GRV 99027火星陨石的岩石学和矿物学特征

GRV 99027陨石是二辉橄榄岩质辉玻无球粒陨石(L-S)的火星陨石新成员,具有嵌晶、非嵌晶和冲击熔融袋结构。矿物模式组成以橄榄石(55%)、辉石(37．5%)为主,有少量熔长石(6%)、铬铁矿(1．5%)以及微量白磷钙石、陨硫铁等。其矿物的化学成分较为均一,无分带现象。橄榄石组分为Fo_(69．1～76．6)Fa_(23．4～30．9),平均Fo_(72．4)Fa_(27．6),低钙易变辉石为En_(59．3～75．1) Fs_(20．5～26．9)Wo_(3．1～14．9),平均En_(68．6)Fs_(23．5)Wo_(8．0),普通辉石为En_(46．6～53)Fs_(13．1～16．1)Wo_(31．9～37．8),平均En_(50．7)Fs_(14．5)Wo_(34．8),熔长石为An_(43．6～59．3) Ab_(40．2～54．6)Or_(0．5～1．8),平均An_(52．4)Ab_(46．7)Or_(0．8)。该陨石的结晶顺序是：亏损的火星幔源区部分熔融形成的原始母岩浆最先结晶的是嵌晶区的橄榄石和铬铁矿,随后易变辉石晶出,呈主晶包裹橄榄石和铬铁矿；此后,橄榄石、易变辉石、普通辉石持续结晶,直到残余熔体在晶隙形成斜长石和白磷钙石等。在这陨石中的易变辉石和普通辉石共存,二辉石温度计显示平衡温度为1000～1190℃(平均≈1146℃)。GRV 99027经历的亚固相再平衡,其程度为ALH 77005≈GRV 99027＞LEW 88516＞Y 793605。GRV 99027经受的冲击压力为30～45 GPa,,局部达到60～80GPa,冲击后温度可能＜600℃。     

一块新发现的月球陨石NWA 12279的岩石矿物学、源区和冲击变质作用

NWA 12279为2016年发现的一块斜长岩质月球陨石,由86%的斜长岩和14%的冲击熔融角砾岩组成。斜长岩具嵌晶结构,矿物组成主要为斜长石(70. 6%)、橄榄石(11. 3%)、辉石(10. 0%)、镁铝尖晶石(7. 0%),含少量石英、铬铁矿和钛铁矿;冲击熔融角砾岩具角砾状结构,主要由岩屑(斜长岩、辉长-橄长-斜长岩、微斑熔融角砾岩、辉长岩)、晶屑(橄榄石、辉石、斜长石、尖晶石)、玻屑和基质组成。斜长岩和角砾岩的矿物组成基本一致,主要为斜长石(An_(92. 9～98. 4))、紫苏辉石(Fs_(15. 5～32. 2)Wo_(2. 98～4. 22))、易变辉石(Fs_(27. 9～53. 1)Wo_(7. 19～14. 7))、普通辉石(Fs_(8. 42～38. 9)Wo_(17. 0～44. 1))、橄榄石(Fo_(53. 7～89. 4))、尖晶石[(Mg_(4. 97)Fe_(0. 86))_(5. 83)(Al_(11. 4)Cr_(0. 61))_(12. 0)O_(24)]。通过对陨石的矿物组成、碎屑组成、矿物成分、全岩成分和冲击变质特征进行研究,并和已发现的月球斜长岩进行了对比,认为该陨石可能起源于一个新的富含尖晶石的辉长橄长斜长岩高地。该陨石的斜长岩和角砾岩具有不同的冲击特征,斜长岩区域发育橄榄石面状破裂、斜长石熔长石化及含未熔融的辉石和橄榄石晶屑的冲击熔脉;角砾岩区域发育玻璃质熔脉、冲击熔体及岩石角砾化,这些特征限制了斜长岩区和角砾岩区经历的冲击压力峰值分别约为45 GPa和78 GPa,温度峰值分别约为1 100℃和1890℃,冲击变质阶段为S_5～S_6。     

