The best fitting distribution of annual maximum rainfall in Peninsular Malaysia based on methods of L-moment and LQ-moment

This paper discusses patterns of annual and monthly precipitation variability at seven weather stations in east central Europe (1851–2007). Precipitation patterns were compared to three simple regional indices of atmospheric circulation, i.e., western circulation, southern circulation and the cyclonicity (C) index and a relationship between precipitation and the North Atlantic Oscillation index was identified. Correlations of the monthly records and multiple regression, using a principal components’ analysis, helped determine the statistical significance of the dependence of precipitation on the circulation indices. The Mann–Kendall test revealed no trend to change in any of the precipitation series, but a certain spatial regularity could be discerned in the phase of the annual periodic component. A common feature of the variability in central European annual precipitation is the dry period identified in the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. In the northern part of the region, above-average precipitation was noted from the 1960s through to the mid-1970s as a result of the frequent prevalence of depressions. South of the divide, the wettest period was recorded at the turn of 1930s/1940s. After a number of very wet years in the last decade of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century, precipitation began to fall at all of the region’s weather stations. The C index is the strongest circulation-linked factor influencing precipitation in central Europe and it accounts for more than 40% of the variance in spatially averaged wintertime precipitation.     

辽宁地区夏季高温极值预测模型

利用1957-2006年辽宁地区夏季23站极端最高气温资料和国家气候中心气候监测室的74项环流特征量资料,应用EOF方法对高温极值样本进行分解,研究辽宁极端高温的时空分布规律。结果表明：第一特征向量表现为区域整体一致的特征,中心区位于辽西北、辽北,第二、三特征向量空间分布表现为东西部反位相和南北反位相的特征。普查了前3个时间系数与前期环流指数的相关关系,认为前3个时间系数的显著影响因子是不同的。采用CSC准则确定最优预测因子,分别建立各时间系数的回归统计模型,并对高温极值历史拟合序列进行回报检验和预测检验。回报结果表明,各站的历史拟合率都保持在一定水平,但拟合率在辽西地区较差。各年的历史拟合率极不均衡,多数年份较为稳定,但个别年份拟合率较低。未来3 a试验性预测效果逐年下降,模型对未来1 a预测能力较好,可以作为业务预测的参考。     

Predicting Patterns of Near-Surface Air Temperature Using Empirical Data

The signal of recent global warming has been detected in meteorological records, borehole temperatures and by several indirect climate indicators. Anthropogenic warming continues to evolve, and various methods are used to study and predict the changes of the global and regional climate. Results derived from GCMs, palaeoclimate reconstructions, and regional climate models differ in detail. An empirical model could be used to predict the spatial pattern of the near-surface air temperature and to narrow the range of regional uncertainties. The idea behind this approach is to study the correlations between regional and global temperature using century-scale meteorological records, and to evaluate the regional pattern of the future climate using regression analysis and the global-mean air temperature as a predictor. This empirical model, however, is only applicable to those parts of the world where regional near-surface air temperature reacts linearly to changes of the global thermal regime. This method and data from a set of approximately 2000 weather stations with continuous century-scale records of the monthly air temperature was applied to develop the empirical map of the regional climate sensitivity. Data analysis indicated that an empirical model could be applied to several large regions of the World, where correlations between local and global air temperature are statistically significant. These regions are the western United States, southern Canada, Alaska, Siberia, south-eastern Asia, southern Africa and Australia, where the correlation coefficient is typically above 0.9. The map of regional climate sensitivity has been constructed using calculated coefficients of linear regression between the global-mean and regional annual air temperature. As long as the correlations between the local and global air temperature are close to those in the last several decades, this map provides an effective tool to scale down the projection of the global air temperature to regional level. According to the results of this study, maximum warming at the beginning of the 21st century will take place in the continental parts of North America and Eurasia. The empirical regional climate sensitivity defined here as the response of the mean-annual regional temperature to 1 °C global warming was found to be 5–6 °C in southern Alaska, central Canada, and over the continental Siberia, 3–4 °C on the North Slope of Alaska and western coast of the U.S.A., and 1–2 °C in most of the central and eastern U.S.A. and eastern Canada. Regions with negative sensitivity are located in the southeastern U.S.A., north-western Europe and Scandinavia. The local tendency towards cooling, although statistically confirmed by modern data, could, however, change in the near future.     

