南黄海北部盆地东北凹陷烃源岩的早期预测

烃源岩评价是沉积盆地油气地质研究的重要组成部分,尤其对油气勘探初期的战略选区与决策至关重要.南黄海北部盆地东北凹陷的油气勘探程度极低,至今尚无探井揭示烃源岩的发育特征,因此制约了凹陷的油气勘探进程.基于地质类比原理,采用与其相邻类似凹陷--北部凹陷综合对比的方法,应用层序地层、沉积相、地震相分析及含油气盆地动态数值模拟等技术,分析了东北凹陷主要烃源岩层的空间展布和生烃演化特征,并初步形成了一套适用于勘探程度低的地区烃源岩早期预测的方法技术流程.研究表明,南黄海北部盆地东北凹陷发育上白垩统泰州组主力烃源岩系,具有广阔的油气勘探前景.     

油气超系统的概念与应用：以北非和北美为例

北非、北美的几个勘探实例表明油气超系统超越于盆地之上,是由共享相似源岩的若干孤立油气系统构成的油气成因地质单元。油气超系统研究主要集中在确定区域重要烃源岩,建立超系统油气生成聚集等事件发展模型,目的是得到其下属油气系统在所研究区域的分布规律。油气超系统调查研究在大区域地质范围的早期勘探中应该得到重视。     

沉积盆地动力学进展及在油气勘探中的应用

沉积盆地在演化过程中,其沉积充填记录了海陆变迁,构造格局演变及与周围环境的相互作用的具体历史。人类所需绝大部分油气资源也都蕴藏于沉积盆地中。讨论总结前人有关研究成果,综述我国盆地动力学主要研究进展。结合若干实例概述沉积盆地动力学在油气勘探中的应用。二十世纪九十年代,对于沉积盆地的研究上升到了沉积盆地动力学的高度,且与油气勘探的关系越来越密切,已成为油气勘探中不可缺少的分析方法,沉积盆地动力学对油气生成、运移和聚集成藏有着重要的影响。     

敦煌盆地五墩凹陷侏罗系层序地层格架与沉积体系分布

敦煌盆地是一个处于石油勘探早期阶段的中生代的断陷盆地,油气资源勘探潜力较大,搭建层序地层格架、阐明沉积体系分布是发现油气资源的基础.本文利用露头、钻测井、岩心和地震资料,综合考虑构造演化、物源体系、岩心特征等多种因素,明确了敦煌盆地五墩凹陷侏罗系沉积相类型及分布规律.研究表明,本次研究的主要目的层中下侏罗统可以划分为2...     

沉积体系与油气富集的关系讨论

通过对沉积盆地的沉积体系、沉积相及其时空分布进行简要的回顾,从沉积相与烃源岩的关系、沉积相与油气生储盖组合的关系以及生油凹陷对油气分布的控制作用等方面对沉积相带与油气富集的关系进行探讨,认识到油气的形成与分布严格受控于沉积体系和沉积相的时空展布及其成岩作用历史,沉积体系及其成岩作用条件的分析,对于确定勘探目的层和寻找有利聚集带,具有重要的意义。     

中国西部海相盆地地质结构控制油气分布的比较研究

中国西部塔里木、四川、鄂尔多斯等海相盆地的中、下组合是我国油气勘探的重点领域,深化研究油气分布规律是优化勘探部署、提高勘探效益与持续获得勘探发现的关键。本文从盆地地质结构控制油气分布的学术思路出发,立足于近年来的勘探新进展、新发现,应用比较分析方法,揭示油气分布的构造控制规律。研究表明,塔里木、四川、鄂尔多斯等海相盆地位于古亚洲洋构造域、特提斯构造域的复合作用区,是在前寒武纪克拉通基础上发展起来的多旋回叠合盆地;它们经历了Z-D_2、(D_3-)C_2-T、J-Q等三个伸展-聚敛旋回的演化;每一伸展-聚敛旋回发育了独立的生-储-盖组合,伸展期因差异沉降发育好的烃源岩,聚敛期发育大规模展布的储集体与圈闭组合;盆地的基底分区对后期原型盆地的发育和沉积盖层的分布具有明显的制约作用,盆地多旋回叠合,形成了"垂向分层、横向分块"的地质结构,叠合结构样式控制了油气聚集层系与富集区带,普遍存在加里东中期与印支期等两期原生油气成藏期,及燕山中期(J_3-K_1)与喜马拉雅晚期(N_2-Q)等两期油气调整成藏期,新构造运动期油气成藏较为普遍。海相叠合盆地含油气层系多,原型盆地的叠合界面常是重要的油气富集部位,隆起带、断裂带、台缘带(或岩相带)是重要的油气富集区(带),叠合盆地的中下部组合是下一步油气勘探持续突破的有利方向。     