小莱河变质岩辉石的高分辨电镜观察

利用高分辨电镜研究了变质岩斜方辉石的超微结构,其中的单斜辉石多型是偶数倍0.9m宽度,并发现(001)90°和180°畴结构,它表明样品曾受到较强的挤压作用。     

天然辉石中缺陷结构的观察

利用高分辨电子显微术研究了陨石和地幔岩中辉石的超微结构,观察并发现了多种畸变结构现象。清镇和吉林陨石顽火辉石中的斜顽辉石受冲击作用,SiO_3链发生弯曲甚至断裂并沿a轴方向错动36的距离,同时还有(100)扭转晶界形成,不同类型的SiO_3链相互转变形成了(001)90°和180°畴结构。单斜辉石中则有(100)层错和孪晶及其有关的缺陷。     

青藏高原东南缘腾冲后碰撞粗面安山岩形成的深部岩浆过程:来自辉长质物质的启示

位于青藏高原东南缘的腾冲火山区发育大量的后碰撞高钾钙碱性岩浆岩(8Ma至今),形成了近连续的玄武岩-玄武安山岩-粗面安山岩-英安岩系列。在晚更新世(0.3~0.4Ma)粗面安山岩中发现了大量的辉长岩包体与辉长质矿物聚晶。辉长岩包体分为两类：I类为辉长苏长岩(直径2~4cm),主要由斜长石(50%~60%)、单斜辉石(20%~30%)和斜方辉石(5%~10%)组成,矿物间呈高角度接触的开放结构并包含少量的基质玻璃;Ⅱ类辉长岩包体(直径2~12cm)主要由斜长石(40%~50%)与单斜辉石(30%~40%)组成,含少量铁钛氧化物(5%~10%),矿物间见少量的基质玻璃与微晶斜方辉石(粒径 < 50μm)。矿物聚晶(粒径2~5mm)由斜长石(40%~60%)、单斜辉石(20%~30%)和斜方辉石(5%~10%)组成,矿物间呈高角度接触的开放结构,其间贯入基质玻璃。辉长岩包体、矿物聚晶与寄主粗面安山岩斑晶具有相同的矿物组成(斜长石+单斜辉石+斜方辉石);单斜辉石具有相似的微量元素组成特征;辉长岩包体全岩主量元素成分落在玄武岩-玄武安山岩-粗面安山岩-英安岩的演化序列中,它们与寄主粗面安山岩具有一致的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成。上述观测结果表明,辉长岩包体和矿物聚晶与寄主岩浆同源,它们均来自粗面安山质岩浆房。矿物温度与压力计算结果表明,辉长岩包体与矿物聚晶的结晶温度低于斑晶,形成深度位于粗面安山质岩浆房的中上部。这些具有开放结构的矿物聚晶与辉长岩包体可能代表粗面安山质岩浆喷发前形成晶粥的"碎片"：矿物聚晶与I类辉长岩包体矿物间基质含量较高,矿物成分与寄主粗面安山质熔体(全岩成分)平衡,可能代表寄主粗面安山质岩浆形成的晶粥;Ⅱ类辉长岩包体矿物间紧密程度较高,矿物与较演化的岩浆平衡,可能代表早期较演化的岩浆形成的经历压实作用的晶粥。粗面安山质岩浆的快速上升将这些晶粥破碎并以辉长岩包体与矿物聚晶的方式运移至地表。岩浆房中基性岩浆的补给是导致安山质岩浆喷发的重要诱发机制。     

