艾比湖盐尘对周边地区土壤盐分及景观变化的影响

通过对准噶尔盆地西部艾比湖地区盐尘的扩散和堆积进行观测和取样分析,鉴别出粉尘中可溶盐的化学成分、pH和盐尘堆积强度,分析研究了盐尘的形成、分布特征和灾害强度以及盐尘暴与温度、降水、风等气候因子之间的相关关系.结果表明:近50 a来艾比湖的沉积环境总体是比较稳定的,但由于气候波动与人类活动引起艾比湖水位、水域面积曾发生较明显的变化,并产生了盐尘暴的发生、湖泊和土壤盐度以及湖周景观的变化.根据艾比湖周边盐漠区盐尘的时空分布规律、活动特点和危害强度分析,盐尘对准噶尔盆地西部土壤盐分及景观变化的影响强度范围和影响程度划分为3级区.     

高寒植被生态系统变化对土壤物理化学性状的影响

在黄河源区选择典型样地,对土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(N)等化学性状及土壤机械组成、容重和土壤导水率等物理特性进行分析.结果表明,植被退化导致土壤物理化学性状显著退化.灌丛草甸草地土壤表层有机质(SOM)从179.58 g·kg^-1降到49.48 g·kg^-1,表层碱解N流失率为30%,退化嵩草草甸表层有机质SOM减少53%,碱解N损失率为28.4%.沼泽地有机质SOM减少了15.11 g·kg^-1.退化后的土壤土层厚度变薄,土壤颗粒变粗,土壤水分分布和含量出现变化,土壤出现沙化,土壤容重增大,土壤导水率与植被盖度有很好的相关性.研究表明,高寒植被生态系统的变化引起了土壤理化特性的强烈变化,高寒土壤环境出现退化.     

干旱内陆流域景观格局变化下的景观土壤有机碳与氮源汇变化

以黑河流域中游绿洲区域为例,近10年来,在干旱内陆流域受人类活动强烈影响的区域,景观的破碎度降低,景观异质性减弱,显著的景观变化表现在:耕种景观与荒漠化景观的扩张和沼泽草甸景观与水域景观的萎缩,其中荒漠草原景观面积的10%、山地草原景观的49.8%以及沼泽草甸(包括盐化草甸)景观面积的16.8%演变为耕种景观类型;相反,17.4%的荒漠草原景观面积和20.2%的沼泽草甸退化为沙漠与戈壁景观,另有13.02%的灌耕地面积演变为荒漠草原.景观空间格局演变驱动景观土壤N、C的源汇变化,近10年来,黑河流域中游地区由于景观空间格局变化形成的景观N净排放和有机C净释放分别达到50.65×104T和530.17×104T.山地草原景观的荒漠化与耕种利用、耕种景观的荒漠草原化、沼泽草甸与山地草甸景观以及荒漠草原景观的耕种利用和这些景观的沙漠化发展是造成区域N、C损失的主要途径.     

中国北方草地植物群落碳、氮元素组成空间变化及其与土壤地球化学变化的关系

碳、氮元素是土壤中的关键元素.在我国黄土高原北部-宁夏中东部处于荒漠化初期阶段的草地中,土壤的碳、氮元素组成出现了异乎寻常的特征,即相对于碳含量,氮含量异常偏低.认识造成这一现象的原因对我国北方草地的保护和重建具有重要意义.植被的输入是土壤中碳、氮元素组成的最为重要的控制因素之一.为认识植被碳、氮含量的空间变化对上述现象产生的贡献,对包括草地碳、氮异常区在内的区域进行了沿线植物群落的化学组成研究.结果表明:1.植物群落平均碳含量约为40%～50%,不同植物群落类型碳含量以苦豆子、达乌里胡子枝群落最高(44.225%),蛛丝蓬、骆驼蓬群落最低(35.516%).绝大多数植物群落平均氮含量约为2%～4%,不同植物群落类型含氮量以猪毛菜、星状角果藜群落最高(4.482%),蛛丝蓬群落最低(1.356%);2.植物群落生物量空间分布与对应降雨量变化趋势一致,说明降雨量是限制群落地理分布的关键因子;3.植物群落与土壤C/N比值随纬度呈现不一致的变化规律,相关分析表明,两者呈现统计学上的显著负相关关系,相关系数为:r=-0.392(P＜0.05,n=32).上述结果表明,在研究地区荒漠化初期阶段的草地中,植被输入不是引起该区域土壤C/N异常升高的原因.     

