高光谱标志性蚀变矿物组合在找矿预测中的应用研究——以东昆仑东—西大滩一带金矿床为例

青海东昆仑是中国重要的、极富潜力的多金属成矿带,发育有完整的造山型金矿成矿系列。笔者通过东昆仑成矿带东—西大滩研究区成矿地质条件分析,认为该区存在较好的造山型金矿成矿系列空间缺位。航空高光谱遥感异常提取表明,区内发育有菱铁矿、角闪石、绿泥石、绿帘石、白云石、方解石和长-中-短波云母等7类蚀变矿物,不同类型的蚀变矿物组合较好反映出区内构造带的展布。结合区内典型矿床地面ASD光谱测量,对不同地质单元、矿化带的光谱特征分析总结。提出该区金矿床标志性蚀变矿物组合为菱铁矿+中波绢云母+白云石,地表找矿标志为黄钾铁矾+褐铁矿化发育的脆-韧性剪切带。结合矿化蚀变带的矿物成分X衍射分析,认为金矿化受近东西向脆-韧性断层控制。进而,通过标志性蚀变矿物组合找矿预测技术对区内高光谱异常进行筛选及查证。指出在西大滩、五十八大沟一带具有剪切带型金矿床良好找矿潜力,并构建该区基于高光谱信息的金矿床找矿模型。     

滇西北衙金矿方解石的碳氧同位素特征及其成因

北衙金矿床是金沙江-哀牢山富碱侵入岩带上迄今发现的与富碱侵入岩有关的最重要的金矿床.方解石是北衙金矿体中的主要脉石矿物,其形成与金矿化关系密切.本文在划分方解石期次基础上,定量模拟了北衙金矿方解石的碳、氧同位素成因模式.该模式暗示:北衙金矿方解石为碳酸盐蚀变(重结晶)成因,与Ⅱ期方解石形成有关的主成矿期流体的C、O同位素组成分别为δ13C=-5.5‰,δ18 O=10.5‰,具典型的岩浆流体特征;而与Ⅲ期方解石形成有关的晚期流体的C、O同位素组成相对较低,分别为δ13C=-12‰,δ18 O=7‰,说明部分地加入了大气降水.     

冀北东坪金矿床地质特征

冀北东坪金矿是赋存于水泉沟偏碱性杂岩体内的新类型金矿床，金矿化与硅化和肉红色钾长石化密切相关；矿物组合以自然－金碲化物－多金属硫化物－氧化物为主，并含有较多的次生自然金；矿脉受ＮＮＥ和ＮＷ向２组断裂构造控制。成矿物质来源于太古宇崇礼群变质岩和偏碱性杂岩体，成矿温度２７８～３８５℃，成矿时代为燕山期。矿床类型为重熔交代中高温石英脉蚀变岩型金矿床。     

鄂东北白云金矿床地质特征及成因初探

论述了白云金矿床的地矿地质特征。从区域成矿地质背景，矿床地质，矿石物质组分及金的赋存状态，围岩蚀变，矿物流体包裹体，稳定同位素等阐明金矿床的地质和地球化学特征。认为该金矿是与碱性成矿流体有关的岩浆热液型金矿。     

蚀变围岩指示元素铝钾锡 在党河南山金区域成矿预测中的作用

偏碱性花岗岩及与金的成矿活动有关的硅化、粘土化蚀变是黑刺沟金矿田规模金矿床存在的地质前提。铝、钾、锡应是黑刺沟金矿田的蚀变围岩指示元素,其更客观地反映了区域内的金的主要成矿远景区;但该元素组合仅适用于干旱荒漠区及部分以机械风化、搬运作用为主的高寒山区等水系沉积物采样粒度较粗的地区。     

桂东龙水金矿床地质特征及成因

龙水金矿是赋存于大宁花岗闪长岩体外接触带的破碎蚀变岩型金矿。从矿床地质、矿石物质成分及金的赋存状态、围岩蚀变、矿物流体包裹体、稳定同位素等不同方面阐明金矿床的地球化学特征,认为龙水金矿的形成是在变质热液成矿的基础上叠加后期岩浆热液成矿作用的复合成因金矿床。矿区外围还具有找矿远景。     

