Sediment production and transport in a proglacial stream: Hilda Glacier, Alberta, Canada

Hilda Glacier, a small cirque glacier in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, yields two principal types of sediment: ablation till, deficient in fine material and produced by rockfalls and avalanches falling on to the glacier surface, and basal lodgement till, rich in fines and formed mainly by subglacial erosion. Recent recession from its Neoglacial maximum has exposed large areas of basal till with thin veneers of ablation till which, when combined with present subglacial and supraglacial debris, provide abundant material for erosion and transport by the mcltwatcr stream. Sediment transport measurements over two summers (1977–1978) showed that bed load and suspended load occur in approximately equal proportions and that dissolved loads are minor. Local source variations, especially bank slumps, are a major cause of scatter in sediment rating curves. Suspended-sediment concentrations are greater early in the melt season due to availability of loose sediment produced by freezing and thawing. Other contributors to scatter in suspended-sediment rating curves include rain showers and diurnal hysteretic effects. Although the distinction between bed load and suspended load is never sharp, available data suggest that the sand/ gravel grain-size boundary (-1ø) approximates the suspendcd-load/bed-load division for characteristic Hilda flows transporting gravel. This approximation, combined with till grain-size analyses, suspended-sediment measurements, and spatial distributions of till types, leads to the following computations of fluvial sediment sources: for suspended load - 6% supraglacial, 47% subglacial, 47% channel banks; for bed load - 46% supraglacial, 27% each subglacial and channel banks. Supraglacial debris provides only about one-fourth of all fluvial sediment, but nearly half of the bed load.     

Post-subdution evolution of the Northern Lhasa Terrane,Tibet: Constraints from geochemical anomalies,chronology and petrogeochemistry

Bangong-Nujiang collisional zone(BNCZ)is an older one in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and resulted in the famous Bangong-Nujiang metallogenic belt,which plays an important role in evaluating the formation and uplift mechanism of plateau.The northern and central Lhasa Terrane composed the southern part of the BNCZ.Since ore deposits can be used as markers of geodynamic evolution,the authors carried 1∶50000 stream sedimental geochemical exploration in the Xiongmei area in the Northern Lhasa Terrane to manifest the mineralization,and based on this mineralization with geochemical and chronological characteristics of related magmatic rocks to constrain their geodynamics and connection with the evolution of the Lhasa Terrane.The authors find Early Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo mineralization,Late Cretaceous magma mainly resulted in Cu,Mo,and W mineralization in the studying area.The results suggest a southward subduction,slab rolling back and break-off,and thickened lithosphere delamination successively occurred within the Northern Lhasa Terrane.     

Si/Ca界面对铅锌矿床定位的控制作用及其找矿意义

最近几年,随着危机矿山深部找矿工作的深入,中国铅锌矿床找矿工作取得了较大进展,这不仅归功于深部钻探工作的开展,也得益于找矿理论的不断深化。总结过去几十年的找矿勘查经验,人们开始意识到地质-地球化学界面对找矿的指导作用。基于此,Si/Ca界面控矿逐渐被人们应用于铅锌找矿工作当中。文章通过对国内外一些代表性矿床的对比分析,认为不同成因的矿床都可具有同一种控矿因素———Si/Ca界面。Si/Ca界面控矿既是不同类型岩石物理性质界面,又具有地球化学意义。文章划分出侵入接触界面、火山沉积接触界面和沉积接触界面3种不同的Si/Ca界面组合方式,并分别举实例说明Si/Ca界面组合对铅锌矿体定位的控制作用;从成矿元素地球化学特性、Si/Ca界面构成异相定位空间和提供地球化学障等角度,分析了Si/Ca界面的控矿机制,界面控矿有望在找矿勘查过程中起到指导作用。     

The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload: a review of empirical data