东天山四顶黑山层状岩体地质特征及成矿潜力分析

东天山黄山岩带因发育众多镁铁质-超镁铁质岩体和岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床而备受地质学者关注。四顶黑山岩体位于该岩带最东端,具有层状岩体特征;岩石类型有单辉橄榄岩、橄榄辉石岩、橄榄苏长辉长岩、橄榄辉长岩、辉石角闪岩、辉长岩、角闪辉长岩、闪长岩,主要造岩矿物为贵橄榄石、古铜辉石、透辉石、普通角闪石和斜长石,岩体分异较好,蚀变较发育。通过矿物显微结构特征观察以及计算得出:四顶黑山岩体中橄榄石最先结晶,其开始结晶温度大约在1419℃左右;古铜辉石和透辉石在橄榄石之后开始结晶,结晶温度分别在1100℃左右和900～1100℃之间,两矿物相在岩石中可以共存。岩体中橄榄岩相、苏长岩相发育,以及贵橄榄石+古铜辉石的矿物组合特征,表明岩体具有形成铜镍(铂)矿床的有利条件。     

川东华蓥山地区二叠纪火山岩特征及演化过程

以川东华蓥山地区火山岩实测剖面为基础,利用镜下薄片观察和电子探针分析,探讨华蓥山地区上二叠统火山岩岩石学和矿物化学特征及其演化过程。结果表明华蓥山地区火山岩可细分为7种岩石类型,其中玄武岩发育两期溢流相韵律旋回。辉石探针数据显示,辉石成分=Wo_(41-44)En_(35-40)Fs_(15-20),Mg~#=68～85之间,Ca/(Ca+Mg)=0.51～0.55,w(TiO_2)-w(Al_2O_3)图解和(Ca+Na)-Ti图解投点均落在亚碱性区域,表明研究区内辉石为普通辉石,其形成时的温度和压力较低,是亚碱性岩浆上升到地壳浅部经历结晶分异作用而形成的。斜长石探针数据显示长石斑晶成分为An_(1-76)Ab_(22-98)Or_(1-13),在An-Ab-Or三角图中绝大部分点位落入拉长石区域;对发育环带结构长石斑晶连续打点,结果显示An和Ab值呈明显的负相关关系且与Fe和Sr等微量元素含量变化无关联,说明是由岩浆房温度压力迅速改变导致的反环带。推测该地区演化过程为:茅口组地层受到地幔柱影响而抬升接受剥蚀;在华蓥山断裂和同沉积正断层的控制下,早期玄武岩喷溢并在茅口组顶部发育凝灰-砾石层;火山灰掉落至安静的水体沉积了沉凝灰岩;河流切割了早期玄武岩并将多孔熔岩岩屑搬运至华蓥山地区而形成了凝灰质砂岩。以上结果表明川东玄武岩至少有三期喷发,但仅有两期在华蓥山地区出露。     

桂东北鹰扬关地区罗家山辉长岩的矿物化学特征及其构造意义

对桂东北鹰扬关地区新发现的罗家山辉长岩开展年代学、矿物学和矿物化学研究,可进一步约束区域构造背景.罗家山辉长岩的主要矿物为单斜辉石(Cpx)和斜长石(Pl).单斜辉石具有高铁铝、低钙钠钛的特征,其成分为Wo_27～31En_36～47Fs_21～32,属于普通辉石;斜长石具有高硅铝钠、低钙钾的特点,其成分为An_0～3Ab_96～100Or_0～2,属于钠长石.根据单斜辉石的化学成分判定罗家山辉长岩的母岩浆属于Si不饱和的亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列.单斜辉石温压估算结果表明,罗家山辉长岩的形成温度介于1 282～1 292℃,平均值1 287℃;形成压力介于1.53～2.37 GPa,平均值2.02 GPa;对应深度介于50.49～78.21 km,平均值66.80 km.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄表明罗家山辉长岩形成于(768.9±6.8) Ma.单斜辉石的化学成分特征表明罗家山辉长岩属于典型的板内拉斑玄武岩.结合区域构造演化特征,推断罗家山辉长岩起源于地幔物质上...     