春末环贝加尔湖地区环流的年际和年代际变化及与中国温度和降水的关系

本文利用1951~2011年的再分析资料及观测资料,探讨了春末环贝加尔湖地区环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与中国温度、降水的关系,主要结论如下:(1)春末贝加尔湖脊(简称贝脊)在1951~1979年间较弱,但在1980~1999年期间显著增强。进入21世纪后,春末贝脊呈显著减弱的趋势;(2)强(弱)贝脊使我国北方地区的温度显著升高(降低),使西南地区的温度降低(升高)。贝脊的强弱变化,对北方地区温度的影响在1951~1979年期间最为显著,对西南地区温度的影响在1980~2011年期间显著。在1951~1999年期间,贝脊的强弱变化与长江下游的降水量存在明显的反位相变化关系。进入21世纪后,贝脊的强弱变化与西南地区降水量之间存在较为显著的正相关关系(99%置信度);(3)强贝脊与由北大西洋/欧洲上空向东传播的定常行星波密切相关,而弱贝脊主要与欧亚大陆次极区纬向伸展的行星尺度脊相联系。在不同的年代际时段,与贝脊强弱变化相联系的北半球异常环流特征也存在一定的差异;(4)5月份的强贝脊环流以前期的北大西洋涛动、东大西洋型以及弱东亚大槽环流为前兆信号。同年3月乌拉尔山气旋式异常环流为5月份贝脊弱的前兆信号。     

Large-scale atmospheric circulation forms and their impact on air temperature in Europe and northern Asia

Air temperature variations in Europe and northern Asia are strongly affected by atmospheric circulation. A large-scale study of temperature signals is presented, using a newly available global gridded daily temperature dataset. Major types of European Grosswetterlagen (large-scale weather patterns) and the Russian Vangengeim–Girs classification are compared in their spatial applicability to air temperatures within the past 110 years (1901–2010). The consistency of spatial patterns in the three most recent decades (1981–2010) is investigated, and temperature changes are interpreted against the backdrop of changes in character and frequency of circulation patterns. Both classifications largely explain the observed temperature variability. Spatial patterns are large-scale and strong in both regions, especially in winter. Both spatial extent and signal magnitude show a distinct seasonality with maximum values in winter and minimum ones in summer. Spatial patterns show little changes in Europe; yet the ability to explain temperature variability in northern Asia decreased within 1981–2010. European winter warming corresponds to increased maritime and to decreased continental air mass inflow, superimposed on the general warming trend. Northern Asian winter warming is partly explainable by circulation changes in January and February, but to a lesser extend in December. These results may be used to advance input variables of global climate models and to improve their performance in the European–Northern Asian area.     

晋北地区霜冻发生的气候特征分析

本文采用晋北12个气象站1970年-2008年逐日最低气温资料,统计分析了晋北地区霜冻发生的气候特征.得出以下主要结论：a）晋北霜冻的发生与海拔高度密切相关,海拔越高初霜冻日到来越早、终霜冻日结束越晚;海拔高度对霜冻终日的影响大于对初日的影响.b）在晋北大部分区域,初霜冻日呈现推后、终霜冻日呈现提前的趋势,但年际间变化大,前后两年相差可达30 d以上.c）晋北地区初霜冻日的推后主要是从21世纪开始的终霜冻日的年代际变化不完全同步,大多数气象站以20世纪90年代为转折点,70年代和80年代相对偏晚、之后相对偏早.d）晋北地区霜冻日的变化趋势使该地区春玉米幼苗、成熟后期遭受霜冻危害的可能性大大降低,为当地春玉米提供了有利的生长条件.     

European Surface Pressure Patterns for Months with Outstanding Climatic Anomalies During the Sixteenth Century

Monthly mean surface pressure patterns in the European area are reconstructed for those winter and summer seasons of the 16th century with outstanding climatic anomalies being either widespread over Europe or remarkably intensive in some European regions. From the available documentary information about weather characteristics and their sequences, it proved possible to infer prevalent processes of lower tropospheric advection of typical air masses and to assess the position and strength of major surface pressure centres on a monthly scale. For comparison with modern pressure patterns, monthly mean sea level pressure (SLP) grids from the 20th century have been selected for seasons with similar climatic anomalies. There are broad coincidences between these pressure patterns of the 16th and the 20th centuries except for cold summer seasons. Finally, results from the 16th century are discussed in terms of circulation dynamics (different phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) in winter, decreasing frequency of anticyclonic ridging in summer).     

