A New Model for Coastal Resource Productivity and Sea‐Level Change: The Role of Physical Sedimentary Processes in Assessing the Archaeological Potential of Submerged Landscapes from the Northwest Australian Continental Shelf

Existing models of coastal occupation, in one form or another, embrace the assumption that changes in mean sea level were the prime driver for shifts in coastal resource productivity of consequence to coastal foragers. Focusing on the North West Shelf of Australia, this paper considers the role of physical sedimentary processes in understanding both past coastal resource productivity and the archaeology of drowned coastal landscapes. From a review of up‐to‐date literature on sea‐level related coastal formation process related to the North West Shelf, we describe the complex interplay of sea‐level change and sedimentary processes in determining (i) coastal resource availability, and (ii) archaeological site preservation potential through time. We argue that human behavioral models that have been linked solely to changes in sea level change from ca. 45 ka onward along the Australia continental shelf have inadequately accounted for local sedimentary regimes. It is not past sea‐level per se, which is of relevance to coastal productivity and human behavioral ecology models but changes in tidal regimes, coastal configurations and sedimentation. We conclude that our understanding of maritime adaptations for Sahul (Greater Australia) remain incomplete without investigating former coastlines and archaeological information that now lies submerged offshore.     

Parasitism and ecology of Wetlands: A review

Recent advances in ecology have suggested that parasites, through the spectrum of their effects, could act as key species in ecosystems. Wetlands are productive ecosystems within which parasitism is diversified. There already exists evidence for direct and indirect effects of parasites on their host species. The influence of parasites on the population ecology of hosts includes survival, castration, sexual selection, predation, and spatial distribution. Parasites can also affect the evolution of host biological diversity (i.e., genetic structure and interspecific competition) and trophic interactions between prey and predators. The key role parasites might play in the ecology of coastal waters and wetlands should be considered in conservation programs applied to such ecosystems.     

海岸带陆海相互作用(LOICZ)研究及我们的策略

介绍了全球变化研究中关于“海岸带”的定义，海岸带在地球系统研究中的重要地位及其生态系统的脆弱性。我国海岸带地跨三大气候带，海岸类型多种多样，不但有黄河、长江等大河入海，每年有巨大的向海物质通量（包括从大气中的粉尘输入），有宽阔的陆架，有陆架区和近洋之间强烈的物质和能量交换，而且沿海人口密集，大河流域经济活动频繁，人类活动和自然因素冲突集中。近年来海岸带环境和生态系统已经发生了巨大变化。今后，在全球变化条件下为使我国的海岸带环境和生态系统进入良性循环和制定科学的长期管理政策，亟待通过陆海相互作用研究提高对其未来变化的预测能力。文中根据国际ＬＯＩＣＺ运行计划和我国的特点，提出开展我国ＬＯＩＣＺ研究的策略和主要科学问题。     

海洋浮游生物图像观测技术及其应用

浮游生物图像自动识别技术是当前海洋浮游生态学的研究热点。该技术结合水体成像系统和自动识别软件,能够对浮游生物的种类组成和丰度进行快速自动识别和定量分析,从而获得关于浮游生物分布和丰度更及时、更准确的信息,为大尺度、实时、连续地研究浮游生物分类学和生态学特征提供了一种有效手段。重点分析了当前国际上浮游生物图像识别技术研究的最新进展、主要应用领域、存在的问题以及未来的发展方向,旨在进一步推进该技术在我国近海及大洋浮游生态学及相关研究领域中的应用。     

人类活动与中国沿海环境工程地质问题

文章通过对中国沿海环境工程地质问题的总结和与其它地区的对比，对沿海环境工程地质研究的特点有了进一步的认识。（１）中国沿海地区的生态环境是脆弱敏感的，环境工程地质问题是复杂多样的，在全球变化和人类活动日益加剧的条件下，未来的环境与发展问题较为突出，必须予以高度重视。（２）地震、洪涝、地面沉降、软弱地基、滑坡、泥石流以及海岸侵蚀和风暴潮灾害是中国沿海环境工程地质的主要问题，且彼此间有较为密切的相关关系。无论是理论研究还是灾害防治都必须重视学科交叉结合，尤其是与海洋科学的交叉渗透和社会经济学的结合。（３）沿海地区是中国经济最发达的区域，２１世纪这一地区的开发和建设将会更加迅速，因此，必须加强沿海环境工程地质的研究，扩大研究领域，建立系统的理论，既要重视对现状的总结，又要对未来的发展趋势有科学的判断，着重灾害的防治与环境的改造、未来的规划与设计，才能更有效地为沿海地区的环境与发展的协调做出工程地质学的贡献。     