顽火辉石多型现象的高分辨电镜研究

利用高分辨电子显微镜(HREM)研究了不同地质条件下生成的顽火辉石。[010],[012]取向结构象清楚地显示出单斜顽火辉石(CLEN)和正交顽火辉石(OREN)共生现象,其特征与Buseck和Iijima总结的规律相一致。陨石中的顽火辉石由于经受急冷,所以多型体共生现象出现频率最高。本文还详细地研究了在切应力作用下引起的OREN向CLEN转变及它们间的部分位错Burgers矢量,结果符合Coe提出的13.3°转变机制。     

海南福基田幔源辉石结构OH与氢氧同位素

采用IR光谱和质谱技术分析了海南福基田幔源巨晶和包体中辉石的结构羟基红外光谱和氢氧同位素。测试的所有巨晶普通辉石和包体中透辉石及顽火辉石均含结构OH,对比印证了国内外同类矿物的红外光谱特征。结构水质量分数分别是:普通辉石87×10-6~389×10-6;透辉石127×10-6~273×10-6;顽火辉石69×10-6~207×10-6。包体中结构水质量分数为1 811×10-6~5 377×10-6,平均为3 133×10-6。包体中辉石的氢氧同位素特征如下:透辉石的δ(D)为-123.17‰,顽火辉石的δ(D)为-132.04‰;透辉石的δ(18O)为5.96‰,顽火辉石的δ(18O)为5.60‰。实验和对比表明,辉石是海南福基田上地幔重要的"水储库",包体未受地壳成分污染,继承和保持了上地幔"富水贫氘"的特征。上述结果为该地区上地幔研究提供了结构水和氢氧同位素的基础资料。     

The composition,structure, and stability of guinier-preston zones in lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxene

Lunar and terrestrial orthopyroxenes (Mg,Fe,Ca)₂Si₂O₆ contain varying abundances of coherent, Ca-enriched Guinier-Preston (G.P.) zones. G.P. zones 5–6 unit cells thick have been found in one lunar sample whereas all other examples (lunar and terrestrial) are only one unit-cell-thick. Electron diffraction maxima from the larger lunar G.P. zones indicate that d ₁₀₀=18.52 Å whereas, d ₁₀₀=18.2 Å for the host. This increase in the a direction corresponds to an increase in calcium content in the G.P. zones over that of the host of ～25 mol% Ca₂Si₂O₆. Diffraction patterns of the hk0 net from an area containing G.P. zones show extra spots (h=2n+1) not observed in the host orthopyroxene (Pbca), that violate the a-glide of the host. The G.P. zones, therefore, have space group Pbc2₁ if it is assumed that the c-glide of pyroxene is retained and the space group of the G.P. zone is a subgroup of Pbca. The loss of the a-glide in the G.P. zones results in 4 distinct silica chains and 4 distinct cation sites M1A, M1B, M2A, M2B; by symmetry, equivalent M2A or M2B sites are clustered together in only one-half of the unit cell. As one-fourth of the divalent cations in the G.P. zones are calcium, ordering of Ca on M2A or M2B would produce a zone 9 Å thick extended parallel to (100) with the composition of Ca(Mg,Fe)Si₂O₆, but constrained by the host to the structure of orthopyroxene. This zone and the Ca-poor half-unit-cell then constitute an 18 Å thick G.P. zone. Heating experiments of varying duration indicate that the zones become unstable with respect to the host orthopyroxene at ～950°C for Wo_0.6 and ～1,050°C for Wo_2.5. The zones are interpreted in terms of the pyroxene subsolidus as a metastable phase having either a solvus relationship with orthopyroxene or originating as a distinct phase. The size, distribution, composition and structure of G.P. zones may be an important indicator of the low-temperature thermal history of orthopyroxene.     

尤因塔盆地P. R.泉始新统油砂成藏条件及成藏模式

尤因塔盆地P. R.泉位于美国犹他州东北部,油砂资源丰富,油砂矿藏面积约650 km2,油砂储量约6. 76 × 108 t,储层为始新统绿河组湖泊三角洲相砂体。晚白垩世到古近纪拉拉米运动使盆地由海相转变为陆相盆地。古新世末-始新世,尤因塔湖在盆地内分布广泛,并沉积了两套巨厚的绿河组烃源岩。其中绿河组上部的中始新统烃源岩厚达150 m,有机质丰富,且仍处于低熟阶段,约30 Ma 以来,产生了大量的低熟油。P. R.泉油砂矿藏为斜坡降解型成藏模式,发育5 套广布的三角洲砂体,储层物性好。绿河组上部烃源岩生成的低熟油沿着深入烃源岩中的连续砂体经过长距离的运移,进入 P. R.泉绿河组三角洲的砂岩储层中,经过生物降解和水洗作用最终形成油砂矿藏。     