农林生态系统的转变对土壤有机质影响的C示踪研究

生态转变系统中土壤有机质的变化与土壤的初级生产力和温室气体的释放有着密切的关系。同时 ,它也是目前农业的可持续发展和全球环境变化的研究内容之一。对于毁林造田和退耕还林等农林生态系统发生转变的特殊地点 ,土壤有机质的源物质产生了Ｃ3植物 (森林 )与Ｃ4 植物 (农作物 )的转变 ,这就为我们利用δ13Ｃ来示踪土壤有机质的迁移和赋存提供了可能。茂兰保护区曾长期生长Ｃ3植物 (常绿混叶林 ) ,近几十年 ,部分毁林后种植Ｃ4 植物 (玉米 )。本实验分别采集 3个剖面相邻的森林点和农田点的土壤样品 ,分析了样品的有机碳含量和δ13Ｃ值。     

Along-strike topographic variation of the Longmen Shan and its significance for landscape evolution along the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Regional topographic and geomorphic analyses reveal first-order topographic variations from high-elevation and low-relief interior plateau to the relatively low elevation, high-relief marginal plateau in eastern Tibet. Field investigation and slip distribution modeling after 2008 Ms. 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake indicate significant along-strike variability during the rupture that appears to correspond to different segments of a single fault system. This observation motivates a more careful examination of topographic features along the Longmen Shan to explore the connection between the seismic cycle and mountain building. Analyses of topographic relief, hillslope gradient, and channel gradient indices reveal significant differences in the character of topography along the Longmen Shan mountain front. The central portion of the range exhibits the highest slope, relief and steepness of river longitudinal profiles. Whereas the southern Longmen Shan exhibits only subtle differences associated with slightly lower hillslope and channel gradients, the northern Longmen Shan is characterized by topography of significantly lower relief, lessened hillslope gradients, and low-gradient channels. We consider two explanations for these topographic differences; first, that the differences in topographic development along the Longmen Shan reflect different stages of an evolutionary history. Alternatively, these may reflect differences in the rate of differential rock uplift relative to the stable Sichuan Basin.     

Soil erosion assessment on hillslope of GCE using RUSLE model

A new method for obtaining the C factor (i.e., vegetation cover and management factor) of the RUSLE model is proposed. The method focuses on the derivation of the C factor based on the vegetation density to obtain a more reliable erosion prediction. Soil erosion that occurs on the hillslope along the highway is one of the major problems in Malaysia, which is exposed to a relatively high amount of annual rainfall due to the two different monsoon seasons. As vegetation cover is one of the important factors in the RUSLE model, a new method that accounts for a vegetation density is proposed in this study. A hillslope near the Guthrie Corridor Expressway (GCE), Malaysia, is chosen as an experimental site whereby eight square plots with the size of \(8\times 8\) and \(5\times 5\) m are set up. A vegetation density available on these plots is measured by analyzing the taken image followed by linking the C factor with the measured vegetation density using several established formulas. Finally, erosion prediction is computed based on the RUSLE model in the Geographical Information System (GIS) platform. The C factor obtained by the proposed method is compared with that of the soil erosion guideline Malaysia, thereby predicted erosion is determined by both the C values. Result shows that the C value from the proposed method varies from 0.0162 to 0.125, which is lower compared to the C value from the soil erosion guideline, i.e., 0.8. Meanwhile predicted erosion computed from the proposed C value is between 0.410 and \(3.925\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1 }\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\) compared to 9.367 to \(34.496\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1}\,\hbox {yr}^{-1 }\) range based on the C value of 0.8. It can be concluded that the proposed method of obtaining a reasonable C value is acceptable as the computed predicted erosion is found to be classified as a very low zone, i.e. less than \(10\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1 }\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\) whereas the predicted erosion based on the guideline has classified the study area as a low zone of erosion, i.e., between 10 and \(50\, \hbox {t ha}^{-1 }\,\hbox {yr}^{-1}\).     

