等高场强元素。综合分析表明,晚侏罗世火山岩岩浆来源于地壳。其形成环境处于亚洲大陆边缘断陷带,受太平洋板块俯冲作用的影响。     

阿尔山地区银江沟火山岩岩石学和地球化学特征

通过银江沟上侏罗统火山岩典型剖面的研究,认为该地区为一套中酸性、酸性火山岩及火山碎屑岩的岩相组合,中酸性火山岩与酸性火山岩成分交替韵律变化非常清楚,显示共有两次爆发-溢流相旋回。地球化学测试表明,SiO2含量为68.14%～75.40%,富碱,高铝,高钾,低镁,为高钾钙碱性火山岩;稀土总量(∑REE)及LREE富集,LREE和HREE分馏较强,强烈负Eu异常以及弱负Ce异常,富集Ba、Rb、Sr等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Pb、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)。中酸性火山岩均反映了岛弧火山岩和大陆弧火山岩的一些特征。     

秦安葫芦河基性火山岩特征及其成因

葫芦河基性火山岩以钙碱性玄武岩系列为主,少部分属拉斑系列;稀土总量高,属轻稀土富集型,无明显Eu异常,微量元素经N-MORB标准化,其曲线具明显"三隆起"形式,表现为Sr、Ba、K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素的强烈富集及Nb、Zr、Hf的亏损,岩浆来自富集地幔源区;该火山岩系形成于近弧的弧后扩张背景下的有限微洋盆环境,葫芦河基性火山岩构成该微洋盆型蛇绿岩上部岩石单元。     

秦安葫芦河基性火山岩特征及其成因

葫芦河基性火山岩以钙碱性玄武岩系列为主,少部分属拉斑系列;稀土总量高,属轻稀土富集型,无明显Eu异常,微量元素经N-MORB标准化,其曲线具明显"三隆起"形式,表现为Sr、Ba、K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素的强烈富集及Nb、Zr、Hf的亏损,岩浆来自富集地幔源区;该火山岩系形成于近弧的弧后扩张背景下的有限微洋盆环境,葫芦河基性火山岩构成该微洋盆型蛇绿岩上部岩石单元。     

内蒙古敖汉旗晚侏罗世满克头鄂博组火山岩地球化学特征及构造背景分析

内蒙古敖汉旗满克头鄂博组火山岩是一套酸性火山熔岩及火山碎屑岩。主量元素分析显示Si O2为69.76%~76.04%,K2O为4.48%~6.78%,Na2O+K2O为7.63%~9.44%,表明满克头鄂博组流纹岩具有高钾钙碱性岩石的特征。LREE/HREEE为10.46~15.87,稀土配分曲线呈轻稀土富集的右倾模式,δEu值为0.10~0.51,负异常明显;富集大离子亲石元素Rb、Th、U、K、Pb,贫Ba、Sr;亏损高场强元素P、Nb、Ta、Ti。说明满克头鄂博组火山岩属低Ba—Sr酸性火山岩,是下地壳基性火山岩部分熔融,并发生了斜长石、角闪石源区残留或分异结晶而形成的。满克头鄂博组火山岩具有A型花岗岩特征,其形成的动力学机制为蒙古—鄂霍茨克洋闭合造山后的岩石圈伸展环境。     