云南耿马盆地中新统地震相研究与油气远景分析

本文在对耿马盆地进行地震层序划分的基础上，重点研究盆地中新统的地震相类型和展布，结合地质、地球物理等多种参数，进行了沉积相解释，认为该盆地发育有半深湖、滨浅湖、扇三角洲、河流三角洲、近岸水下扇及含煤沼泽等相带，并探讨了沉积相与油气产出的关系，认为耿马盆地有一定的油气勘探远景。     

渤海湾盆地构造体系与油气分布

渤海湾盆地发育雁列式、帚状等多种构造体系类型且空间分布复杂,不同级序的构造体系控制了渤海湾盆地内油气聚集与分布,将渤海湾盆地划分为济阳及黄骅帚状油气区、下辽河-渤海弧形油气区、冀中和东濮雁列式油气区5个大型油气区.各油气区的油气聚集量及油气分布规律存在较大差异,其中济阳帚状油气区的油气资源最丰富,而东濮雁列式油气区的油气探明储量最小.古近纪是渤海湾盆地构造演化的最重要时期,与油气生成和成藏的关系最密切,是渤海湾盆地烃源岩发育的鼎盛时期,并发育多种油气藏类型和多套生储盖组合.新近纪发育以披覆构造油气藏为主的次生油气藏和良好的区域性盖层.渤海湾盆地复杂的构造演化形成多套生储盖组合,具备形成大型油气区的基本地质条件.      

中国含油气盆地深层勘探的主要进展与科学问题

中国沉积盆地深层的油气勘探实践不断取得进步,提出了与之密切相关的油气地质基础科学问题,凝练与分析这些问题将为深化我国沉积盆地深层地质研究与油气勘探提供引领。近年来,我国在深层海相碳酸盐岩、砂砾岩、火山岩、变质岩与页岩气等勘探领域中发现了一系列大型油气田,油气勘探发现深度推进到7 000～8 500m,勘探前景良好。但由于沉积盆地深层经历了长期构造演化,温、压场与应力场变化大,地质结构多变,油气成藏过程复杂,深层油气勘探面临着一系列关键地质问题,主要包括:中国大陆的形成演化及其构造-古地理,中国小克拉通地块之上海相盆地的原型及演化,中国沉积盆地的多期改造过程与叠加地质结构,沉积盆地的成因机制与动力学演化,深层烃源岩发育、成烃机制及其演化,深层储集体的形成机制与分布,深层油气成藏机制,多期叠加、改造背景下油气聚集与分布规律,深层页岩气赋存机制与分布规律,过程导向的沉积盆地4D动态模拟。我国沉积盆地深层的油气地质基础研究与实际应用需求相比有较大差距,需要立足于中国大陆实际,在盆地的形成演化过程与油气成藏动力学等方面进行深入探索,期望在活动论构造-古地理、三维构造复原、流体-岩石相互作用与四维动态模拟方面取得实质性进展。     

西藏双湖地区江爱达日那发现液态油苗

近10年来，对西藏双湖地区羌塘中生代海相沉积盆地进行了全方位、大规模的地质调查、油气评价和研究工作，深化了对盆地结构构造、地层沉积相、石油地质条件的认识，初步评价了羌塘盆地的油气资源潜力。但到目前为止，羌塘盆地仍然是中国陆上油气地质研究和勘探程度最低的大型海相盆地。     

The advantages of using n-alkanes, triterpane, and steranes to determine the characterization of sedimentary organic matter

The current geochemical study of n-alkanes, steranes, and triterpanes in bitumen from the Late Maastrichtian–Paleocene El Haria organic-rich facies in West of Gafsa, southern Tunisia, was performed in order to characterize with accuracy their geochemical pattern. The type of organic matter as deduced from n-alkanes, steranes, and triterpanes distributions is type II/III mixed oil/gas prone organic matter. Isoprenoids and biomarkers maturity parameters (i.e., T _s/T _m, 22S/(22S?+?22R) of the C₃₁ αβ-hopanes ratios, 20S/(20R?+?20S) and ββ/(ββ?+?αα) of C₂₉ steranes), revel that the organic-rich facies were deposited during enhanced anoxic conditions in southern Tunisa. The organic matter is placed prior to the peak stage of the conventional oil window (end of diagenesis–beginning of catagenesis). All these result are suggested by total organic carbon analysis, bitumen extraction and liquid chromatography data. Thus, the n-alkanes, triterpane, and steranes study remains valuable and practical for geochemical characterization of sedimentary organic matter.     