从自然地理学到景观生态学

Landscape ecology ,as a multidisciplinary field,is relatively new synthetic and holistic science. It evolved from roots in many fields,such as geography,ecology,economy and system science. According to the time一space coupling dynamic model , the development process of landscape ecology can be devided into three phasis:Landscape holistic ecology,spatial structure ecology and regional construction ecology"
The basic theories of landscape ecology included ; ecological evalution , succession , spatial differentianon and biotic diversity，landscape heterogeneity and coexistence of heterogeneity component，island biogeography and spatial mosaic theory ,scale effect and natural hierachical organization theory,biological geochemistry and landscape geochemistry ,ecological reconstruction and ecological location theory.
The scale issue and heteogeneity are the central functional question on the methodology of landscape ecology. Key landscape concepts are structure，function and change. It uses pattern (changse in space)and process(changes in time) as pivotal attributes. More attention should be paid on the macroscopic variation of structure and function of landscape ecology system , edge effect and human impact onthe landscape.     

全球变化与我国海岸研究问题

评述了作为全球变化研究重要组成的我国海岸陆海相互作用（ＬＯＩＣＺ）研究的２与问题。指出我国的ＬＯＩＣＺ研究不宜引向只研究海或陆架,或者只是单纯为研究海或架而研究海或陆架,而应突出陆海相互作用主题,重点研究居于界面位置的既有海也有陆的“海岸带”。我国进一步的ＬＯＩＣＡ研究。在考虑与国际研究计划接轨时,应注意我国的情况以利于发挥我国的优势。开展“我国河口三角洲废弃演变特征、过程和主其对洞岸生态与环境影     

Development of coastal erosion and management

Coastal erosion and management attract much conern all around the world as coastal erosion is a problem at many coastal sites exacerbated by human activities and its adaptability through reasonable mitigation measures. This paper summarizes the main factors causing coastal erosion including reduction of sediment discharged by rivers trapped coastal structures, sand mining and reclaimation, relative sea-level rise, destruction of coastal ecosystem and weakening of coastal defenses. Mechanisms causing erosion of coastal dune, soft rock coast and muddy coast are identified and discussed. Sandy coastal erosion, soft rock coastal erosion, muddy coastal erosion, biological coastal erosion and coastal structural erosion are identified according to the characteristics of erosion in China. This study supplements the theory and methodology for coastal erosion management and provides information for managers and stakeholders.     

Multiscale Habitat Selection of Wetland Birds in the Northern Gulf Coast

The spatial scale of habitat selection has become a prominent concept in ecology, but has received less attention in coastal ecology. In coastal marshes, broad-scale marsh types are defined by vegetation composition over thousands of hectares, water-level management is applied over hundreds of hectares, and fine-scale habitat is depicted by tens of meters. Individually, these scales are known to affect wetland fauna, but studies have not examined all three spatial scales simultaneously. We investigated wetland bird habitat selection at the three scales and compared single- and multiscale models. From 2009 to 2011, we surveyed marsh birds (i.e., Rallidae, bitterns, grebes), shorebirds, and wading birds in fresh and intermediate (oligohaline) coastal marsh in Louisiana and Texas, USA. Within each year, six repeated surveys of wintering, resident, and migratory breeding birds were conducted at >100 points (n?=?304). The results revealed fine-scale factors, primarily water depth, were consistently better predictors than marsh type or management. However, 10 of 11 species had improved models with the three scales combined. Birds with a linear association with water depth were, correspondingly, most abundant with deeper fresh marsh and permanently impounded water. Conversely, intermediate marsh had a greater abundance of shallow water species, such as king rail Rallus elegans, least bittern Ixobrychus exilis, and sora Porzana carolina. These birds had quadratic relationships with water depth or no relationship. Overall, coastal birds were influenced by multiple scales corresponding with hydrological characteristics. The effects suggest the timing of drawdowns and interannual variability in spring water levels can greatly affect wetland bird abundance.     

A New Single-Filter Method for Analyzing Coastal Aerosol Production and Links to Meteorology

Aerosols are known to influence the climate system in a range of ways; they affect radiation budgets, cloud formation and circulation patterns, and contribute to local biogeochemical cycling and ecology. Despite this recognized role for marine aerosol, however, recent research has emphasized the impact of global climate change on coastal environments rather than the other way around. This occurs in part because most methods for sampling marine aerosol are expensive and studies tend to occur only on specialized marine stations and ocean-crossing research vessels. This project tests a new method for aerosol sampling, specifically designed for use in local studies of coastal environments and costing little to set up. It also reports the results of a pilot study in Alderney (Channel Islands) where changes in both aerosol abundance and aerosol composition, including fractionation effects, were observed using the new method and linked to local meteorological conditions.     