甘肃省岷县簸箕沟金矿地质特征及成因

甘肃省岷县簸箕沟金矿位于西秦岭卡林型-类卡林型金矿省的西北部,西临鹿儿坝大型金矿.赋矿围岩为中三叠统古浪堤组,矿体定位受近东西向压性断裂构造控制.矿石矿物组合为磁铁矿-黄铁矿-毒砂-辉锑矿-方铅矿,成矿元素组合为As-Sb-Hg-Au(Ag),成矿温度介于181℃～300℃,是浅成中-低温热液作用下形成的微细粒浸染型金矿床.作者总结的直接找矿标志有金地球化学异常、围岩蚀变、压扭性构造等,这些标志在区域上具有指导意义.     

小秦岭镰子沟金矿床地质特征、黄铁矿原位硫同位素组成及成因意义

镰子沟金矿床位于华北陆块南缘小秦岭金矿矿集区西部,矿体赋存于太华群上部岩层内,受断裂构造和石英脉控制,带状钾长石化是矿床典型的围岩蚀变,矿物组合为石英-黄铁矿-方铅矿-黄铜矿±重晶石±磁铁矿。为了探讨成矿物质来源及矿床成因,采用LA-MC-ICP-MS技术对镰子沟金矿床黄铁矿进行原位微区硫同位素分析,获得单颗粒黄铁矿的硫同位素变化范围为-15.27‰~-11.98‰,平均-13.35‰,小于共生重晶石硫同位素值9.8‰~12.4‰。根据硫化物与共生硫酸盐矿物,估算成矿热源总硫值为-3.6‰,与新太古界太华群和燕山期华山花岗岩均不同。综合矿化蚀变、地球化学及同位素组成,认为太华群对金矿床成矿物质来源的影响较华山花岗岩明显,但非主要来源,金矿床成矿与深部流体或隐伏岩体有关,矿床受深部流体和构造控制,深部仍有寻找构造蚀变型或微细浸染型金矿体的潜力,但规模有限。     

金矿床的矿物蚀变与矿物标型及其找矿意义

绝大多数金矿床的形成或多或少都与热液活动有关。成矿过程中伴随流体的运移和演化,流体与围岩会不断发生水-岩反应并导致金物质在适合的构造空间堆积成矿,同时在流体途经区留下蚀变产物。这一过程中形成的蚀变矿物特征和矿物组合能够指示成矿过程的物理化学条件的变化,是找矿的重要信息。这一能够标识成矿过程的矿物学特征统称为矿物标型特征。基于与金矿矿化关系密切的常见矿物蚀变现象及其时空分布规律,并以矿物标型特征参数(如载金矿物黄铁矿热电性特征、蚀变矿物短波红外光谱特征和蚀变岩磁化率特征等)为基础,通过蚀变矿物分带和矿物学填图,可以建立成矿模式和找矿模型,进而指导找矿勘查。本文通过对多个矿床实例的总结分析,认为以矿物标型特征为主要参数的矿物学填图是有效缩小找矿靶区或进行深部预测的找矿方法之一。     

湘中杏枫山金矿床流体包裹体特征及其对矿床成因的指示

杏枫山金矿是湘中盆地典型的石英脉型金矿床,矿床位于白马山复式岩体的外接触带,主要赋存于新元古界板岩—千枚岩中。为了查明杏枫山金矿床的成矿流体特征,并揭示其矿床成因,本文在对该金矿的矿床地质特征、矿物共生关系进行了野外调查和室内镜下研究的基础上,利用岩相学、显微测温以及激光拉曼显微探针分析等技术手段,对该金矿的不同期次石英中的包裹体开展了系统研究。研究结果表明：成矿期石英脉呈席状产出,其流体包裹体以富液相为主,含少数富气相包裹体和CO2包裹体,流体包裹体的均一温度在220~420℃范围内,盐度为0. 35%~11. 94% NaCleqv;成矿后石英中流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度均明显小于成矿期。该金矿床的成矿流体属中高温、贫CO2的还原性H2O—NaCl(±KCl)—CO2—CH4—N2体系,减压沸腾作用造成成矿流体的氧逸度、pH值改变,是导致该区金矿石沉淀的主要原因。湘中杏枫山金矿的成矿温度高,成矿压力较小,成矿流体及地质特征均明显有别于国内外典型的造山型金矿床。结合其围岩蚀变类型和矿物共生组合等特征,可推断杏枫山金矿床属于与侵入岩有关的金矿体系(IRGS)。     