云南金顶铅锌矿床的生物标志物特征及意义

采用GC-MS分析方法对金顶铅锌矿床进行研究,结果表明:该矿床正构烷烃呈前高后低的单峰型分布,nC16或nC22为主峰碳,轻烃组分占有绝对优势,OEP值0.837～0.976,接近平衡值1.00,Pr/Ph为0.1～0.88,显示植烷优势;萜烷丰度顺序为五环三萜烷>三环萜烷>四环萜烷;规则甾烷呈不对称的“V”字形分布,表现为C29>C27>C28的分布特征。这些特征显示,金顶铅锌矿床有机质(生物)来源物质以菌藻类生物为主,可能有部分高等植物的贡献;矿床形成于缺氧的高盐度环境。结合金顶铅锌矿床下含矿层(原地沉积岩系)沉积于水深较浅的蒸发盐湖环境(即氧化环境),可以推断该矿床成矿流体中丰富的有机质形成的还原条件以及外来推覆岩系形成的封闭条件是金顶铅锌矿床形成的必要条件,矿床属于后期充填作用为主的矿床。     

近代盐湖沉积物中的生物标志化合物

    生物标志化合物是在沉积有机质地质演化过程中可保留其原碳骨架的生物分子，具记录沉积环境和沉积有机质热演化历史的功能。用有机地球化学方法（气相色谱、气相色谱/质谱、热解色谱和同位素质谱）对采自我国西部盐湖的近代沉积物进行了大量研究，而且对盐湖沉积环境地球化学特征、有机质组成与早期成岩作用的关系和各种生物标志化合物指标进行了更加深入细致的探索。研究结果表明干酪根碳同位素组成（δ¹³C PDB）和盐湖类型有关系，例如，硫酸盐型湖的干酪根δ¹³C 值较重，而碳酸盐型盐湖的δ¹³C值则较轻。姥鲛烷/植烷比（Pr/Ph）、总三环萜烷/总萜烷（%）、孕甾烷/甾烷比（%）、伽玛蜡烷/αβ—藿烷和三芴系列化合物组成三角图等生物标志化合物指标可以用来判识沉积环境的盐度。通常，在盐湖或咸水沉积环境中，除额吉卓尔盐湖样品因采自边缘，Pr/Ph比值较大而外，其余各盐湖样品的Pr/Ph比值一般≤1.0，而其余各比值均明显大于在淡水湖中的比值；三芴系列化合物三角图中，各盐湖样品均集中分布在硫芴含量高的区域。与我国各典型沉积环境中的原油及古代岩样的分析结果作了对比，发现同样表现出上述规律，故认为是良好的识别标志。正构烷烃分布、甾烷相对含量及某些特殊生物标志化合物的含量如三环二萜烷可以用来划分可溶有机质类型。察汉卓和查干诺尔盐湖可溶有机质中，正烷烃以低碳数占优势，显示其组成主要来源于低等水生生物；额吉卓尔盐湖则以高碳数为主，显然与边缘相陆生高等植物的输入有关；而小柴旦盐湖正烷烃高低碳数分布均衡，说明高等植物与低等水生生物同时输入。C₂₇～C₂₉正常甾烷及三环二萜烷的组成与分布也显示了相似特征。
    另外，还发现了多种非常规生物标志化合物，报导了其 m/z 217、m/z 231、m/z 245、m/z 259离子色谱特征。这些特征离子大多由三芳甾烷产生。三芳甾烷是由生物分子（甾体）在地质条件下演化而成的。盐湖沉积物中大量该类化合物的发现意味着含盐沉积环境及其继后的早期成岩作用在甾体的这种芳化过程中起着积极作用。     

Steranes and triterpanes generated from kerogen pyrolysis in the absence and presence of minerals