Why relatively fewer people died? The case of Bangladesh’s Cyclone Sidr

Cyclone Sidr, a Category IV storm, struck the southwestern coast of Bangladesh on November 15, 2007 killing 3,406 people. Despite a similar magnitude, Sidr claimed far fewer lives than Cyclone Gorky, also a Category IV storm, which struck Bangladesh in 1991 causing an estimated 140,000 fatalities. The relatively low number of deaths experienced with Sidr is widely considered the result of Bangladesh government’s efforts to provide timely cyclone forecasting and early warnings, and successful evacuation of coastal residents from the projected path of Cyclone Sidr. Using information collected from both primary and secondary sources, this study identified several other reasons for the unexpectedly lower mortality associated with Cyclone Sidr relative to Cyclone Gorky. Fewer casualties may be attributed to a number of physical characteristics of Cyclone Sidr, such as duration of the storm and storm surge, landfall time and site, varied coastal ecology, and coastal embankment. This article recommends improvements to the cyclone warning systems, establishment of more public cyclone shelters, and implementation of an education campaign in coastal areas to increase the utilization of public shelters for future cyclone events.     

黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式

本文通过对黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩芯的沉积学观测、微古分析、14C测年,同时结合历史记录及遥感资料,分析了本区末次冰后期以来的沉积序列,重建了近10ka以来古环境演变过程,分析了古环境演化对滨海湿地演替的控制作用。本文着重讨论了黄河三角洲进积与湿地形成演替规律,总结了从水生系统、浅海湿地系统、潮滩湿地直至上三角洲平原湿地向陆地生态系统的演替模式。同时通过对现代黄河三角洲与老黄河三角洲演化模式进行对比,提出气候变化、人类活动会加速和改变湿地地质环境演替进程和方向的一般规律。笔者等还进一步提出,由于人类活动的影响,1855年之后湿地演替速率明显加快,约达8~33倍。古环境的重建与滨海湿地响应机制研究可更清楚地理解湿地如何对未来环境变化进行响应,包括海平面上升,从而为滨海湿地保护与管理实践活动提供科学导向。     

盐沼潮滩生物动力地貌演变研究进展

盐沼潮滩作为滨海湿地的一个重要类型,为河口海岸地区提供了多种关键的生态服务功能,具有重要的社会、经济与生态价值,其地貌演变规律的认知是海岸带保护修复和科学管理的基础。回顾国内外近一个世纪以来针对潮滩动力地貌过程的研究工作,发现研究热点已逐渐从传统的研究潮滩水-沙-地貌相互作用过渡到探索植物、动物、微生物等生物作用与动力、地貌之间的互馈机制,涉及海岸动力学、地貌学、沉积学、环境生态学等多个学科,是典型的交叉学科前沿研究领域。归纳了盐沼植被与潮滩多种因子的相互作用,总结了常用的盐沼潮滩地貌演变模拟手段及取得的机理认知,并提出今后在生物作用、陆海耦合动力地貌模型研发等方面的科学问题和发展方向。     

Linking restoration ecology and ecological restoration in estuarine landscapes

More than ever, there is a need to integrate restoration ecology, as practiced by the scientific community, and ecological restoration, a province that is largely, but not entirely the purview of practitioners. Success in some coastal restoration projects is increasingly measured in the context of practioner skills and cultural goals rather than by the manifestation of underlying ecological principles and mechanisms in the restoration process. Especially in human-dominated landscapes, restoration practices should attempt to balance human needs with those of extant biota in a consensus based combination of restoration ecology and ecological restoration criteria. The goal is to devise plans at the appropriate scale that allow humans and other biota to share space and resources in an increasingly complex landscape. No matter where restoration takes place, both ecological fidelity (in ecocentric terms) and human dimensions (in anthropocentric terms) must comprise the restoration design, but ultimately in proportion to human density in the landscape. Without this integration, compromise, and balance, restoration will not likely prosper in the mainstream of society.     