中国铍矿成矿规律

中国是世界铍资源大国,本次工作统计到中国铍资源产地241处。铍矿床可分为内生型和外生型。根据岩浆系统的碱铝属性,内生铍矿床可分属于过铝性、偏铝性、过碱性成矿系统;根据流体演化阶段,再分为岩浆型、伟晶岩型、岩浆热液型等3个类型;然后根据赋矿环境进一步分为伟晶岩型、花岗岩型、石英脉型、矽卡岩型、云英岩型等多个矿化形式。过铝性系统的矿石矿物主要为绿柱石;偏铝性系统的矿石矿物主要为硅铍石、羟硅铍石、日光榴石等;碱性系统的矿石矿物主要为硅铍钠石、斜方板晶石、硅钡铍矿、硅铍石、羟硅铍石、硅铍钇矿等。不同赋矿环境产生不同类型的铍矿床,对应不同的矿物组合、矿化分带、矿石结构。统计结果表明,中国铍矿床主要产于过铝性的成矿系统,偏铝性、碱性成矿系统的铍矿床较少。多数铍矿床形成于中生代,主要产于新疆阿尔泰、川西、南岭等成矿带。碱性成矿系统的铍矿床多分布在板块边缘的深断裂或裂谷,过铝性成矿系统的铍矿床主要形成于褶皱造山带,具有一定的定向分布特征。过铝性-偏铝性成矿系统的铍成矿作用可用表示不同岩浆演化阶段和成矿环境的成矿模型描述。笔者建议:在阿尔泰和川西成矿带,重点考虑花岗伟晶岩型锂铍铌钽资源的综合找矿工作;在华南地区,注意与钨锡共(伴)生的铍资源的综合利用;着重在地质找矿和科研工作程度较低的地区,包括在东南沿海、大兴安岭地区寻找火山岩型和岩浆热液型铍矿床;加大西部铍资源空白区的找矿工作。     

Application of Spectral Angle Mapper Classification to Discriminate Hydrothermal Alteration in Southwest Birjand,Iran, Using Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Image Processing

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Spectral Angle Mapper (SAM) classification method for determining the optimum threshold (maximum spectral angle) to unveil the hydrothermal mineral assemblages related to mineral deposits. The study area indicates good potential for Cu-Au porphyry, epithermal gold deposits and hydrothermal alteration well developed in arid and semiarid climates, which makes this region significant for Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) image processing analysis. Given that achieving an acceptable mineral mapping requires knowing the alteration patterns, petrochemistry and petrogenesis of the igneous rocks while considering the effect of weathering, overprinting of supergene alteration, overprinting of hypogene alteration and host rock spectral mixing, SAM classification was implemented for argillic, sericitic, propylitic, alunitization, silicification and iron oxide zones of six previously known mineral deposits: Maherabad, a Cu-Au porphyry system; Sheikhabad, an upper part of Cu-Au porphyry system; Khoonik, an Intrusion related Au system; Barmazid, a low sulfidation epithermal system; Khopik, a Cu-Au porphyry system; and Hanish, an epithermal Au system. Thus, the investigation showed that although the whole alteration zones are affected by mixing, it is also possible to produce a favorable hydrothermal mineral map by such complementary data as petrology, petrochemistry and alteration patterns.     

