Empirical model for estimating Fourier amplitude spectra of ground acceleration in Taiwan region

A collection of ground‐motion recordings (1070 acceleration records) of moderate (5.1⩽M_L⩽6.5) earthquakes obtained during the execution of the Taiwan Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (TSMIP) since 1991 was used to study source scaling model and attenuation relations for a wide range of earthquake magnitudes and distances and to verify the models developed recently for the Taiwan region. The results of the analysis reveal that the acceleration spectra of the most significant part of the records, starting from S‐wave arrival, can be modelled accurately using the Brune's ω‐squared source model with magnitude‐dependent stress parameter Δσ, that should be determined using the recently proposed regional relationships between magnitude (M_L) and seismic moment (M₀) and between M₀ and Δσ. The anelastic attenuation Q of spectral amplitudes with distance may be described as Q=225 ƒ^1.1 both for deep (depth more than 35 km) and shallow earthquakes. The source scaling and attenuation models allow a satisfactory prediction of the peak ground acceleration for magnitudes 5.1⩽M⩽6.5 and distances up to about 200 km in the Taiwan region, and may be useful for seismic hazard assessment. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

能量震级及其测定

对于地震灾害与风险评估,人们更关注的是地震辐射能量E_S和能量震级M_e的大小,能量震级M_e反映震源动态特征,适合描述地震的潜在破坏性。本文介绍地震波能量E_S和地震矩M₀的物理意义及能量震级M_e的定义和测定方法,并测定得到2017年8月8日四川九寨沟M_S 7.0地震的能量震级M_e为6.3。     

Response spectrum to strong aftershocks of the Lancang-Gengma earthquake

Near-field records of two strong aftershocks with magnitudeM _S=6.7 andM _S=6.3 in the Lancang-Gengma earthquakes sequence, Yunnan Province, November 1988, are used to calculate the response spectrum. The instruments, site conditions and the methods for computing are also illustrated in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 338–343, 1991. This project is supported by The Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation, SSB and the West Yunnan Earthquake Prediction Test Field, Yunnan Seismological Bureau.     

中国地震台网面波震级与矩震级统计关系

基于1990-2016年中国地震台网地震目录中面波震级和全球矩心矩张量（GCMT）项目的矩震级数据,使用加权最小二乘法,给出中国地震台网面波震级与矩震级的统计关系,分析该统计关系与实际数据之间的残差分布,并将其与已有统计关系进行对比,结果表明,本研究所得统计关系式具有较好的无偏性,更能体现中国地震台网面波震级与矩震级的对应关系。     

The dependence of response spectrum on the tectonic ambient shear stress field

Introduction The acceleration response spectrum and peak ground acceleration are the necessary and im-portant parameters in earthquake-resistant design at present. They are still active research field. With the increase of digital high accurate strong motion observation data, especially the earth-quakes of Loma Prieta (M=7.0) in 1989; Landers (M=7.3) in 1992; Big Bear (M=6.4) in 1994 and Northridge (M=6.7) in 1994 in USA; Kozani (M=6.6) earthquake and afteshocks in 1995 in Greece; Dinar…     

he dependence of response spectrum on the tectonic ambient shear stress field

It has been analyzed the influence of the tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum based on the previous theory. Based on the prediction equation BJF94 presented by the famous American researchers, CLB20, a new prediction formula is proposed by us, where it is introduced the influence of tectonic ambient shear stress value on response spectrum. BJF94 is the prediction equation, which mainly depends on strong ground motion data from western USA, while the prediction equation SEA99 is based on the strong ground motion data from extensional region all over the world. Comparing these two prediction equations in detail, it is found that after BJF94's prediction value lg(Y) minus 0.16 logarithmic units, the value is very close to SEA99's one. This case demonstrates that lg(Y) in extensional region is smaller; the differences of prediction equation are mainly owe to the differences of tectonic ambient shear stress value. If the factor of tectonic ambient shear stress value is included into the prediction equation, and the magnitude is used seismic moment magnitude to express, which is universal used around the world, and the distance is used the distance of fault project, which commonly used by many people, then regional differences of prediction equation will become much less, even vanish, and it can be constructed the universal prediction equation proper to all over the world. The error in the earthquake-resistant design in China will be small if we directly use the results of response spectrum of USA (e.g. BJF94 or SEA99).     