Geological Fluid Mapping in the Tongling Area： Implications for the Paleozoic Submarine Hydrothermal System in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, East China

The Tongling area is one of the 7 ore-cluster areas in the Middle-Lower Yangtze metallogenic belt,East China,and has tectonically undergone a long-term geologic history from the late Paleozoic continental rifting,through the Middle Triassic continent-continent collision to the Jurassic-Cretaceous intracontinental tectono-magmatic activation.The Carboniferous sedimentary-exhalative processes in the area produced widespread massive sulfides with ages of 303-321 Ma,which partly formed massive pyrite-Cu deposits,but mostly provided significant sulfur and metals to the skarn Cu mineralization associated with the Yanshanian felsic intrusions. To understand the Carboniferous submarine hydrothermal system,an area of about 1046 km~2 was chosen to carry out the geological fluid mapping.Associated with massive sulfide formation,footwall sequences 948 m to 1146m thick,composed of the Lower Silurian-Upper Devonian sandstone,siltstone and thin-layered shale,were widely altered.This hydrothermal alteration is interpreted to reflect large- scale hydrothermal fluid flow associated with the late Paleozoic crustal rifting and subsidence.Three hydrothermal alteration types,i.e.,deep-level semiconformable silicification(S_1),fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration(S_(2-3)),and upper-level sub-discordant quartz-sericite-chlorite alteration(D_3),were developed to form distinct zones in the mapped area.About 50-m thick semiconformable silicification zones are located at～1-km depth below massive sulfides and developed between an impermeable shale caprock(S_1)and the underlying Ordovician unaltered limestone. Comparisons with modern geothermal systems suggest that the alteration zones record a sub-seafloor aquifer with the most productive hydrothermal fluid flow.Fracture-controlled quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration formed transgressive zones,which downward crosscut the semiconformable alteration zones, and upwards grade into sub-discordant alteration zones that enveloped no economic stringer- stockwork zones beneath massive sulfides.This transgressive zone likely marks an upflow path of high- flux fluids from the hydrothermal aquifer.Lateral zonation of the sub-discordant alteration zones and their relationship to overlying massive sulfide lenses suggest lateral flows and diffusive discharging of the hydrothermal fluids in a permeable sandstone sequence.Three large-sized,14 middle-small massive sulfide deposits,and 40 massive sulfide sites have been mapped in detail.They show regional strata- bound characters and two major styles,i.e.,the layered sheet plus strata-bound stringer-style and the mound-style.Associated exhalite and chemical sedimentary rock suites include(1)anhydrite-barite,(2) jasper-chert,(3)Mg-rich mudstone-pyrite shale,(4)barite lens,(5)siderite-Fe-bearing dolomite,and (6)Mn-rich shale-mudstone,which usually comprise three sulfide-exhalite cyclic units in the area. The spatial distribution of these alteration zones(minerals)and associated massive sulfides and exhalites,and regional variation inδ~(34)S of hydrothermal pyrite and inδ~(18)O-δ~(34)C of hanging wall carbonates,suggest three WNW-extending domains of fluid flow,controlled by the basement faults and syn-depositional faults.Each fluid domain appears to have at least two upflow zones,with estimated even spacing of about 5-8 km in the mapped area.The repeated appearance of sulfide-sulfate or sulfide-carbonate rhythmic units in the area suggests episodically venting of fluids through the upflow conduits by breaking the overlying seals of the hydrothermal aquifer.     

甘肃省新能源——油页岩特征及开发利用条件分析

非常规油气资源的勘查和开发利用目前已被提到议事日程。油页岩就是首先要考虑开发利用的、现实的、有可能部分代替常规油气资源的非常规能源之一,并已经成为新能源领域里研究的热点。甘肃省的中生代盆地里不仅赋存有良好的煤炭、石油资源,而且蕴藏着较为丰富的油页岩资源。现已查明,省内油页岩预测资源量至少约2 000亿t,折合页岩油约1...     