低温浅成热液金矿若干问题讨论

本文根据29th IGC所交流的金矿地质内容,讨论了关于低温浅成热液金矿的若干问题,包括本类矿床的研究范畴、成矿时代、类型划分、形成的构造环境和主要的标志。本类金矿床是指火山岩地区地热系统所形成的金矿床。其形成时代主要是中新生代,并可早推至晚古生代;除形成于岛弧和其后的张裂构造环境之外,还见于陆核和中间地块的中生代上叠火山盆地;按照成矿地球化学条件及矿物共生组合可以分出冰长石-绢云母型和酸性硫酸盐型两类,按着成矿方式可以分出热液充填型、热液交代型和热液沉积型;主要标志表现在地热系统、赋矿围岩系统、成矿动力系统和矿床组合、矿物组成及热液蚀变系统等。     

Newly Discovered Native Gold and Bismuth in the Cihai Iron-Cobalt Deposit, Eastern Tianshan, Northwest China

The Cihai iron-cobalt deposit is located in the southern part of the eastern Tianshan ironpolymetallic metallogenic belt. Anomalous native gold and bismuth have been newly identified in Cinan mining section of the Cihai deposit. Ore formation in the deposit can be divided into three stages based on geological and petrographical observations:(I) skarn, with the main mineral assemblage being garnet-pyroxene-magnetite;(II) retrograde alteration, forming the main iron ores and including massive magnetite, native gold, native bismuth, and cobalt-bearing minerals, with the main mineral assemblage being ilvaite-magnetite-native gold-native bismuth; and(III) quartz-calcitesulfide assemblage that contains quartz, calcite, pyrrhotite, cobaltite, and safflorite. Native gold mainly coexists with native bismuth, and they are paragenetically related. The temperature of initial skarn formation was higher than 340℃, and then subsequently decreased to ~312℃ and ~266℃. The temperature of the hydrothermal fluid during the iron ore depositional event was higher than the melting point of native bismuth(271℃), and native bismuth melt scavenged gold in the hydrothermal fluid, forming a Bi-Au melt. As the temperature decreased, the Bi-Au melt was decomposed into native gold and native bismuth. The native gold and native bismuth identified during this study can provide a scientific basis for prospecting and exploration for both gold- and bismuth-bearing deposits in the Cihai mining area. The gold mineralization in Cihai is a part of the Early Permian Cu-Ni-Au-Fe polymetallic ore-forming event, and its discovery has implications for the resource potential of other iron skarn deposits in the eastern Tianshan.     

Geological, geochemical characteristics and isotope systematics of the Longqiao iron deposit in the Lu-Zong volcano-sedimentary basin, Middle-Lower Yangtze (Changjiang) River Valley, Eastern China

The Middle-Lower Yangtze (Changjiang) River Valley metallogenic belt is located on the northern margin of the Yangtze Craton of eastern China. Most polymetallic deposits in the Changjiang metallogenic belt are clustered in seven districts where magmatism of Mesozoic age (Yanshanian tectono-thermal event) is particularly extensive. From west to east these districts are: E-dong, Jiu-Rui, Anqing-Guichi, Lu-Zong, Tong-Ling, Ning-Wu and Ning-Zhen. World-class iron ore deposits occur in the Lu-Zong and Ning-Wu ore clusters, which are mainly located in continental fault-bound volcanic-sedimentary basins. One of these deposits is the Longqiao iron deposit, discovered in the northern part of the Lu-Zong Basin in 1985. This deposit consists of a single stratabound and stratiform orebody, hosted in sedimentary carbonate rocks of the Triassic Dongma'anshan Formation. A syenite pluton (Longqiao intrusion) is situated below the deposit. The iron ore is massive and disseminated and the ore minerals are mainly magnetite and minor pyrite. Wall rock alteration mostly consists of skarn minerals, such as diopside, garnet, potassic feldspar, quartz, chlorite, phlogopite and anhydrite. Thin sedimentary siderite beds of Triassic age occur as relict laminated ore at the top and the margin of the magnetite orebody. These sideritic laminae are part of Triassic evaporite-bearing carbonate deposits (Dongma'anshan Formation).Sulfur isotopic compositions show that the sulfur in the deposit was derived from a mixture of magmatic hydrothermal fluids and carbonate–evaporite host rocks. Similarly, the C and O isotopic compositions of limestones from the Dongma'anshan Formation indicate that these rocks interacted with magmatic hydrothermal fluids. The O isotopic compositions of the syenitic rocks and minerals from the deposit show that the hydrothermal magnetite and skarn minerals were formed from magmatic fluids. The Pb isotopic compositions of sulfides are similar to those of the Longqiao syenite. Phlogopite coexisting with magnetite in the magnetite ores yielded a plateau age of 130.5 ± 1.1 Ma (2σ), whereas the LA-ICP MS age of the syenite intrusion is 131.1 ± 1.5 Ma, which is slightly older than the age of phlogopite.The Longqiao syenite intrusion may have crystallized from a parental alkaline magma, generated by partial melting of lithospheric mantle, during extensional tectonics. The ore fluids were probably first derived from magma at depth, later emplaced in the sedimentary rocks of the Dongma'anshan Formation, where it interacted with siderite and evaporite-bearing carbonate strata, resulting in the formation of magnetite and skarn minerals. The Longqiao iron deposit is a skarn-type stratabound and stratiform mineral system, genetically and temporally related to the Longqiao syenite intrusion. The Longqiao syenite is part of the widespread Mesozoic intracontinental magmatism (Yanshanian event) in eastern China, which has been linked to lithospheric delamination and asthenospheric upwelling.     