苏北测震台网地面和井下地震记录波形频谱分析

根据苏北测震台网地面台站和深井台站记录的地震波形资料,分析2009年10月以来台网附近 ML ≥2．8地震波频谱特性。分析可知：地面记录与井下记录的地震波频谱特性存在一定差异,地面记录地震波拐角频率较井下约大0．28 Hz,地震波峰值频率比井下约小0．22 Hz;对于ML ＞4．5地震,地面记录地震波的优势频率范围小于井下记录;地震矩和矩震级地面台站记录数值较大,差值分别为3．104×10^14 N·m 和0．32级。     

Scaling relations of moment magnitude,local magnitude,and duration magnitude for earthquakes originated in northeast India

In this study, we aim to improve the scaling between the moment magnitude (M _W), local magnitude (M _L), and the duration magnitude (M _D) for 162 earthquakes in Shillong-Mikir plateau and its adjoining region of northeast India by extending the M _W estimates to lower magnitude earthquakes using spectral analysis of P-waves from vertical component seismograms. The M _W-M _L and M _W-M _D relationships are determined by linear regression analysis. It is found that, M _W values can be considered consistent with M _L and M _D, within 0.1 and 0.2 magnitude units respectively, in 90 % of the cases. The scaling relationships investigated comply well with similar relationships in other regions in the world and in other seismogenic areas in the northeast India region.     

利用宽频带数字地震记录测定谱震级

谱震级是表征地震强弱的量度,是地震学研究中的一个重要的地震参数。在地震预测和工程地震研究中具有重要的实际意义。谱震级测定还可得到地震辐射的能量,再通过和标量地震矩的比较,可以估计地震震源处的视应力,而视应力也是震源物理研究中一个重要的物理量。考虑到我国地震台网分布不均匀的情况,本文尝试利用单台的宽频带波形资料进行谱震级的测定。选用CDSN昆明地震台(KMI)记录的近震宽频带波形资料,分析地震图垂直分量上的P波,采用 Duda等人提出的谱震级的测定方法,改进并提出了一种能够利用宽频带波形资料,直接用速度谱值测定地震谱震级的方法。所得谱震级结果与ISC给出的Ms震级对比后,发现相差不大;所得的能量结果与NEIC用远震体波测得的能量结果具有较好的一致性。用同样的方法,将来还可对不同地区更小的地震进行谱震级的测定,这无疑对地震学的进一步研究很有帮助。     

Response spectrum analysis for floor acceleration

The peak floor acceleration (PFA) is a critical parameter influencing the performance of non‐structural elements in buildings. This paper develops a response spectrum analysis method based on the complete quadratic combination (CQC) rule to estimate the PFA. The method accounts for the rigid contribution of truncated higher modes and the cross‐correlations between all pairs of modes. The approximation is introduced in the time domain and then formulated in the frequency domain by CQC. Application of the method to a continuous cantilever beam idealizing a building with shear walls is presented and compared with alternative formulations. The proposed method is able to provide a consistent estimation of the PFA along the entire structure, not only where the PFA is principally influenced by the first few flexible modes but also where the PFA is mainly related to the rigid response of the structure, for example, near its base. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

使用中国地震台网资料快速测定中强地震矩震级

利用中国地震台网数字地震资料,选取国内Ms≥5.3地震波形数据,采用长周期波形拟合方法,快速计算2008年至今86个中强震的标量地震矩MO和矩震级Mw,并将Mw与GCMT的测定结果及中国地震台网中心测定的面波震级Ms进行对比.结果表明：矩震级与GCMT测定一致,与中国地震台网中心测定的面波震级关系为Mw=0.86Ms＋0.63.     

内蒙古中西部地区中小地震矩震级研究

基于S震相"S窗"内的波形信号识别、品质因子Q(f)和22个台站场地响应,利用2009~2016年3月内蒙古中西部地区地震的波形资料,反演了182次中小地震的震源波谱参数,得到这些小震的零频幅值及其拐角频率,据此计算了这些地震的地震矩M_0、矩震级M_W和应力降Δσ。利用回归分析方法得到了近震震级与矩震级、矩震级与应力降的关系式。分析表明,近震震级与矩震级、矩震级与应力降呈线性关系。可见,将矩震级纳入地震的快报与正式目录中,可以丰富地震观测报告内容,更好地为地震应急和地震科研服务。     

Revision of the amplitude-distance relation for local magnitude estimation in Italy

Maximum amplitude observations of local and regional seismic phases(S _g and L _g, with 800 km) recorded by stations of the I.N.G.National Seismological Network in the period 1994–1999 have beenused to investigate the attenuation of such phases in Italy. The propagationmodel adopted herein accounts for both geometrical spreading, with a termdepending on a given power of distance, and inelastic absorption of themedium, with a term depending exponentially on the distance. Fitting theparameters of the model with experimental data, we considered two cases:assuming a quality factor Q proportional to the frequency f orindependent of f. We compared our results with the values tabled byRichter in 1935, which are still used for the local magnitude estimate in theI.N.G. bulletins. The values found in this study are different than thosegiven by Richter. This suggests that these new values should be used insteadto compute the local magnitude in Italy.     