1:5万地球化学水系沉积物测量两种采样密度效果对比

本文是广东地区一幅1:5万化探水系沉积物测量的结果。常规的取样密度为4－5点/km²,放稀测网是在常规样品中,每km²抽取一个样品。用同样的方法分析十四种元素并编图,对比两种测网的效果。较稀测网可能遗漏个别的单元素异常,但不会漏掉多元素异常。两种密度测网的单元素异常数量特征、空间分布及所提供的找矿信息相似。     

Petrology of the G and H Chromitite Zones in the Mountain View Area of the Stillwater Complex, Montana

The Ultramafic Series of the Stillwater Complex in the MountainView area of the intrusion consists of 17 cyclic units thathave been numbered stratigraphically. A typical unit has olivinecumulates at the base, olivine–bronzite cumulates at intermediatelevels, and bronzite cumulates at the top. Most cyclic unitsalso have chromite-rich layers near their base, the thickestbeing the G and H chromitite zones in units 10 and 11. The Gand H zones are each separated from the top of the underlyingcyclic unit by 1–3 m of coarse-grained olivine cumulateand pegmatite; and they are both succeeded by thinner chromititezones, respectively called the hanging wall G (HWG) and thehanging wall H (HWH) zones, situated {small tilde}20 m and 5m above them. The G and H chromitite zones feature rhythmicsequences of thin layers that tend to progress upward from massivechromitite through chromite–olivine cumulate to olivine–chromitecumulate (the last with the minerals in approximately cotecticproportions of about 98:2). In cyclic units 10 and 11, variationsof Mg/Fe in the olivine and bronzite, and of Ni in the olivine,are small and show no clear stratigraphic fractionation trends.The abundance of Cr in the chromite in unit 10 does have a fractionationtrend, however, being generally highest at the bottom of theunit and lowest at the top, with a regression at the HWG zone.In general, Cr in chromite is highest at the base of a rhythmicunit and decreases upward, but it shows no overall decline throughsuccessive rhythmic units; Fe³ exhibits opposite variation,being lowest in the massive chromite, and highest in the disseminatedgrains. The G and H chromitite zones, in the Mountain View area, eachcontain enough chromite to form a single layer of massive chromitite{small tilde} 1 m thick. If their formation involved removalof only 30% of the Cr in the parental magmatic liquid (estimatedconcentration, 600 ppm), then this liquid could have amountedvolumetrically to an areally equivalent layer at least 2000m thick. Model calculations demonstrate that such a large volumeof liquid is consistent with the small variations of Mg/Fe inthe pyroxenes and olivines in the Stillwater cyclic units. We postulate that the G and H chromitite zones and cyclic unitsthat host them formed in response to the entry of new pulsesof primitive magmatic liquid into the Stillwater chamber. Fromexperimental observations, we infer that these pulses producedfountains in which the primitive liquid mixed with residualfractionated liquids, yielding hybrids that were compositionallywithin the chromite liquidus field (or volume) and that weresupercooled (supersaturated ) with respect to the oxide mineral.These effects may have been enhanced by low fO₂ (oxygen fugacity)in the primitive liquid and(or) by high fO₂ of the fractionatedliquid. The hybrid liquids probably collected at the bottomof the chamber in a zoned layer that then divided into double-diffusiveconvecting layers. In these circumstances, the lowest chromite-richlayer in a rhythmic sequence could have formed from the lowestdouble-diffusive liquid layer, and the next could then haveformed when this liquid mixed with the liquid layer above it—andso on up the sequence. We argue that the thick G and H chromititezones are situated toward the top of the Ultramafic Series becausethat level marks when the compositional contrasts between theinjected primitive liquid and the residual fractionated liquidsin the chamber were greatest.     