Steranes and triterpanes generated from pyrolysis of immature Monterey Formation kerogen in the presence and absence of calcite, illite and montmorillonite reveal results that are both consistent and divergent with published data that reflect the use of these biological markers as maturation indicators. The extent of isomerization of biomarkers generated from pyrolysis of kerogen at 300°C for 2 hours, at C-20 in 14α(H),17α(H)-steranes, at C-22 in 17α(H),21β(H)-hopanes and of 17β(H),21β(H)-hopanes correspond to early diagenetic stages in rock extracts from sedimentary basins. Isomerization increases with heating time and, after 1000 hours, attains values which correspond to the catagenetic stage in sedimentary basins, or equivalent to that of mature oil. Stepwise pyrolysis of the kerogen indicates faster isomerization rates for steranes and triterpanes in the bitumen than for those retained in the kerogen structure, confirming earlier studies.Presence of a mineral matrix can influence the isomerization of steranes and triterpanes considerably. Comparisons with results from kerogen heated alone, for a given maturation stage, show that calcite inhibits, illite catalyzes slightly and montmorillonite has a pronounced catalytic effect on these reactions. This effect results in early isomerization of steranes and hopanes corresponding to the catagenetic stage in the presence of montmorillonite, while kerogen or kerogen with calcite held at the same temperature (300°C) and time (10 hours) only yield isomerized products which correspond to a diagenetic stage. Further, illite and montmorillonite affect various isomerization reactions differently. The fastest reaction is the isomerization at C-20 in 14α(H),17α(H)-steranes followed by that at C-22 in 17α(H),21β(H)-hopanes and the slowest is the formation of 14β(H),17β(H) steranes.These results show that maturation measurements of rock or oil samples from sedimentary basins which use biological markers have to take into account the mineral matrix effects, which have been largely ignored until present.     

藏北高原双湖地区中侏罗统海相油页岩生物标志化合物分布特征及其意义

重点报道了藏北双湖地区中侏罗统海相油页岩的生物标志化合物特征，首次在该层位油页岩中检出丰富的正烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、萜类化合物及甾类化合物。正烷烃图谱呈单峰形，nC15、nC16或nC17为主峰碳，轻烃组份占有绝对优势，OEP值0.93～1.01，无明显的奇偶碳数优势分布；Pr/Ph值为0.77～1.59，在剖面序列中呈波动分布，显示弱植烷优势或姥鲛烷优势；藿烷以C30占优势，萜烷相对丰度五环三萜烷>三环萜烷>四环萜烷；规则甾烷∑（C27+C28）>∑C29，∑C27/∑C29值为0.79～ 1.20，在剖面序列中下部C27甾烷略占优势，上部C29甾烷略占优势，重排甾烷C27/规则甾烷C27值为0.51 ～3.63，在剖面序列中具有显著的波动性，同时检出了少量孕甾烷和4-甲基甾烷。有机质母质构成中，既有丰富的藻类等低等水生生物，可能还有一定比例陆生高等植物输入混合的特点。油页岩处于成熟阶段，整个油页岩剖面序列具有一致的热演化程度。剖面中部油页岩具有极高的原始生产力，氧化-还原条件也是控制油页岩TOC和沥青“A”含量在剖面垂向变化的重要因素。     

A geochemical investigation of crude oils and source rocks from Biyang Basin, China

China has a number of petroliferous lacustrine sedimentary basins of varying salinity and age (mainly Eocene). A geochemical investigation has been undertaken on several oils and source rocks from the Eocene lacustrine Biyang Basin. The distributions of n-alkanes, isoprenoids, steranes, and terpanes have been studied and used to characterize the sedimentary environment of deposition, maturity, biodegradation and undertake possible correlations. The ratios of C₃₀-hopane/gammacerane, 4-methyl-steranes/regular steranes, steranes/hopanes, C₂₁ tricyclic/C₃₀ hopane are proposed to be indicative of the depositional environment whereas ß-carotane appears to be a source related indicator. The geochemical data obtained in this study suggest that the major source rocks in the Biyang Basin were deposited in a saline/hypersaline depositional environment.     