中国不同区域气候条件对冬季雾日形成的差异性分析

雾是一种严重的天气灾害,极大地影响了交通和日常生活,并可能带来巨大的经济损失。利用1958～2007年678个中国地面观测站点的雾日数资料,采用相关系数分析、合成分析等方法分析了冬季雾日数的时空特征,发现冬季多雾地区和年际变率较强地区集中在西南、华北和华南等地区。根据冬季雾日分布特征,将中国划分为3个较为独立的雾区,从水汽条件、大气稳定度及大气环流背景等方面讨论了区域气候条件差异对局地雾形成机制的影响,发现不同区域冬季雾日产生的气候条件有着明显的差异性。结论如下:西南区冬季雾的形成受水汽输送影响较小,受大气稳定度影响较大,且巴尔喀什湖东侧高压脊加强,冷空气南下,西南较易发生雾;华北冬季雾日的形成受水汽输送影响较大,伴随长江中下游水汽异常推进偏北,水汽异常大值中心偏北,且西伯利亚高压、东亚大槽以及东北低压减弱,冷空气活动较弱,华北较易发生雾。华南冬季雾日的形成受水汽输送影响较大,伴随长江中下游水汽异常推进偏弱,水汽异常大值中心偏南,且东亚大槽减弱,华南较易发生雾。     

重庆春季连阴雨的气候特征和气候信号分析

利用1961—2012年3—5月NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、NOAA的海温、重庆34个站气象资料和74项环流特征指数,分析了重庆春季连阴雨的时空变化特征及其与同期的大气环流、西太平洋副热带高压（西太副高）、前期冬季的海温、OLR、大气环流以及西太副高之间的关系。结果表明：重庆春季连阴雨有发生频率高的特征,3月最容易发生影响范围广,持续时间长的连阴雨,其次是5月。连阴雨明显的时段重庆受影响的范围广,持续时间较长,气温偏低。东北部和西部地区出现频次较低,东南部较高。连阴雨分布主要为全市一致型和东西相反型。春季巴伦支海地区和青藏高原的500 hPa高度场偏低,贝加尔湖以东地区偏高,欧亚中高纬环流形势有利于冷空气南下和西太副高的减弱东退是重庆的连阴雨发生的主要因素。冬季拉尼娜事件的发生、赤道150°E地区的对流加强和鄂霍次克海地区中高层大气高压脊的建立都有利于来年春季重庆连阴雨的发生。     

青藏高原气温变化及其异常类型的研究

利用青藏高原81个气象台站近30年年平均气温、午平均最高、最低气温资料,采用EOF、REOF、气候线性趋势分析以及累积距平法等方法对青藏高原气温的时空分布特征及其异常类型进行了分析。结果表明：青藏高原年平均气温、年平均最高、最低气温空间变化在具有很好的主体一致性的同时,存在着南北及东西分布的差异,大地形特别是高原主要山脉走向对气温的空间分布具有十分明显的影响;其年际波动呈现出明显的上升趋势,并在20世纪80年代中后期发生过突变;其空间异常类型主要受地形和冷空气活动的影响较为显著。     

黑龙江省沙尘天气发生的气候背景和预报方法

对2000～2003年黑龙江省较典型的7次沙尘天气过程进行气候条件和地面天气形势分析,并对沙尘天气影响下哈尔滨地区的空气污染状况特别是颗粒物污染进行了分析。结果表明：持续少雨、高温、春季大风是发生沙尘天气的气候条件;沙尘天气发生时,中等以上污染的地面天气形势有高低压同时发展、强低压发展、春季其它类型鞍形场均值区和弱低压内3种类型;在沙尘天气影响下,哈尔滨地区的颗粒污染物浓度迅速上升,形成中、重度污染。建立了未来24h发生沙尘天气的高空及地面预报模型。     