Reconnaissance of quaternary sediments from Khasi Hills,Meghalaya

Khasi Hills area of Meghalaya, one of the highest rainfall zones of the world has been explored to understand the spatial and temporal extent of Quaternary sediments. In general such deposits are restricted to shallow depths in most of the sites except in one site where it is 600 cm thick. AMS C-14 dates of these deposits suggest that sediments deposited are mostly of Holocene or in rare cases belong to later part of Pleistocene. Early Quaternary deposit is either missing or yet to be explored from this region. Natural hazards combined with human activity effecting degradation of vegetation and sediment cover are probably the main cause for poor Quaternary exposure at the region.     

The musgrave mountain belt in South Australia

Summary Structural elements impressed upon the more easterly extensions of the Westralian shield were dominantly east-west features. These tendencies have channelled subsequent orogenies and geomorphic evolution, right down through the long history of the area.Possibly two major anticlinal zones were devoleped along east-west zones, to be preserved to the present day as mountainous ranges and inselbergs. Massive batholithic intrusions mark the more southern zone, whereas outcropping rocks in the more northerly zone are predominantly metasedimentary. The granite zone is one of intense negative Bouguer anomaly (–150 milligals) indicating a strong density contrast between these massive granites of low density and the foliated granite gneisses of the northern chain. The strength of the earth's crust, locally, must be immense to support such unbalanced load, and yet deep grabens with inliers of Upper Proterozoic and Ordovician sediments flank the negative anomaly on both margins.     

Anomalous geochemical patterns from northern Sumatra: their assessment in terms of mineral exploration and regional geology

A regional stream sediment survey has been conducted in Sumatra north of 4°N. The survey area is approximately 38,000 km² of mountainous terrain mostly covered by dense tropical rainforest. The overall sample density achieved by the survey was one per ten km². However, the difficult terrain and thick vegetation blanket have meant that a uniform sample density was not obtained. The uneven sample density has presented problems with interpretation of the geochemical patterns and identification of anomalous areas for mineral exploration purposes.Two methods have been designed for identifying mineral exploration targets from the geochemical results found by the survey. The first method uses computerised probability calculations and the second a simple empirical formula. Both methods appear to give similar results.Northern Sumatra has very distinct geochemical patterns. Copper shows a linear zone of high values along the axial Barisan Mountain Range, which are derived from two main sources: the Sumatran ophiolites and copper-rich calc-alkaline intrusives. High chromium values also occur not only over the ophiolites, but also over placers derived from them. High lead values are grouped to the east of the linear copper zone and they border the oil and gas basins of the eastern coastal strip. High tin values occur west of the copper rich intrusives, but east of the present-day subduction zone off the west coast of Sumatra. The overall pattern fails to conform to the classic zonation of mineral deposits across a simple subduction system, perhaps because large transcurrent faults have sliced northern Sumatra into blocks and so brought blocks of different provenance into contact. This explanation is confirmed by the lithium distribution, which reveals two wholly distinct provinces astride the Sumatran Fault System.     

陕西定边地区2400cal.aB.P.以来高分辨率的花粉记录及环境变化

通过对位于黄土/沙漠过渡带定边地区苟池剖面的高分辨率的花粉分析,基于9个 14C年代数据重建了2400cal.aB.P.以来定边的植被与气候变化,结果表明 2400～1740cal.aB.P.地带性植被为以栎为主的森林草原,气候较温暖湿润; 1740～1610cal.aB.P.森林退化,草原发育,气候变干; 1610～1240cal.aB.P.乔木成分增加,植被类型为疏林草原,气候较温和湿润; 1240～1010cal.aB.P.森林退缩,草原发育,气候变干; 1010～690cal.aB.P.草原进一步发育,气候干旱; 690～500cal.aB.P.阔叶树成分增加,气候略温湿; 500～190cal.aB.P.草原发育,气候干旱; 190～0cal.aB.P.乔木成分增加,气候变湿。本区花粉记录的植被和气候变化可与区域的世纪初前后(秦汉)暖期、隋唐暖期、中世纪暖期和小冰期等事件对比。