The partitioning of the total sediment load of a river into suspended load and bedload is an important problem in fluvial geomorphology, sedimentation engineering and sedimentology. Bedload transport rates are notoriously hard to measure and, at many sites, only suspended load data are available. Often the bedload fraction is estimated with ‘rule of thumb’ methods such as Maddock’s Table, which are inadequately field‐tested. Here, the partitioning of sediment load for the Pitzbach is discussed, an Austrian mountain stream for which high temporal resolution data on both bedload and suspended load are available. The available data show large scatter on all scales. The fraction of the total load transported in suspension may vary between zero and one at the Pitzbach, while its average decreases with rising discharge (i.e. bedload transport is more important during floods). Existing data on short‐term and long‐term partitioning is reviewed and an empirical equation to estimate bedload transport rates from measured suspended load transport rates is suggested. The partitioning averaged over a flood can vary strongly from event to event. Similar variations may occur in the year‐to‐year averages. Using published simultaneous short‐term field measurements of bedload and suspended load transport rates, Maddock’s Table is reviewed and updated. Long‐term average partitioning could be a function of the catchment geology, the fraction of the catchment covered by glaciers and the extent of forest, but the available data are insufficient to draw final conclusions. At a given drainage area, scatter is large, but the data show a minimal fraction of sediment transported in suspended load, which increases with increasing drainage area and with decreasing rock strength for gravel‐bed rivers, whereby in large catchments the bedload fraction is insignificant at ca 1%. For sand‐bed rivers, the bedload fraction may be substantial (30% to 50%) even for large catchments. However, available data are scarce and of varying quality. Long‐term partitioning varies widely among catchments and the available data are currently not sufficient to discriminate control parameters effectively.     

金矿床地质地球化学研究新进展

从4个方面系统地介绍了80年代以耒国际金矿床地质地球化学研究新进展.新的金矿床类型的发现和提出.丰富了金矿找矿内容.拓宽了金矿勘探的前景:建立了一系列的金矿床的矿化模式;对控制金矿化产生的主要因素.(矿源层、构造、热源)的地位及所起的作用,有了新的认识,金的成矿作用地球化学和成因研究获得突破性进展.     

西秦岭楔的构造属性及其增生造山过程

西秦岭楔是叠置于早古生代造山作用基础上形成的并插入祁连和昆仑早古生代造山带内部的楔形地质体,以大面积出露三叠系并发育多条蛇绿混杂岩带、大型韧性剪切带、中生代火山-岩浆作用和斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床为典型特征,具有增生造山作用的典型特征。这些蛇绿混杂岩带和岛弧钙碱性火山-岩浆岩的形成时代均具有向南逐渐变年轻的空间演化特征,显示了特提斯洋演化过程中海沟具有向南撤退的基本特征。砂岩碎屑组成以及源区特征研究结果表明,西秦岭楔三叠系形成于活动大陆边缘,其碎屑沉积物来自于古特提斯洋北侧的增生杂岩及岛弧。丰富的岛弧钙碱性火山-岩浆岩和沉积组合以及赋存的斑岩-矽卡岩型矿床,均与东昆仑及南秦岭相一致,呈现出相似的岩石组合类型以及岩石地球化学和同位素地球化学特征。这些事实表明,三叠纪时期,东昆仑、西秦岭以及祁连造山带是一个有机整体,自西向东存在一条三叠纪增生岩浆弧。锆石Hf同位素及岩石地球化学成分结果则表明,该增生岩浆弧部分岩浆来自于俯冲增生杂岩的部分熔融。     

Developing the tools for geological shape analysis,with regional‐ to local‐scale examples from the Kalgoorlie Terrane of Western Australia

Geological map data are often underused in mineral‐exploration programs, which rely increasingly on regolith geochemistry and geophysical and other remotely sensed data to generate exploration targets. However, solid geology maps, which are progressively being upgraded due to improved interpretations of superior, remotely sensed images and airborne geophysical data, can be useful in targeting specific types of mineral deposits, which formed late in the evolutionary history of the host terrane. In such terranes, the present map geometry is essentially the same as that at the time of deposit formation. This is the case for orogenic lode‐gold deposits, which commonly show predictable structural controls and/or structural geometry. Thus, the shape of a rock body, or combinations of structures and rock bodies, may provide an important guide to the exploration potential for orogenic lode‐gold deposits. However, until recently, there has been a dearth of techniques to quantify the various properties of shape, and hence test the potential of the two‐dimensional shape of geological bodies in map view as an exploration tool. Integrating techniques from the field of pattern recognition with a modern Geographical Information System (GIS) can provide the shape‐analysis tools required to investigate the geometries of geological shapes. Two‐dimensional shape analysis is now possible through the calculation of several shape metrics including, but not restricted to, aspect ratio, blockiness, elongation, compactness, complexity, roundness, spreadness and squareness. Methods are developed for describing the geometries of rock units about mineral deposits, or any geological features, at any scale, which for the first time makes it possible to compare shapes. These shape‐analysis techniques are tested using orogenic lode‐gold deposits, particularly those in the Kalgoorlie Terrane of the highly auriferous Late Archaean Norseman‐Wiluna Belt of Western Australia. On a global scale, shape analysis indicates that those greenstone belts whose volcanic rock sequences have high elongation and relative low roundness, complexity and aspect ratio (e.g. Kalgoorlie Terrane) are likely to be the most richly endowed in gold. On a more local scale, characteristics of the shape of geological features around the Golden Mile deposit are calculated and used to test the likelihood of occurrence of gold deposits with similar geometry elsewhere in the Kalgoorlie Terrane. The area with the most closely matching shape, on the basis of a 2 km clipping‐circle radius, chosen on the basis of available proximity‐analysis data, corresponds to the recently discovered Ghost Crab deposit, illustrating the potential of the shape analysis methodology in mineral exploration. Shape analysis is, at least in part, scale dependent, due to the inherent problem of being able to define rock boundaries more precisely in units that have strong geophysical signatures than those with weak signatures in poorly exposed terranes. Overcoming this problem is a challenge to the application of this methodology.     