北疆冬季持续性低温事件特征及大气环流异常分析

利用新疆天山山区及其以北地区（北疆）45个气象站1961-2010年冬季逐日最低气温资料,提出了45站低温日标准和区域性持续性低温事件的定义,并分析了持续性低温事件的时空分布和变化特征,研究了低温事件的年代际变化环流差异特征、大尺度环流背景、冷空气影响路径及强度特征。结果表明：(1) 低温日阈值呈东北向西南升高的分布趋势,低温日阈值最小值分布于准噶尔盆地和新疆北部阿勒泰地区,阈值为-34～-30℃,而西部伊犁地区和天山山区低温日阈值为-24～-20℃;(2) 1961-2010年出现35次大范围持续性低温事件,1月和2月发生频次均为0.29次/年,12月为0.14次/年;低温事件持续时间为5~25 d,其中超过10 d有16次,5~9 d有19次。持续性低温事件发生频率呈年际和年代际显著减少趋势,但强度无显著变化趋势;(3) 北半球大范围环流异常造成新疆持续低温事件,以经向环流异常为主,根据冷空气影响路径可分为4类：西西伯利亚横槽、中西伯利亚低槽东灌、北风带和西北风带、北脊南槽（涡）,这4类冷空气影响路径表现为500 hPa冷空气从极地或西伯利亚以超极地、西北和偏东路径进入新疆后,-32℃冷空气南压位于北疆地区,海平面气压场同时表现为蒙古高压盘踞欧亚大陆,高压中心达1045 hPa以上且位于阿勒泰山地区,1035 hPa冷高压控制北疆地区,这种环流配置造成新疆持续性低温事件。     

我国前冬和后冬的划分及其气温的年际变异

基于我国762站均一化逐日平均和逐日最低气温数据集，对我国年最低气温的概率密度分布的分析表明，我国年最低气温的概率密度呈现清晰的双峰分布特征。进一步考察其原因发现东亚冬季风盛行期间我国年最低气温的分布具有显著的地域性差异，以冬季气候态气温的0℃为界大致可以分为两种气候区。综合不同气候区内年最低气温所在日期的概率密度分布的结果，将11月16日至次年1月15日划分为前冬，次年1月16日至3月15日划分为后冬。在此基础上，通过依赖于季节的经验正交函数分解方法分析了近56年我国前冬和后冬气温在年际变异上的特征，并进一步利用NCEP/NCAR全球日平均再分析资料通过合成分析的方法研究了其对应的大气定常波和瞬变波特征。结果表明:年际变化时间尺度上，我国前冬和后冬气温演变仍表现为前、后冬同相演变和反相演变这两个主要模态。同相演变模态环流异常的空间形态在前冬和后冬较为一致，并随着前冬向后冬的推移其环流异常的强度在不断加强；反相演变模态则对应了环流异常在前冬和后冬的相反变化，且其环流异常的空间形态在前冬和后冬有较大不同。对大气波动特征的分析表明，瞬变波的动力和热力的强迫作用以及定常波能量向下游的频散对北大西洋至欧亚大陆上定常波列的维持和发展具有重要作用。同相演变模态中，北大西洋上的波列将能量从北美向欧洲地区传播，加强了后冬欧洲地区的高压异常，该中心在后冬向下游的能量频散显著增强，形成了一个自欧洲经喀拉海以东至贝加尔湖附近的定常波列，大气瞬变波所引起的动力和热力强迫对该波列位于欧洲和贝加尔湖地区的大气活动中心的维持和发展具有正的贡献。反相演变模态中前冬的波动特征与同相演变模态后冬基本一致，而后冬则表现为从北大西洋中部向格陵兰岛传播，并进一步向东经乌拉尔山附近传向青藏高原北部的波列，风暴轴移动所引起的大气瞬变波的动力和热力强迫对该波列位于北大西洋地区南侧的中心有维持作用。     

DECADAL VARIATIONS IN CLIMATE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION

Large changes in the wintertime atmospheric circulation have occurred over the past two decades over the ocean basins of the Northern Hemisphere, and these changes have had a profound effect on regional distributions of surface temperature and precipitation. The changes over the North Pacific have been well documented and have contributed to increases in temperatures across Alaska and much of western North America and to decreases in sea surface temperatures over the central North Pacific. The variations over the North Atlantic are related to changes in the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Over the past 130 years, the NAO has exhibited considerable variability at quasi-biennial and quasi-decadal time scales, and the latter have become especially pronounced the second half of this century. Since 1980, the NAO has tended to remain in one extreme phase and has accounted for a substantial part of the observed wintertime surface warming over Europe and downstream over Eurasia and cooling in the northwest Atlantic. Anomalies in precipitation, including dry wintertime conditions over southern Europe and the Mediterranean and wetter-than-normal conditions over northern Europe and Scandinavia since 1980, are also linked to the behavior of the NAO. Changes in the monthly mean flow over the Atlantic are accompanied by a northward shift in the storm tracks and associated synoptic eddy activity, and these changes help to reinforce and maintain the anomalous mean circulation in the upper troposphere. It is important that studies of trends in local climate records, such as those from high elevation sites, recognize the presence of strong regional patterns of change associated with phenomena like the NAO.     

Regional climate model projections for the State of Washington

Global climate models do not have sufficient spatial resolution to represent the atmospheric and land surface processes that determine the unique regional climate of the State of Washington. Regional climate models explicitly simulate the interactions between the large-scale weather patterns simulated by a global model and the local terrain. We have performed two 100-year regional climate simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). One simulation is forced by the NCAR Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) and the second is forced by a simulation of the Max Plank Institute, Hamburg, global model (ECHAM5). The mesoscale simulations produce regional changes in snow cover, cloudiness, and circulation patterns associated with interactions between the large-scale climate change and the regional topography and land-water contrasts. These changes substantially alter the temperature and precipitation trends over the region relative to the global model result or statistical downscaling. To illustrate this effect, we analyze the changes from the current climate (1970–1999) to the mid twenty-first century (2030–2059). Changes in seasonal-mean temperature, precipitation, and snowpack are presented. Several climatological indices of extreme daily weather are also presented: precipitation intensity, fraction of precipitation occurring in extreme daily events, heat wave frequency, growing season length, and frequency of warm nights. Despite somewhat different changes in seasonal precipitation and temperature from the two regional simulations, consistent results for changes in snowpack and extreme precipitation are found in both simulations.     

1—3月欧亚大陆热力变化及其与中国降水的关系

利用1979—2011年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、我国160个站降水和气温资料,分析欧亚大陆热力变化特征,其在冬季和春季的气候变率最明显,且南北区域呈反相差异。在此基础上, 探讨1—3月欧亚大陆热力差异与中国降水异常的关系,欧亚大陆正 (负) 热力差异年,1—3月华南、西南至河套西部地区降水偏多 (少) 明显,后期夏季多雨带位于长江中下游地区 (华南地区)。大气环流异常特征显示:1—3月欧亚大陆南北热力差异与同期北极涛动 (AO)、东亚大槽、东亚高空急流等大尺度大气环流,以及后期东亚高空急流、南亚高压、低层季风风系异常的密切相关是欧亚大陆热力变化与中国降水联系的可能途径。     

Winter Temperature Variability During Warming and Cooling Periods in the Conterminous United States, 1947–1992

Summary  Much literature has reported on the concept of increased surface temperature variability during cool periods, although analyses on temperature records have rendered inconsistent results. In addition, temperature variability during transition periods has been rarely investigated. This study examines temperature variability during wintertime cooling (1947–1977) and warming (1978–1992) periods for the conterminous United States to determine both whether temperature variability is different during warming or cooling periods, and whether the change in variability is supported by midtropospheric circulation conditions. Our results indicate that regions with high temperature variability are mostly found below the troughs in the midtropospheric pressure fields. The direction of change in temperature variability corresponding to cooling or warming conditions, however, varied spatially. For the southeastern and northeastern United States, winter temperatures were more variable during the cooling period than during the warming period, while the northern and central Great Plains had greater temperature variability during the warming period than the cooling period. Similar spatial patterns are also found for the changes in the variability of geopotential height fields. Such spatial patterns in the temperature and height variability during warming and cooling periods may be related to the dominant midtropospheric circulation patterns, such as the different phases of the Pacific-North American teleconnection pattern, and the El Ni?o/Southern Oscillation events. It is concluded that the response of interannual temperature variability to climatic changes is determined by the variation in circulation patterns, and therefore, not spatially uniform. Received September 26, 1996 Revised April 2, 1998     

Future heat vulnerability in California, Part I: projecting future weather types and heat events

