纳帕海湿地季节性景观格局动态变化及其驱动

利用纳帕海湿地区2008年冬季SPOT-5和2009年春季Landsat ETM+影像,进行景观解译,结合地面植被和水文情势调查,剖析了纳帕海湿地区的景观格局年内季节动态变化,及其与区域季节性气候和人为扰动的关联。研究发现:研究时段内纳帕海湿地区主要湿地景观都大幅萎缩,湿地类景观之间、湿地类景观与非湿地类景观之间发生显著转换;破坏地景观呈斑块状散布,占纳帕海湿地区总面积15.74%;各类景观向破坏地景观的转换,主要源于季节性气候背景下周边村落家畜放养的破坏;春夏时极端干旱气候和区域人为活动扰动,是纳帕海湿地退化的直接驱动;协调湿地保护与周边农牧民家畜放养、应对极端季节性气候下的流域水资源开发和管理,是纳帕海湿地有效管理的关键。对类似于纳帕海具有显著季节性变化的湿地景观研究,将局地-季节和区域-年际两个尺度相结合,将更深入地阐明其格局-过程-驱动间的关联。     

湿地景观格局变化研究进展

湿地是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观,具有重要的生态功能。湿地景观格局是各种生态过程综合作用的结果,具有高度的景观异质性,对景观的功能和过程有着显著的影响。湿地生态系统是世界上受威胁最为严重的生态系统之一,在自然因素和人类活动的影响下发生了大面积的转化或丧失。本文从湿地景观格局研究方法、面积变化、景观类型转化、驱动力以及动态模型、湿地景观格局指数以及湿地景观格局与气候变化之间的关系等方面综述了湿地景观格局变化的研究进展,指出湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应和高原湿地景观格局变化与气候变化之间的关系是未来研究的重点领域。     

沼泽学

X144,P4672006010103湿地景观格局变化研究进展=Changes in wetland landscapepatterns:a review/白军红,欧阳华…∥地理科学进展.—2005,24(4).—36~45从湿地景观格局研究方法、面积变化、景观类型转化、驱动力以及动态模型、湿地景观格局指数及湿地景观格局与气候变化之间的关系等方面综述了湿地景观格局变化的研究进展.指出,湿地景观格局变化及其生态效应和高原湿地景观格局变化与气候变化之间的关系是未来研究的重点领域.表1参62(宋金叶)HNX1712006010104浅析自然湿地景观设计框架=The analyses about landscapedesign of natural we…     

湿地景观变化过程与累积环境效应研究进展

湿地在流域中处于水陆交错的特殊过渡区域,是地表重要的景观覆盖类型和生态系统。湿地具有独特的水文、土壤和植被特征,在维护区域/流域生态平衡和环境稳定方面发挥巨大作用。湿地景观变化过程主要表现为景观格局和过程在时间和空间尺度上的相互作用过程。该过程对系统的能量流动、物质循环以及物种迁移产生作用,对地理环境也产生巨大环境效应。湿地景观变化与土地利用/覆盖变化紧密相关,与人类活动影响息息相联。至今,人类已把天然的湿地景观格局改变为受人类支配的土地利用格局。自然湿地景观格局的变化过程对湿地生态系统以及其他系统的生物多样性、初级生产力产生显著影响,对局地、区域及全球气候环境、水文环境、生物多样性等方面产生显著而深刻的影响。湿地景观变化是全球变化研究的重要内容,尤其对认识全球气候变化、土地利用/覆盖变化和生物多样性变化的区域响应具有重大意义。     

流溪河流域土地利用景观生态安全动态分析

在GIS技术支持下,基于景观干扰指数和景观脆弱度指数构建景观生态安全评价指标体系,分析流溪河流域2000年、2005年和2009年3相土地利用景观生态安全变化。景观生态安全指数定量化地表征了流域景观生态安全状况,结果表明：（1）流域景观生态安全格局受城市化及人类活动干扰显著增强,林草地和耕地面积减少,园地面积增加,10年间各景观类型的破碎度、分离度总体呈现增加趋势,且流域内优势景观类型发生改变,2000年和2005年以林草地和耕地为优势景观,而2009年优势景观转变为林草地和园地;（2）2000-2005年,流域过半景观生态安全格局发生了变化;2005-2009年期间流域景观生态安全转移率约为60%,约有90%的流域景观生态安全格局在空间分布上发生了变化;（3）2000年整个流域景观生态安全指数都大于0.6,其中大于0.8的面积占99.99%;2005年,生态安全度大于0.6的面积比例为98.48%,景观生态安全指数大于0.8的面积较2000年降低55.93%;景观生态安全度大于0.6的区域2009年比2005年减少了72.93%,主要分布于流域上游;整个流域范围内没有生态安全指数大于0.8的区域分布,流域景观生态安全度呈现整体降低趋势。     