构造地球化学测量在找金中的应用

通过马庄山地区构造地球化学测量找金试验和在特克斯县１５号水系沉积物异常区开展构造地球化学测量的推广应用证明：构造地球化学测量工作,以遥感地质构造解译为先导,民裂裂构造裂隙充填物及蚀变岩石为采样介质,较岩石地球化学测量更具有矿直接性。     

Statistical evaluation of stream sediment geochemistry in interpreting the river catchment of high-grade metamorphic terrains

Stream sediment geochemistry is extensively used in mineral exploration and environmental studies. However, quantitative assessments of the effectiveness of stream sediment geochemistry for describing upstream lithologies are rare, especially in high-grade metamorphic terrains. This study statistically evaluates whether stream sediment geochemistry can aid in recognizing variations in upstream geology in several high-grade metamorphic lithotectonic units having different metamorphic and tectonic histories, including the Highland Complex, Vijayan Complex, Wanni Complex, and Kadugannawa Complex of Sri Lanka. For this study, concentrations of 21 elements were measured in 2080 stream sediment samples collected from the Walawe River, Maha Oya, Gala Oya basins located on above lithotectonic units and Uma Oya, Belihul Oya, Badulu Oya basins situated adjacent to each other on the Highland Complex. These rivers flow across dry, intermediate and wet zones of Sri Lanka, with river courses having both slope (> 20°) and flat (< 20°) areas. Elemental concentrations, averaged over each river basin, show patterns of enrichment and depletion which may relate to localized mineralization conditions, local lithological changes, anthropogenic activities and environmental factors such as local variations in climate and morphology among river basins. Comparison of element concentrations in sediments from the four different lithotectonic units shows that enrichment – depletion patterns can be partly related to rock geochemistry of the associated lithotectonic unit. However, climate and basin morphology also seem to play an important role. Results of Kruskal–Wallis H tests show that both major and trace element levels in sediments from the four different lithotectonic units, as well as from adjacent Uma Oya, Badulu Oya and Belihul Oya basins, are significantly different. Discriminant function analysis appropriately classifies sediments into the four different lithotectonic units with an accuracy of 91.9%. This method also classifies sediments into river basins which share common lithology being situated adjacent to each other in the same lithotectonic unit with an accuracy of 89.5%. This strongly suggests that stream sediment geochemistry is capable of describing the upstream regional scale as well as local scale lithological changes at a great accuracy in complex high-grade metamorphic terrains. In both cases use of channel slope and basin climatic zone as additional variables does not significantly increase overall or individual accuracy in classification.     

Tectonic terranes, metallogeny and regional geochemical surveys: an example from northern British Columbia

