Analysis of human spatial behavior in a GIS environment: Recent developments and future prospects

In recent years, comprehensive geographic data sets of metropolitan areas and individual-level, georeferenced data are becoming more available to social scientists. At the same time, tools for performing spatial analysis in a GIS environment have also become more available. These developments provide many new opportunities for the analysis and theoretical understanding of disaggregate human spatial behavior. This paper examines how these developments may enable the researcher to represent complex urban and cognitive environments more realistically, and to overcome the limitations of aggregate spatial data framework. It explores their implications for the theoretical and methodological development in geography and other social science disciplines.     

村镇空间结构特征分析

以平原村镇香河县、山地村镇密云县和水乡村镇昆山市为研究区, 分析了村镇空间结构的特征。建立基于网格的村镇选址及空间范围模型, 采用GIS空间分析和建模技术实现; 此外, 空间范围模型根据泰森多边形模型的思想, 提出用土地效益的概念代替距离来确定村镇的空间范围。由于考虑因素更全面, 更具体, 这两个模型可以更好地为村镇的选址与空间范围的确定提供参考。此研究为村镇规划工作提供帮助。     

GIS图上地理区域空间不确定性的分析

区域是GIS空间分析的基本单元。它是环境科学、土壤科学等领域中广泛存在的一类地理实体。这类实体抽象概括为GIS中空间目标时不可避免地带有模糊性。利用模糊集这个强有力的数学工具，首先基于场模型提出了表达GIS中模糊区域目标的方法，分析了其空间不确定性。继而，建立了模糊区域的形态描述模式，即模糊区域边界、内部和外部，并指出了Cohn给出的定义中的不足。在此基础上，对Egenhofer提出的九元组进行了扩展，构建了适合于描述确定和模糊区域目标间拓扑空间关系的模型。     

基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策及应用

提出了一种基于面向对象知识表达的空间推理决策方法 ,该方法扩展了常规的GIS空间分析功能 ,使其建立在GIS空间分析与领域知识基础上。认为GIS空间分析与领域知识利用的结合需要建立统一的知识表达概念模型 ,通过将常规决策知识设计为决策知识类 ,将决策事实作为事实知识类处理 ,并由知识类的消息机制进行内部通讯 ,实现空间推理决策的智能化。在进行领域知识分析与知识分类的基础上 ,给出了领域知识类的层次结构组织图和知识类定义以及决策知识及事实知识的面向对象表达 ,最后给出了空间知识类的形成及空间推理决策过程。方法的实用性在实践中得到验证     

基于GIS的土壤分布及理化性质与地形因子相互关系研究--以西安市为例

土壤空间分布规律的分析一直是土壤学研究的重要课题。以西安市为样区,应用GIS的复合叠置分析、聚类聚合分析、统计学分析等方法,探索了中尺度土壤分布及土壤理化性质随海拔高度变化而变化及土壤枝形分布规律。研究发现:不同海拔高度,土类分布组合不同;不同海拔高度土壤的pH、阳离子代换量及有机质含量变化较大;研究区枝形分布规律明显。以上研究是对传统土壤学描述性说明方法的突破,进而可以揭示土壤分布更深层次的规律;此外研究所采用的GIS学科特有的复合叠置分析方法把土壤信息与地形信息复合叠置分析,探求两者之间的关系,是对传统土壤学研究的补充。     

Cartography and the others – aspects of a complicated relationship

ABSTRACT

Cartographic visualizations have been known for thousands of years and have brought forth a wealth of different map projections and cartographic products. Yet, cartography as an independent science has been established only about 100 years ago and sometimes its position among the spatial disciplines is challenged by the scientific community. In this respect it is a young science based on a very long tradition of map making, globe production, and the development of map projections. Maps and map related visualizations play an important and indispensable role in many other spatial disciplines such as geography and geodesy. Cartography has many overlaps with these traditional disciplines as well as with the more recent ones of photogrammetry and remote sensing. This paper reviews fundamental aspects of the conception of space and time throughout human history, the historic development of cartography from a technique of map making to a spatial science, highlighting major milestones in the history of the discipline. As a young science and confronted with major technological developments in the late 20^th century cartography underwent several crises as to what exactly is cartography and how it relates to other spatial sciences, in particular to geographic information systems. Major pitfalls and misconceptions are discussed and the three major scientific pillars of cartography are identified. The relationships of cartography with neighboring disciplines are discussed and the position of cartography vis a vis the others is delineated. Finally, desirable future developments of scientific cartography are discussed.     

空间统计分析与GIS在区域经济分析中的应用

首先概述了度量空间自相关、空间关联的一些空间统计分析方法以及识别区域空间关联的标准,然后探讨了将空间统计分析嵌入到一个GIS系统中的可行性,开发了一个分析空间关联的模块,并举例说明其在区域经济分析中的应用。     

GIS在空间选址中的应用现状分析

空间选址问题涉及因素错综复杂，模型建立困难，GIS的发展为空间选址问题提供了新的技术手段，其应用于空间选址可以克服以往一些模型的不足之处，具有广阔的应用前景。本文主要对影响空间选址的因素进行了归纳总结，并对GIS技术在空间选址中的应用现状进行了一定的探讨分析。     

基于尺度的GIS空间资料表达模型

介绍了基于层的GIS空间资料表达方法易于进行空间查询与空间分析处理的优点,针对其引起的地图难以进行扩展与图像显示转换困难的缺点,提出了基于尺度(比例尺)的空间资料表达新方法.在基于尺度的空间资料表达方法中,地图可以由空间对象,区域,尺度视图三级尺度模型表达.对尺度方法下的地图结构,地图组织,指标结构,地图扩展等在理论上作了探讨,提出了基于尺度的方法与已广为使用的基于层的方法的有效集合,将有可能成为地理信息表达研究的最重要研究方向.     