Nekton variations in tributaries along a hydrologically modified North Carolina estuary

Structure and temporal variability in nekton communities were examined for four small brackish creeks along a major tributary (Adams Creek) of the Neuse River estuary, North Carolina during May–September 1994. An inverse salinity gradient was observed along Adams Creek with highest values in the most upstream creek due to a manmade channel connecting the creek to the Newport River estuary. The nekton communities of the four tributaries were similar with some differences in relative abundance of individual species and timing of recruitment and migrations. Bay anchovies (67%), spot (19%), and brown shrimp (6%) were the most abundant species, with the top ten species accounting for 98% of the total catch. The transport of high salinity water (and presumably nekton larvae) into the headwaters of Adams Creek via the canal appeared to have a strong influence on the nekton community; the nekton community present in the Adams Creek system resembled communities in mesohaline waters closer to the outer banks rather than those in an adjacent creek along the Neuse River estuary (South River estuary). Cluster analysis indicated nekton in the creeks could be grouped into early and late season assemblages. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that neither the creeks nor the dominant species were strongly related to any measured environmental variables indicating habitat suitability was similar regardless of the differences in watershed activities among the four creeks.     

Water content variations and respective ecosystems of sandy land in China

Soil water conservation is essential to the sustainability of sandy farming. In this paper, long-term observation of soil water, dry soil thickness and soil chemical changes are evaluated at eight locations in sandy soil. This paper subdivides the sandy lands and deserts of China into three climate zones: arid (hyperarid and extremely arid), semiarid, and humid (subhumid and subtropical humid), with respect to the bioclimatic zone, aridity, soil water content, and soil chemical characteristics. The water movement conditions, and chemical variations in each zone are analyzed. The paper also estimates the spatial and temporal correlation function of arid soil thickness and soil moisture. Sandy soils organic matter content, CaCO₃ content, soluble salts content are investigated. Afforestation and selection of tree species in different sandy areas are suggested to regulate sandy land soil moisture. Sandy land in China can be divided into the four sand stabilization regions according to the shifting sand conditions and the techniques advanced: regions I, II, III, and IV. These results have important implications for remote sensing of soil moisture and soil organic carbon, and soil moisture parameterization in climate models.     

黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤水分状态空间模拟

为掌握黄土高原沟壑区坡地土壤水分的空间分布特征及其影响因素,采用状态空间模型和经典线性回归方法对该区不同土层深度土壤含水率的分布进行模拟.结果表明,不同土层深度的土壤含水率呈中等程度变异,并与海拔高度、黏粒、粉粒、砂粒含量和分形维数具有显著的空间自相关和交互相关关系,可用于状态空间模拟分析.不同因素组合下的状态空间模拟效果均要优于线性回归方程,其中采用海拔高度、砂粒含量和分形维数的三因素状态空间方程模拟精度最高(R2=0.992).状态空间模拟方法可用于黄土高原坡面尺度不同土层深度土壤含水率的预测.     

青藏高原多年冻土区土壤需氧可培养细菌多样性及群落功能研究

以青藏高原腹地不同植被类型多年冻土区土壤细菌为研究对象, 分析了可培养菌群数量、 多样性和生理代谢功能的变化及其与环境因子间的关系. 结果显示: 从沼泽草甸到高寒荒漠, 土壤水分、 总碳、 总氮含量逐渐降低, pH值升高, 可培养细菌数量在2.97×10⁶~2.88×10⁷ CFU·g^-1, 与含水量、 总碳、 总氮显著正相关; Actinobacteria(51.4%)和γ-Proteobacteria(31.7%)为优势菌群, α-protebacteria仅在沼泽草甸中有分布, β-protebacteria、 Bacterioidetes丰度与含水量、 总碳、 总氮间显著正相关; 自沼泽到荒漠, 菌群代谢活性和Shannon功能多样性指数降低, pH与Shannon指数显著负相关, 继氨基酸类碳源之后, 多聚物逐渐成为被细菌群落主要利用的碳源种类. 研究表明, 伴随冻土退化地上植被逆向演替的过程, 青藏高原多年冻土地下土壤微生物群落丰度、 遗传和代谢功能多样性均发生了不同程度的响应.     