《中国数字地震台网观测报告》震级的确定

概述了用我国数字化地震台网的资料测定的各种震级标度及相关问题。同时阐明矩震级标度Mw的优势和良好的应用前景。建议今后我国观测报告中给出新参数Mw。     

应用近场速度记录快速估算川滇地区中强地震强度

采用Wu等(2004)提出的地震强度测定方法,应用近场速度波形记录,测定地震参数M_(ew),实现了川滇地区中强地震(M_W≥5.7)强度近实时快速测定。M_(ew)是一个与矩震级M_W对接的地震参数,与传统的应用振幅测定震级的方法相比,不会存在震级饱和问题,与全球矩心矩张量(GCMT)的矩震级M_W具有较好的一致性。该方法解决了应用近场波形资料和矩张量反演方法求取大地震矩震级比较困难的问题,可为区域中强地震速报提供近实时矩震级提供参考,从而提高地震速报的时效性和准确性,同时为强震加速度数据的应用奠定基础。     

A study of rupture length vs. moment for synthetic earthquakes

From the events synthesized from the one-dimensional dynamical mass-spring model proposed byBurridge andKnopoff (1967), the relation between rupture length and earthquake momentM is studied for various model parameters. The earthquake moment is defined to be the total displacement of a connected set of mass elements which slide during an event. A parameter stiffness ratios is defined as the ratio of the spring constant between the two mass elements to that between one mass element and the moving plate. The velocity-dependent friction law (including weakening and hardening processes) is taken to control the sliding of a mass element. The distribution of the breaking strengths over the system is considered to be a fractal function. The cases for severals values and different velocity-dependent friction laws with different decreasing ratesr _w of the frictional force with sliding velocity are studied numerically. The weakening process of the frictional force from the static one to the dynamic one obviously affects theM– relation. Meanwhile, a rapid weakening process rather than a slow weakening process can result in aM– relation, which is comparable to the observed one. Although an increase in thes value can yield an increase in the upper bound of the value and the number of events with largeM and values, the scaling of theM– relation is not affected by the change of thes value. For the cases in this study, the theoretical –M relations for small events withM<1 are almost in the form: M ^1/2, while those for large events withM>1 have a scaling exponent less than but close to 1. In addition, the fractal dimension, the friction drop ratio and the roughness of the distribution of the breaking strengths over the fault surface are the minor parameters influencing the –M relation. A comparison between the theoreticalM– relation and the observed one for strike-slip earthquakes shows that for large events the theoreticalM– relation is quite consistent with the observed one, while for small events there is a one-order difference in the two relations. For the one-dimensional model, the decreasing rate of the dynamic frictional force with velocity is the main factor in affecting the characteristic value of the earthquake moment, at which the scaling of theM– relation changes.     

利用钻孔应变观测数据测定大震震级

尝试对敦化地震台YRY-4型钻孔应变仪记录的应变地震波持续时间进行研究,以中国地震台网统一地震目录Ms≥7震级为参考震级,用最小二乘法求得参考震级公式：MF-P=1.92＋1.48 lg（F-P）.通过验证,公式有意义,为现阶段应变地震波的应用找到一条路径.     

液化土层对地表加速度反应谱的影响

采用一种改进的有效应力方法研究土层液化对地表加速度反应谱的影响，分析中考虑了砂层的厚度、埋深和输入地震波的幅值和波型等因素。分析结果表明，土层液化使地表加速度反应谱的特征周期至少延长0．1秒以上，使原Ⅱ类场地变为Ⅲ类场地，高烈度时易变成Ⅳ类场地，反应谱中周期0．8秒-1．0秒是液化砂层加震或减震的一个分界点，液化对反应谱短周期分量具有一定的减震作用，而对长周期分量有非常显著的放大作用。     

利用宽频带数字地震资料测定地震震级的方法研究

在国际地震学与地球内部物理学联合会(IASPEI)新推荐震级标度在中国地震台网中心应用的基础上,提出中国地震台网地震震级测定方法.研究指出,地方性震级ML与不同地区的地震波衰减特性具有密切关系,区域性特征明显,为保证中国地方性震级的一致性,宜沿用中国传统测定方法.建议:用IASPEI新推荐的短周期体波震级mb和宽频带体...     

Lg magnitude scale in the mainland of China

The data of short-period seismograms had been collected widely in the mainland area of China not including Xinjiang and Tibet. The physical quantities of Lg wave are determined respectively in the five subregions. The group velocities of priminary arrival and maximum amplitude of Lg wave are equal to 3.54±0.02 km/s and 3.30±0.05 km/s, respectively. The periods of Lg waves are between 0.2s to 1.2s, averaging 0.7s. The γ-values of Lg waves in the five subregions are equal to 0.0034±0.0001 km⁻¹ for East, 0.0031±0.0004 km⁻¹ for Southwest, 0.0027±0.0004 km⁻¹ for Northeast, 0.0022±0.0001 km⁻¹ for South, and 0.0021±0.0002 km⁻¹ for Northwest subreqion, respectively. The average γ-value for the five subregions, γ=0.0027±0.0006 km⁻¹. The relations among the amplitude ratioH/Z, the station correctionD _z andD _h of amplitudes, and among them and station site condition are discussed. The subregional magnitude calibration functions ofm _Lg had been established according to each regional γ-value. From these, the unified magnitude calibration function of Chinese mainland not including Xinjiang and Tibet was given by