Vostok-2 gold-base-metal-tungsten skarn deposit,Central Sikhote-Alin,Russia

Vostok-2—East Russia’s largest skarn deposit of high-grade sulfide-scheelite ore with substantial base-metal and gold mineralization—was formed during the Mesozoic orogenic epoch of evolution of the Far East marginal continental system as an element of the gold-tin-tungsten metallogenic belt. The deposit is related to the multistage monzodiorite-granodiorite-granite complex pertaining to the ilmenite series and spatially associated with a minor granodiorite porphyry (?) stock, which bears petrological features transi- tional to those of intrusive rocks occurring at Au-W and Au deposits. The hydrothermal metasomatic alteration of host rocks evolved from pyroxene skarn via retrograde postskarn and propylitic (hydrosilicate) metasomatic rocks to the late, low-temperature quartz-sericite metasomatic rocks often with albite, chlorite, carbonate, and apatite. The mineral assemblages of skarn and postskarn metasomatic rocks correspond to those at the reduced-type tungsten skarn deposits. Zoning of the postskarn metasomatic rocks is controlled by granodiorite stock. The hydrothermal metasomatic alteration was accompanied by development of mineralization from scheelite via sulfide-scheelite with pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite to the gold-base-metal-scheelite assemblage with arsenopyrite, Bi-Sb-Te-Pb-Zn sulfides and sulfosalts. Several scheelite generations are recognized. Scheelite of the late generations is enriched in Eu, as is typical of gold deposits. The associated gold mineralization comprises both native gold varying in fineness and Au-bearing arsenopyrite. The significant gold mineralization emphasizes genetic links of this deposit with intrusion-related Au-W and Au deposits of the reduced type.     

祁连山中段托勒山地区奥陶纪火山岩岩金矿床控矿因素分析

[摘 要] 祁连山中段托勒山岩金多分布在奥陶纪火山岩地层内,地层控矿特征十分明显。区内与火山活动有关的成矿作用主要是火山喷发后期火山热液形成的热液型矿床,其次是后期岩浆活动提供热源和大量的岩浆热液交代、充填形成中低温热液矿床和接触蚀变型矿床。从找矿前景上来看,本区虽然金矿点、矿化点分布较多,但少有规模较大的矿床。因此本区找矿上应该以寻找火山热液蚀变型矿产为主。     

老挝中-东部大型铁铜金矿矿集区矿床地质--对云南"三江"地区找金的启示

矿集区分布在NW向川塘-长山华力西断皱带南西缘，系多陆块拼接缝合构造环境。印支-燕山期-喜马拉雅期花岗岩类岩浆活动及其相关的成矿作用，通过高效率浓集机制，形成一串锡、铁、铜、金等矽卡岩型、斑岩型和热液型矿床，组成矿床系列，包括多个超大型、大型矿床。这些成因上密切相关的矿床，成矿时间显然相近，却处在不同岩浆活动阶段和不同地质环境中，矿化特征有明显差异，矿种和矿化类型在时空分布上具有规律：印支-燕山期的花岗岩侵入阶段形成矽卡岩型富磁铁矿矿床；在花岗岩浆分异演化浅成相侵入阶段，形成矽卡岩型及岩浆晚期、自交代产生的斑岩型；而最后形成岩浆期后热液型铁-金、铜、金矿床。文章侧重讨论铁、铜、金矿床系列的成矿构造环境、岩浆作用、物质来源及高效率浓集机制，对云南“三江”地区找金有重要启示。     