This study utilizes three major data sources: distribution of geological units; density, type, age and distribution of mineral deposits; and elemental analyses from regional geochemical stream sediment surveys to define parameters that ‘characterize’ tectonic terranes in northern British Columbia. A similar approach could be applied anywhere in the Canadian Cordillera.This area, NTS map sheets 104N, 104O and 104P along the British Columbia-Yukon border, forms a transect through allochthonous terranes into North American rocks. These are: the allochthonous island-arc Stikine, oceanic Cache Creek, cataclastic Yukon/Tanana, and island-arc Quensel terranes, the pericratonic Dorsey terrane; the parautochthonous oceanic Sylvester allochthon; and the autochthonous miogeoclinal North American Cassiar terrane. Plutonic rocks of Jurassic-Cretaceous to Tertiary age intrude all terranes.Data sources used in the study are geological base maps and reports, the Ministry of Energy Mines and Petroleum Resources' mineral deposit database (MINFILE) and analytical data from the National Regional Geochemical Survey stream sediment and water sampling program.Geological maps were compiled from various sources and plotted to act as bases for geochemical and mineral deposit overlays for analysis and interpretation.Geochemical samples were separated into background and anomalous populations and compared according to their source terranes. We found that mean concentrations from background sample populations for some elements are statistically distinctive for different terranes. Unfortunately, elemental correlation coefficients for the terranes are similar so cannot be used to characterize each terrane.Data on mineral deposits and occurrences were compiled from minfile and other sources. Particular attention was paid to deposits with histories of production or significant reported reserves. Deposits were sorted by type and commodity to produce synoptic metallogenic maps.The combined data from geological, geochemical and mineral deposit databases form a strong tool for interpreting and predicting patterns of mineralization.     

矿产勘查地球化学:过去的成就与未来的挑战

勘查地球化学经过 70年的发展 ,已从矿产勘查从属地位的一种战术手段上升到能左右整个矿产勘查全局的战略地位 ,并且从一门经验或技术 ,发展成为一门地学分支科学。这主要表现在 (1)系统地建立了各种类型的地球化学分散模式 ,并根据这些分散模式所形成的地球化学异常去追踪和发现矿床的理论 ;(2 )发展了各种尺度和各种不同介质的地球化学采样方法 ,多元素高灵敏分析方法和数据处理与图件表达方法 ;(3)发展了不同尺度 (局部、区域、国家和全球 )地球化学填图理论 ,一些国家开始陆续完成和出版了区域性或国家性地球化学图 ;(4 )在全世界发现了一大批新的矿产地 ,包括从 2 0世纪 30年代一直延续到 70年代在前苏联、北美和南美发现的许多斑岩铜矿 ,70年代在北美发现许多铀矿 ,80年代开始在中国发现数百个金矿。勘查地球化学尽管取得了从理论到实践的很大成功 ,但它也面临如下的挑战 :(1)全球各种介质中的地球化学基准与全球地球化学填图 ,(2 )隐伏区三维地球化学分散模式、深穿透地球化学与隐伏区矿产勘查 ,(3)巨量金属的聚集机理、地球化学块体与大型矿集区或巨型矿床的定量评价 ,(4 )难识别矿种或难识别类型的地球化学勘查与评价方法。     

悬移质运动增强水流紊动强度的一个必要条件

从气固两相流颗粒增强流体紊动的有关研究成果出发,结合悬移质和推移质的划分标准,推导出悬移质运动增强水流紊动强度的一个必要条件,并通过已有试验资料进行了验证。     

国际勘查地球化学现状和发展趋势--第21届勘查地球化学国际会议介绍

21届勘查地球化学国际会议(IGES)于2003年8月29～9月3日在爱尔兰首都都柏林举行。共有来自27个国家200多名代表参加了会议,主要来自加拿大、澳大利亚、美国、爱尔兰(各40人左右),中国只有作者一人参加,而原地球化学强国俄罗斯及前独联体国家无人入会。从提交论文数和大会发言看,勘查地球化学研究相对活跃的国家主要是澳大利亚和加拿大。     

The metallic ore-deposits of the Guerrero Terrane,western Mexico: an overview

The Guerrero Terrane has produced Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe from Cretaceous, Paleocene, and mid-Tertiary ore bodies, which here are considered to be those deposits hosted by Guerrero Terrane rocks regardless of their ages or genetic links. The deposits formed during the three metallogenetic epochs are described. The most important, economically, are the mid-Tertiary deposits hosted in rocks of the Guerrero Terrane, which show a characteristic distribution. Fe-skarn deposits are close to the Pacific coast. Ag–Au and base metal ore bodies are generally located along the eastern border of the Guerrero Terrane. Copper deposits are present between these two zones. Important precious and base metal epithermal deposits are aligned along the suture zone between the Guerrero Terrane and the Sierra Madre Oriental Terrane, where mid-Tertiary age igneous bodies intruded shallow levels.     