Regional lithofacies and pedofacies variations along a north to south climatic gradient during the Last Glacial period in the central Loess Plateau,China

Five lateral sand–loess–palaeosol continua occur within the last glacial sediments of the central Loess Plateau of China along a 500 km north to south climatic gradient. The continua shift southward or northward in concert with desert expansion or contraction, respectively. Lateral lithofacies (desert sand to loess) variations are evident at the north end of the gradient and follow Walther's Law of the correlation of facies. Lateral pedofacies (loess to palaeosol) variations are present near the south end of the gradient, where the climate was warmer and wetter. The lateral stratigraphic changes from sand to loess or loess to soil are driven by variations in the rate of sedimentation along a climatic gradient.Vertical stratigraphic profiles at the north end of the gradient reveal alternating sand and loess beds. In contrast, alternating loess and palaeosols occur within the same stratigraphic interval in the southern Loess Plateau, where dust accretion rates were lower. However, in high resolution studies of climate change vertical profiles of alternating loess and palaeosols (especially weak palaeosols) may not reflect regional or global climate change. Alternating loess and weak palaeosols may reflect local variations in the balance between the rates of dust accretion and pedogenesis. Local fluctuations in either of these rates could result in the presence of time equivalent loess and palaeosols at high resolutions. Thus, some of the high resolution loess-palaeosol alternations may reflect local climatic variation rather than global or hemispherical climate change.     

鄂尔多斯高原湖泊蒸发原位试验研究

鄂尔多斯高原分布有大量湖泊,湖泊蒸发作为地表水的主要排泄方式,是准确评价水资源的关键均衡项之一。研究湖泊蒸发对于认识区域水循环、水资源评价和湖泊生态环境保护等方面有着重要的现实意义和科学价值。然而该地区对于湖泊蒸发的实测资料有限,大多通过折算法和公式法计算。本次研究在鄂尔多斯高原典型湖泊——木凯淖开展原位试验,通过安置在湖泊中心的蒸发器实测水面蒸发,分析蒸发与气象因素之间的相关性,并将原位湖水蒸发和湖边陆面蒸发皿蒸发以及Penman公式理论值进行对比。研究表明,湖水蒸发受湿度和气温两种因素影响较大;湖泊水面蒸发与湖边陆面小蒸发皿的折算系数约为0.85,较前人研究偏大;湖水蒸发受湖水盐度影响很小,可以忽略;与Penman公式计算结果相比,相关性分析结果较高,在缺乏实测资料时,可通过Penman公式估算湖水蒸发。     

Normal Alkane Distributions in Soil Samples along a Lhasa-Bharatpur Transect

We present n-alkane distributions in the soil samples along a transect from Lhasa on the Tibetan Plateau to Bharatpur in Nepal, which covers a large geographical area and a wide range of climatic conditions. These data allow us to assess the significance of n-alkane distributions in different vegetation types and their relationships to temperature and precipitation. In the tropical rainforest and broadleaved forest zones, n-alkanes exhibit a bimodal distribution pattern with dominant homologues around n-C_(31) and n-C_(23). The bimodal distribution of tropical rainforest n-alkanes may be a general pattern because of the presence of many lianas, epiphytic plants, algae and the strong microbial activity and degradation involved in the postdepositional process. In the warm-temperate mixed forest and needle-leaved forest zones, the long-chain alkanes have a pattern of n-C_(31) n-C_(33) n-C_(27). In the alpine shrub and grassland zone, although the most abundant homologue is n-C_(31) , relatively high n-C_(23) concentrations have also been observed in some samples. The statistical results show a good correlation between n-alkane proxies and climatic factors. The average chain length(ACL) values are positively correlated with precipitation and temperature across the transect. The carbon preference index(CPI) values show a negative correlation with temperature and precipitation along a Lhasa–Bharatpur transect. Although there is a positive relationship between ACL and temperature, it is difficult to separate the two climatic variables(temperature and precipitation) because they are well coupled in the monsoon region.