Intrusion-Related Gold Deposits of North China Craton, People's Republic of China

Abstract. Intrusion‐related gold deposits are widely distributed within the North China craton or along its marginal fold belts. Presently, about 200 individual intrusion‐related gold deposits (prospects) have been discovered, among which Yuerya, Anjia‐yingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi, Qiyugou, Jinjiazhuang, Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang are the most important ones. In general, the intrusion‐related gold deposits can be classified into three major groups according to their host rocks: (1) hosted by or related to felsic intrusions, including (la) calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions and (lb) cryptoexplosion breccia pipes; (2) related to ultramafic intrusions, and (3) hosted by or related to alkaline intrusions. The first group contains the Yuerya, Anjiayingzi, Linglong, Jiaojia, Chenjiazhangzi and Qiyugou gold deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs within Mesozoic Yanshanian calc‐alkaline granitoid intrusions or cryptoexplosion breccia pipes as gold‐bearing quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, native gold and electrum are major metallic minerals. The Jinjiazhuang deposit belongs to the second group, and occurs within Hercynian diopsidite and peridotite as quartz veins and replacement bodies. Pyrite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, native gold and electrum are identified. The third group includes the Dongping, Hougou, Huangtuliang, Guilaizhuang, Wulashan and Donghuofang deposits. Gold mineralization at these deposits occurs predominantly within the Hercynian alkaline intrusive complexes as K‐feldspar‐quartz veins and replacement bodies. Major metal minerals are pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite, tellurides, native gold and electrum. All these pyrite separates from Hercynian and Yanshanian intrusions or cryptoexplosion pipes associated with the gold deposits show a broad range in δ³⁴S value, which is overall higher than those Precambrian rocks and their hosted gold deposits. For the alkaline intrusion‐related gold deposits, the δ³⁴S values of the sulfides (pyrite, galena and chalcopyrite) from the deposits increase systematically from orebodies to the alkaline intrusions. All of these intrusion‐related gold deposits show relatively radiogenic lead isotopic compositions compared to mantle or lower crust curves. Most lead isotope data of sulfides from the gold ores plot in between the fields of the intrusions and Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Data are interpreted as indicative of a mixing of sulfur and lead from magma with those from Precambrian metamorphic rocks. Isotopic age data, geological and geochemical evidences suggest that the ore‐forming materials for the intrusion‐related gold deposits were generated during the emplacement of the Hercynian or Yanshanian intrusion. The calc‐alkaline or alkaline magma may provide heat, volatiles and metals for the intrusion‐related gold deposits. Evolved meteoric water, which circulated the wall rocks, was also progressively involved in the magmatic hydrothermal system, and may have dominated the ore fluids during late stage of ore‐forming processes. Therefore, the ore fluid may have resulted from the mixing of calc‐alkaline or alkaline magmatic fluids and evolved meteoric water. All these intrusion‐related gold deposits are believed to be products of Hercynian or Yanshanian calc‐alkaline and alkaline igneous processes along deep‐seated fault zones within the North China craton or along its marginal belts.     

冀南邯郸-邢台地区矽卡岩铁矿的地质特征及成矿模式

冀南邯邢地区矽卡岩型铁矿主要产出于燕山期中偏碱性闪长岩-二长岩类与中奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层接触带附近。矿体形态复杂,褶皱是重要的控矿、容矿构造;矿石类型单一,主要矿物为磁铁矿。矿化蚀变具明显的分带现象,其中钠长石化是重要的找矿标志。与成矿有关的岩体往往是多期脉动形成的,早期侵入体在钠长石化过程中提供成矿物质;后期侵入体带来的岩浆热液不仅是成矿物质的载体,所产生的压应力和热能也成为成矿流体运移的驱动力。在分析此成矿过程的基础上建立了该区矽卡岩型铁矿床的成矿模式。