渤海湾黄骅盆地晚中生代—新生代火山岩地球化学：岩石成因及构造体制转换

本文研究了渤海湾黄骅盆地早白垩世基性-中性-酸性火山岩和第三纪基性火山岩的元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征。早白垩世火山岩以碱性系列为主,不同基性程度的岩石具有一致的富集Sr、Ba、K、Rb等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素,轻重稀土强烈分异,Sr-Nd同位素组成与EM I相似,Sr同位素初始比高于方城玄武岩和汉诺坝基性麻粒岩。主量和微量元素分析表明,酸性火山岩主要来自于地壳重熔,基性火山岩具有板片流体/熔体交代富集的特征,二者的岩浆混合作用可能是中性火山岩的成因,它们共同构成了东北亚晚中生代活动大陆边缘岛弧火山岩的一部分。第三纪基性火山岩以碱性系列为主,弱富集大离子亲石元素和Ti,不亏损Nb、Ta等高场强元素,Zr呈弱亏损,Sr-Nd同位素组成显示呈亏损型,亏损程度低于碱锅玄武岩和汉诺坝玄武岩,但总体与OIB相似,表明岩浆源区为软流圈地幔,并且高热上涌的软流圈对上部带有俯冲带印记的岩石圈地幔的萃取可能是导致弱富集的原因。从早白垩世的岛弧环境到第三纪陆内裂谷盆地,其控制因素可能归咎于东北亚东侧大洋板块的俯冲和相互转换。法拉隆板块于晚中生代向东北亚俯冲,但晚白垩世时被伊佐奈崎与北新几内亚板块取代,后两者之间的洋脊俯冲引起的“板片窗”效应,导致了渤海湾地区裂谷盆地的发育和同期软流圈地幔来源的玄武质火山活动。     

青海省同仁印支期火山岩地球化学特征与构造环境分析

青海省同仁地区位于秦岭、祁连山结合部,构造演化历史悠久。该区广泛分布一套印支期火山岩,火山岩的岩石组合主要为安山岩、玄武岩、玄武安山岩等。作者对出露于青海同仁瓜什则乡拉则那合当火山岩地球化学特征进行了探索性研究,结果表明,该区火山岩Na2O明显偏高,而K2O偏低,为中钾钙碱性系列。火山岩稀土元素总量较高,轻重稀土分馏明显,其稀土配分曲线表现为轻稀土富集而重稀土较为平坦的右倾型;具有弱负铕异常,负铈异常,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Ba、Th)等强烈富集,Pb、Sr富集,而高场强元素Ta、Nb、Ce、Pr、Nd等亏损。综合地质、地球化学特征认为,该区火山岩形成环境为洋壳向下俯冲的岛弧环境。     

藏北双湖地区海西期和印支期火山岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

藏北双湖地区海西期和印支期火山岩均以夹层形式产于海相沉积岩层中.海西期火山岩高度富集轻稀土元素和明显富集Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素与Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素,无Nb、Ta、Ti亏损等特点,表明其具有大陆裂谷碱性玄武岩和洋岛碱性玄武岩的特征;以其不相容元素比值,相当于Gough岛EMⅠ OIB型洋岛玄武岩,其构造环境判别图进一步印证了海西期火山岩形成于洋岛碱性玄武岩环境.印支期火山岩贫轻稀土元素和Rb、Ba、K等大离子亲石元素,相对贫Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素;但Nb、Ta并不亏损以及稀土配分曲线较平缓等特点,表明其具有大陆裂谷拉斑玄武岩特征;其微量元素、稀土元素的丰度及曲线特征可以与确定环境的红海88GTV岩样、东非大裂谷B10C岩样的丰度及曲线特征相类比,且构造环境判别图也共同印证了印支期火山岩形成于类似红海-东非裂谷型的大陆裂谷,初始洋盆的环境.     

内蒙古温都尔庙地区白音诺尔一带变质基性火山岩年代学和地球化学研究

对内蒙古中部温都尔庙地区白音诺尔变质基性火山岩进行了锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb年代学和地球化学研究。结果表明,变质基性火山岩原岩形成于(254.8±6.2)Ma,时代为晚二叠世。地球化学特征研究显示研究区变质基性火山岩属于亚碱性拉斑系列,大离子亲石元素(LILE)Ba、Rb、Sr强烈亏损,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Zr富集,元素Eu为正异常,具有E-MORB地球化学特征,岩浆来源于富集的岩石圈地幔,结合地质特征应属于蛇绿岩组成部分,反映该地区在晚二叠世古亚洲洋尚未闭合,其闭合时间可能在早三叠世之后。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.