Charactristics of the Biomarkers from Nonmarine Crude Oils in China—A Review

The present paper deals with the biomarker characteristics of crude oils and source rocks from different environments(fresh,fresh-brackish and salt waters)of nonmarine depositional basins of different ages in China.Their characters are summarized as follows:1)Souce rocks and crude oils derived from fresh-water lacustrine facies have an odd/even predominance of n-alkanes and high pristine/phytane ratios.Oils from the fresh-water lacustrine facies differ from typical marine oils in the relative contents of total steranes and terpanes,the concentrations of hopanes and organic sul-phur compounds and the values of methylphenanthrene indices and C,H,S stable isotopes.2)The source rocks and crude oils derived from saline lacustrine facies possess an even/odd predominance of n-alkanes and high phytane/pristine ratios.There are also some differences between saline lacustrine oils and freshwater lacustrine oils in the concentrations of steranes,tricyclic terpanes and organic sulphur compounds,as well as in the values of methylphenanthrene indices and C,H,S stable isotopes.3)Oils derived from fresh-brackish water lake facies differ from oils from fresh-water lacustrine or samline lacustrine environments in respect of some biomarkers.According to the various distributions of these biomarkers,a number of geochemical parameters can be applied synthetically to differentiating and identifying the nature of original depositional environments of crude oils and source rocks and that of organisms-primary source materials present in those environments.     

Applications of steranes,terpanes and monoaromatics to the maturation,migration and source of crude oils

Novel biological marker parameters are applied to problems of geochemical correlation of crude oils in the McKittrick Field, California. An attempt is described to distinguish four diagenetic parameters; namely, source input, source maturation, migration and ‘in reservoir’ maturation. The tools include the absolute concentration of steranes, terpanes and paraffins (_{n + iso}) in combination with internal ratios of individual biomarkers such as primary/secondary terpanes, 17α(H)-trisnorhopane/18α(H)-trisnorhopane II (both maturation specific), 5β/5α-steranes, 5β-steranes/17α(H)-hopanes and rearranged steranes/5α-steranes (all migration oriented), 5α/5α-steranes and a number of terpane ratios of partially unknown chemical structure (source input specific).Among other new correlation parameters are: two series of mass chromatograms (m/e 253 and 239), signaling monoaromatized steranes, a series of presumably rearranged steranes (m/e 259), and a series of methylhopanes (m/e 205).The results obtained on the molecular level exceed the degree of information obtainable from organic geochemical ‘bulk’ parameters such as yields of saturates, aromatics, sulfur compounds and C¹³/C¹² ratios by far; however, both types of parameters are mutually supporting. All conclusions are consistent with subtle stratigraphie and overall geologic prerequisites.     

Oil geochemistry derived from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields: insight from light hydrocarbons

A suite of 27 oils from the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oilfields in the Lishu Fault Depression of the Songliao Basin was analyzed using whole oil gas chromatography. In combination with the relative distribution of C₂₇, C₂₈, and C₂₉ regular steranes, detailed geochemical analyses of light hydrocarbons in oil samples revealed crude oils characterized by the dual input of lower aquatic organisms and higher terrestrial plants. Several light hydrocarbon indicators suggest that the liquid hydrocarbons have maturities equivalent to vitrinite reflectances of around 0.78%–0.93%. This is consistent with the maturity determination of steranes C₂₉ 20S/(20S + 20R) and C₂₉ ααβ/(ααα + αββ). Crude oils derived from the two distinct oilfields likely both have source rocks deposited in a lacustrine environment based on light hydrocarbon parameters and on higher molecular weight hydrocarbon parameters. The results show that light hydrocarbon data in crude oils can provide important information for understanding the geochemical characteristics of the Qinjiatun–Qikeshu oils during geologic evolution.     

辽东苏子河盆地聂尔库组沉积相与沉积环境研究

辽东苏子河盆地是早白垩世形成的小型断陷盆地,盆地内发育了相对连续的陆相沉积,是研究白垩纪陆地环境及气候演化的理想地区。早白垩世晚期沉积的聂尔库组地层出露连续,沉积现象典型。通过分析聂尔库组沉积岩类型、沉积构造、古生物化石及垂向沉积序列,可识别出扇三角洲相和湖泊相,其中扇三角洲相包括扇三角洲平原亚相、扇三角洲前缘亚相和前扇三角洲亚相,湖泊相主要为滨浅湖泥砂沉积。研究表明,聂尔库组形成于断陷盆地边缘陡坡带,属于间歇性洪水控制的扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系,经历了扇三角洲—湖泊—扇三角洲的沉积环境变化,代表了断陷湖盆由深陷扩张期—抬升收缩早期的沉积充填过程。根据沉积岩与沉积相特征,结合古生物、特殊沉积、黏土矿物及地球化学资料,认为早白垩世晚期辽东地区总体与当时全球"温室气候"的大背景相一致,处于高温干旱/潮湿的气候条件,但这种高温气候具有不均一性,存在气候波动。