Excessive heat significantly impacts the health of Californians during irregular but intense heat events. Through the 21st century, a significant increase in impact is likely, as the state experiences a changing climate as well as an aging population. To assess this impact, future heat-related mortality estimates were derived for nine metropolitan areas in the state for the remainder of the century. Here in Part I, changes in oppressive weather days and consecutive-day events are projected for future years by a synoptic climatological method. First, historical surface weather types are related to circulation patterns at 500mb and 700mb, and temperature patterns at 850mb. GCM output is then utilized to classify future circulation patterns via discriminant function analysis, and multinomial logistic regression is used to derive future surface weather type at each of six stations in California. Five different climate model-scenarios are examined. Results show a significant increase in heat events over the 21st century, with oppressive weather types potentially more than doubling in frequency, and with heat events of 2?weeks or longer becoming up to ten times more common at coastal locations.     

Long-Term Fluctuations in Thunderstorm Activity in the United States

Thunder-day occurrences during a 100-year period based on data from carefully screened records of 86 first-order stations distributed across the United States were assessed for temporal fluctuations and trends during 1896–1995. Short-term (<10-year) fluctuations of adjacentstations were often dissimilar reflecting localized differences in storm activity in a few years, making spatial interpretations difficult. But, temporal fluctuations based on 20-year and longer periods exhibited regional coherence reflecting the control of large, synoptic-scale weather systems on the distribution of thunderstorms over broad areas. Classification of station fluctuations based on 20-year periods revealed six types of distributions existed and they formed 12 discrete areas across the nation. One type present in the lower Midwest and the South had a peak in storm activity in 1916–1935 followed by a general decline to 1976–1995.A second type maximizing at the same time had its minimum earlier, in 1956–1975. Another distribution found at stations in the upper Midwest and Northeast had a mid-century peak (1936–1955) with a recent minimum in1976–1995. A fourth distribution also peaked in 1936–1955 but had an early minimumin 1896–1915, and it mainly occurred in the northern plains and Rocky Mountains. A fifth distribution peaked during 1956–1975 and was foundat stations in four areas including the central High Plains, Southwest, northern Great Lakes, and Southeast. The sixth temporal distribution showed a steady increase in storm activity during the 100-year period, peaking in 1976–1995, and covered a large area extending from the Pacific Northwestacross the central Rockies and into the southern High Plains. The national average distribution based on all station values peaked in mid century. The national distribution differs markedly from several regional distributions illustrating the importance of using regional analysis to assess temporal fluctuations in severe weather conditions in the nation. The 100-year linear trends of the 86 stations defined six regions across the U.S. Significant upward trends existed over most of the western two-thirds of the nation, unchanging trends existed in the northern plains and Midwest, and downward trends were found in most of the nation's east. The up trends in storm-day frequencies in the southern plains occurred where storm damage is greatest and where demographic changes have added to storm losses over time. The national patterns of trends and storm distributions were similar to those found for hail. The temporal distributions of storm activity helped explain recent increases in major storms and their losses, conditions which have increased in the west and south.     

湖南春播育秧期不同低温阴雨分布型的环流特征

利用1961—2013年湖南80个台站的逐日降水、平均气温、日照资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料、海温资料,分析了近53年湖南省播种育秧期低温阴雨日数的主要分布类型与同期大气环流背景场及前冬海温分布特征。结果表明:(1)湖南省低温阴雨日数空间分布主要类型为全省一致型和南北相异型。(2)当欧亚大陆中高纬度受东亚大槽的影响,加上低层冷暖空气汇合和较好的湿度条件,有利于发生偏多型低温阴雨;相反,当欧亚大陆中高纬度受高压控制,加上低层中东部整体受异常北风和负相对湿度的影响,则易发生偏少型低温阴雨。当湖南北部受低槽的影响,且为相对湿度大值区时,易发生北多南少型低温阴雨;而当湖南南部受低槽和地形影响出现南岭静止锋,南部为相对湿度大值区时,则易发生北少南多型低温阴雨。(3)低温阴雨偏多(少)年前冬赤道中东太平洋以及阿拉斯加湾海温偏暖(冷),西北太平洋和北美洲以东的北大西洋海温偏冷(暖)。北多(少)南少(多)型前冬赤道中东太平洋以及阿拉斯加湾海温偏暖(冷),北美洲以东的北大西洋海温异常偏暖(冷)。