汶川地震后《地球物理学报》的快速反应和深度报道——以2008年5月～2010年5月载文数据分析为依据

分析了2008年5月12日汶川大地震后《地球物理学报》(以下简称《学报》)等中国科技期刊的快速反应和深度报道状况。大灾后,《学报》行动迅速,启动绿色通道,短时间内快速刊载相关研究成果,在快速反应速度上与国际大刊同步。在震后2年内《学报》持续深度报道汶川地震的研究成果,取得较好的效果。     

从勘查地球化学到应用地球化学——第21届国际勘查地球化学会议综述

第21届国际勘查地球化学会议于2003年8月29～9月3日在爱尔兰首都都柏林召开,本次会议由于见证勘查地球化学历史转折事件而被载入史册。本次会议的常规化探方法如土壤、水系沉积物测量等成熟方法研究较少,岩石、水化学方法再次受到较大关注;而覆盖区深穿透地球化学方法及其机理成为各国研究热点,代表现代勘查地球化学发展方向;一些特殊方法如矿物、同位素、生物等勘查方法在特殊景观区寻找特殊矿床发挥作用;在分析上,全面进入ICP/MS时代。虽然勘查地球化学工作者经多年努力在环境领域有所进展,但要走的路还有很长。     

深穿透勘查地球化学

笔者根据近些年发展起来的寻找隐伏矿的勘查地球化学新方法,提出了深穿透勘查地球化学的概念、理论、研究内容、研究意义与必要性。将深穿透勘查地球化学定义为研究能探测深部隐伏矿体发出的直接信息的勘查地球化学理论与方法技术。它的目的是将各种寻找深部隐伏矿的新方法的理论基础有机地联系起来,将其发展成一门科学,而不仅仅是停留在经验或技术上,以便为更科学有效地寻找深部隐伏矿提供有利手段。     

青海格尔木小红山北部地区地球化学特征及找矿前景分析

小红山北部地区位于东昆仑成矿带中部,主体属雪山峰-布尔汉布达华力西-印支期钴、金、铜、玉石（稀有、稀土）成矿带,成矿地质条件优越.水系沉积物及土壤地球化学测量发现金异常强度较高.金矿（化）体主要产于奥陶-志留纪纳赤台群,有碳酸盐岩组合、变碎屑岩组合及中酸性火山岩,研究区内水系沉积物Hs65、Hs93异常三级分带明显,异常强度高.通过1：1万土壤测量,土壤异常Au、Cu、As、Sb等元素异常强度较高,异常曲线基本重合,经地表槽探工程验证发现并控制金矿体1条,矿化体6条.通过对小红山北部地区成矿地质条件及地球化学综合分析,对比大灶火金矿点,认为小红山北部地区通过进一步勘查工作有望找到金矿床,具有较大的找矿潜力.     

甘肃迭部县尖尼—桑坝一带金地球化学特征及找矿意义

尖尼—桑坝一带自开展1∶20万区域化探以来,先后进行了异常查证,发现了众多的金矿床点。本文探讨了该区金地球化学特征,特别是1∶5万水系沉积物测量、1∶1万土壤地球化学测量,显示出Au异常规模大、峰值高、浓度分带好,Au、As、Ag、Hg、Sb等组合异常套合好的特征。采用土壤测量浓缩异常源、缩小找矿靶区,发现了金矿体,找...     

Exploration rock geochemistry for gold, Parkes, New South Wales, Australia

The London-Victoria lode-type Au deposit near Parkes, New South Wales, was discovered in 1863 and became the subject of modern exploration in 1980 after about 75 years of little or no activity. The deposit lies within Palaeozoic tuffaceous, andesitic rocks. Soil geochemistry was the main technique used to define drill targets, and the deposit is now at an advanced state of assessment for probable development.Rock geochemistry is being investigated as an aid in drill-core interpretation in the search for extensions to the London-Victoria deposit and other similar deposits in the district.At an early stage of the rock-geochemical work it became clear that minor basemetal mineralization was also present in the structural hanging wall at between 30 and 70 m from the lode Au deposit. Interpretation of the geochemical signatures for major elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe) and trace elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn) is confused by an overlap and merging of responses from the Au and base-metal mineralization. The measurement of bromine-soluble Sb, As, Bi, and Te, together with the more conventional major and trace elements, permits discrimination between geochemical halos related to the Au and those resulting from minor base metal mineralization.The results demonstrate the use of rock geochemistry for Au exploration, its usefulness in drawing attention to geological features, and the utility of bromine-soluble trace elements commonly associated with gold mineralization.