扶贫GIS中的分析方法研究

贫困地区的发展问题是全面建设小康社会进程中十分重要和紧迫的问题。地理信息系统由于具有独特的空间分析和信息综合优势,在有关扶贫问题……。本文以黑龙江省为例,演示了空间可视化方法在扶贫定性分析中的应用,介绍了传统统计分析方法在扶贫分析中应用的主要方面,并指出了传统统计分析方法明显存在的空间关联性分析不足的问题,同时针对该问题引入了探索性空间数据分析方法。     

Image Analysis for GIS Data Acquisition

The automatic interpretation of aerial and satellite imagery by means of image analysis is currently one of the major research tasks in photogrammetry and related disciplines. The primary goal is the automatic extraction of visible, spatial topographic objects from imagery. The extracted objects represent one possible form of input for creating geographic databases. In this paper, different aspects of image analysis are discussed and a framework is provided for scene interpretation, which is based on the integration of image analysis and a GIS data model. Two examples concerned with the combined extraction of roads and trees, and with the multitemporal interpretation and monitoring of moorland, are given to illustrate the research.     

基于GIS的Dijkstra改进算法及其在交通导航系统中的应用

最短路径分析是GIS空间分析中最基本和最关键的问题,Dijkstra算法是有效解决该问题的理论基础。本文基于GIS空间分析特征,从数据存储结构、搜索技术及网络算法本身等方面对传统Dijkstra算法进行了优化与改进,并对该算法在交通导航系统中的应用进行了探讨。     

GIS空间分析功能在超市选址中的应用

选择科学有效的位置是超市经营发展的先决条件,地理信息系统依靠其强大的空间分析和可视化功能使超市选址更具直观性和科学性。本文通过对商业选址影响因素的分析,采用GIS的空间分析功能实现其对多要素指标的综合分析,做出运用GIS选址的方案,实现GIS在超市选址分析中的系统设计。     

Mathematical basis for large scale GIS and terrestrial digital products

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Mathematical basis for large scale GIS and terrestrial digital products

The problem of spatial mathematical basis has been encountered by both large scale GIS and spatial digital products theoretically and practically. It is also a basic problem in the development of the whole geo-information science. After analyzing the status quo and the limitations of the space mathematical base of GIS, this paper points out definitely that the geodetic coordinate system is uniform, which can show the location of any point of the global exactly and uniquely in form of (B, L, H) and is the most proper reference system of largescale GIS and Digital Earth. Moreover, this paper also puts forward a set of practical model of the standard “map projection”. Finally, this paper introduces a DRG system based on this model.     

GIS在现代城市物流配送中的应用

物流作为第三利润的源泉,如今越来越受到各个行业的重视。针对我国物流行业的现状和发展趋势,以ArcGIS软件如何实现物流中心选址和配送最短路径的选择为例,展现了GIS技术在现代城市物流配送中的应用,展望了GIS在该领域广阔的应用前景。     

GIS空间分析与模糊综合评判在银行ATM网点选址中的应用

空间分析是GIS的核心和灵魂,是GIS区别于一般信息系统的主要标志之一。运用GIS空间分析中的叠置分析、缓冲区分析、网络分析等功能对自动柜员机(ATM)网点进行选址,应用模糊综合评判模型对选址区位评价确定出ATM布放的最终布局,并通过实例验证该方法能为在ATM网点选址中提供决策依据,最后探讨了今后研究的方向。     

MAPINFO下城市地下管网空间分析功能的实现

主要对在MAPINFO平台上如何实现管网空间位置分析、拓扑分析、缓冲区分析以及最短路径及事故分析等空间分析功能的实现思路和算法进行较详细的研究，并用实际探测的管线数据进行功能模拟，模拟后得到了较好的效果。     

Developing a web-based spatial decision support system for geothermal exploration at the Olkaria geothermal field

ABSTRACT

Geothermal exploration is a complex process that spans a number of disciplines. Before a decision is made to drill a geothermal well, there is need for an extensive exploration process to determine the most suitable location. The process of evaluating and analyzing data from individual scientific disciplines can be complex and tedious. Attempts have been made at solving this problem using GIS-based tools but the uptake of these tools is often hindered by the limited knowledge of GIS by decision makers. This paper presents an approach for solving the geothermal exploration question through a web-based spatial decision support system (SDSS) that incorporates the various geosciences through a multi-criteria spatial decision analysis model. The results reveal a decision-making gap that is to be filled using a novel, automated exploration SDSS. This approach hypothesizes an easier and faster decision-making process. The research focuses on Olkaria, an active geothermal area in Kenya, East Africa and highlights a pragmatic approach to identifying priority areas for drilling. It evaluates contributions made by many disciplines in identifying potential sites ideal for harnessing geothermal energy and the gaps that emerge in an effort to synergize the results from the different disciplines.     

城市抗震防灾规划地理信息系统数据输入方法

对地理信息系统中空间数据和属性数据的输入方法进行了探讨。针对CAD图形文件转入GIS系统中遇到的常见问题,开发了基于AutoCAD的GIS工具箱,提高了GIS系统空间数据输入的效率。基于SuperMapObject开发了GIS系统属性数据批量输入模块,为GIS系统的大数据量数据输入提供了一个切实可行的解决方法。