区域水平衡基本原理及理论体系

实现健康的区域水平衡是中国水利工作的重要内容和挑战, 对保障国家水安全、国民经济和社会持续稳定发展具有重要意义。在总结前期水平衡理解和认识的基础上, 定义了区域水平衡的概念, 从水收支平衡、经济社会供需水平衡、经济与生态用水平衡、人水关系和谐平衡4个方面和时间、空间、系统3个维度解读其内涵。提出了区域水平衡的基本原理, 包括水量平衡原理、供需平衡原理、协同平衡原理及和谐平衡原理, 分析了以基本原理支撑实现区域水平衡需要重视的科学问题。从理论基础和基本理论2个方面论述了区域水平衡的理论体系, 其中, 理论基础包括水文学、水资源学、生态学、经济学、社会学等理论, 基本理论包括水资源收支时空均衡理论、水资源供需优化配置理论、经济与生态用水协同论、人水和谐论等, 并展望了基本理论的应用前景。研究成果可进一步拓展区域水平衡研究思路, 为今后开展区域水平衡管控与实践提供研究框架和理论基础。     

Plumes and coastal currents near large river mouths

Theory and observations of river plumes are reviewed. The importance of the Kelvin number in characterizing anticipated plume behavior is stressed. In the absence of strong external forcing, a northern hemisphere plume will turn anticyclonically and attach to the coast, where it then merges into a coastal current. Observations and theory of such coastal currents are also reviewed, with emphasis on flows over shallow continental shelves. Major unresolved questions involve the processes controlling mixing of coastal current waters with ambient shelf waters and the dynamics of the plume in the region where it attaches to the coast.     

西部开发,规划先行——关于开展景观生态建设规划的建议

西部开发战略是实现我国全面可持续发展的重要决策,面对我国西部地区特定的区域地理条件,生态环境建设具有特别的重要性,提出西部开发必须在合理有序的规划前提下才能具体实施。将景观生态建设理论引入规划,结合保护生态系统健康和维护区域生态安全,作为规划的理论基础,并提出运用“预案”研究方法为决策提供多目标、多层次的选择方案,并建议在若干具有突出生态环境问题的区域进行景观生态建设规划试点。     

Toward new paradigms in coastal resource management: Linkages and institutional effectiveness

Explosive population growth is expected to continue in coastal regions, and growth rates many times the national average are expected in many coastal counties in the next two decades. Most shallow-water marine habitats now exhibit “stress” from human activities and linkages between adverse environmental impacts and coastal development are apparent. These linkages are complex, often not well understood, yet are expected to increase in strength as coastal populations expand. Sound science-based management strategies are essential if we are to preclude continued deterioration of coastal environments. Environmental management is a politically mediated activity, however, and a broad array of organizations, both public and private, collectively determine societal response to management decisions. While our current regulatory infrastructure has an examplary record of achievement in environmental protection, the fact remains that adverse impacts to shallow-water marine habitats continue at significant rates. Both lack of scientific information and structural problems in our current institutional infrastructure are identified as impediments to better management performance for coastal habitats. Seven structural impediments to efficient science-based management in our current institutional infrastructure are identified. The issues are complex and comprehensive reform is politically difficult. Nonetheless, the magnitude, geographic scale, and temporal urgency of anticipated impacts from future growth and development scenarios argues strongly for the implementation of sound practical solutions to environmental protection on a sustained basis. Factors affecting management performance will also be amplified in an environment of limited investment in research and management infrastructure. Among the central themes are that science-based management practices in the future will require holistic approaches in which environment and economic development are inseparable. To work effectively large-scale, regional management schemes must build political consensus and integrate knowledge at unprecedented rates. Processes that increase rates of dissemination of scientific information into the public policy arena can significantly enhance management performance. Serious doubts are raised as to whether the current regulatory infrastructure can adequately respond to the complexicty, scale, and urgency future coastal management will demand. While comprehensive institutional reform will be difficult, a number of ideas are advanced in the context of improving institutional performance to a level necessary for large-scale, sustained management of coastal ecosystems.     

地下水回灌补源生态修复技术研究

胶东半岛滨海区由于水资源的综合开发利用不合理,地下水位大幅度下降,形成区域性的下降漏斗,海水入侵严重,导致一系列生态环境问题产生.本文集成利用地下水回灌补源生态修复技术,通过自然或人工工程补源技术进行地下水储存,实现了区域地表水、地下水资源联合调度时空调配运用,取得了水资源利用经济、社会和环境等综合效益的高效统一.     

天文地质学的发展与展望

天文地质学是天文学和地质学的边缘学科，是利用天文学的研究方法、观测资料和研究成果来探讨地球上各种地质现象成因和演化规律的科学。天文地质学的兴起是地球科学进入到成因研究阶段的产物，它的研究可望促进天文学和地质学的共同发展。本文简要介绍了这门新兴学科的发展过程、研究内容及发展趋势.