左江上游流域景观生态风险评价

以1990年和2008年左江上游流域的土地利用数据和数字高程模型为基础,以景观干扰度、景观脆弱度为主要评价指标,构建景观生态风险评价模型,对研究区景观生态风险的时空变化特征进行评估分析。研究表明:(1)伴随着流域开发活动的加强,1990―2008年18年间,左江上游流域景观格局变化的主要特征为耕地景观显著增加,其面积比例由1990年的20.54%增加至2008年的27.59%;草地景观显著减少,其面积比例由1990的12.66%减少至2008年的3.29%;(2)受地质?地貌格局控制,流域景观生态风险的空间格局存在较大差异,峰丛洼地区?河谷平原和台地区农业景观生态风险较高,而丘陵山区的森林景观生态风险较低;(3)流域内景观生态风险水平正在逐渐增高,中、高和极高等级风险区面积分别增加9.15%、2.08%和2.15%,生态安全格局呈现显著的破碎化趋势,区域人类活动是影响景观生态风险加重和扩散的主要原因。     

近50a来霍林河流域下游沿岸湿地景观格局演变

以干旱半干旱生态脆弱区霍林河流域下游沿岸洪泛湿地为研究对象,利用1954和1964年地形图,1986、1996和2000年的TM遥感影像作为基本信息源,在GIS支持下,建立湿地空间数据库,通过对不同时期各湿地景观类型进行景观变化过程、景观格局指数和景观转换过程分析,揭示近50 a来霍林河流域下游沿岸湿地景观格局动态及规律。研究发现,沼泽湿地是霍林河流域下游沿岸的主导湿地景观类型,次之为河流湖泊湿地,人工湿地比重小。研究区内湿地面积的减少以沼泽湿地的贡献量最大,这是由于大面积的沼泽湿地退化为盐碱地和草地,沼泽湿地景观破碎化表现突出。河流湖泊湿地在研究时期内则表现出最快的变化速度,年均动态度达到2.60%,它的这种减少变化是由数量众多的小斑块退化为盐碱地和沼泽湿地导致。水库坑塘景观变化受流域发展水利及霍林河径流量大小控制,水田湿地则主要受后者作用。共同的一点是,受霍林河1998年特大历史洪水泛滥影响,研究区内大面积盐碱地、沼泽湿地和草地转换为河流湖泊湿地,与此同时也有大面积草地和盐碱地转换为沼泽湿地,导致两种自然湿地景观类型在2000年表现出面积扩大,景观破碎化降低,整体性增强的变化,这在一定程度上体现出洪水脉冲在退化湿地景观恢复中的生态功能。     

近20年来海口市湿地景观生态安全格局变化及其成因分析

利用景观格局指数和景观生态安全度模型等方法,探究2000—2018年海口市湿地景观生态安全格局变化特征。结果表明:过去20年,海口市湿地总面积先增加后减少,海口湿地景观生态安全度由0.121提升至0.165,表明湿地景观生态安全格局呈现出优化的趋势;不同湿地类型的生态安全格局变化存在显著差异,各类湿地的景观生态安全度与其空间分布密切相关;自然驱动力对湿地发展的影响较弱,政府采取的湿地保护和治理政策和措施为湿地景观生态安全格局优化提供了重要动力。     

“一带一路”背景下博多河流域景观格局变化及生态风险评价研究

“一带一路”沿线国家的生态风险研究有利于区域可持续发展,充分发挥对外辐射的作用,促进国家间经济流动、贸易畅通,实现共同繁荣。以孟加拉国博多河流域为例,选取1980—2017年期间的5期遥感影像,基于景观格局指数建立生态风险模型,综合运用空间自相关分析法、地统计学分析法、重心转移法等方法,研究流域景观格局变化特征以及生态风险演变规律。结果表明：（1）1980—2017年流域内景观类型主要是林地和耕地,且景观格局变化显著,耕地和湿地面积减少,林地、建设用地和未利用地面积增加;（2）1980年以来,流域生态风险整体呈下降趋势,但各类风险转化显著,除低风险区面积减少之外,其余风险区均存在不同程度的增加,各期流域生态风险重心均位于锡拉杰甘杰县,主要在流域中部沿南北方向发生偏移;（3）流域内各期的生态风险在空间上呈显著正相关关系,“高-高”集聚基本稳定,主要分布在博多河及其沿岸;“低-低”集聚变化显著,由博多河下游先向上游及流域西南部变化,后逐渐向流域西部和南部聚拢。研究结果为构建流域生态安全格局及进行生态风险预警工作等提供科学依据和理论支撑。     

白洋淀湖沼湿地系统景观格局演变及驱动力分析

以白洋淀湖沼湿地系统为研究对象,分析了1979年、1991年、2000年和2006年4个时期白洋淀湖沼湿地系统景观格局演变过程及其湿地景观格局指数的动态变化,并剖析白洋淀湖沼湿地系统格局演变的驱动力。研究结果表明,研究期内湿地面积呈减少趋势,由1979年的404.5 km²缩减到2006年的338.4 km²,且减少部分大多转化为耕地;同时,各景观类型分布趋于集中分布,但景观多样性降低。1979-2006年期间,1979-1991年时段内的湿地景观格局指数变化最快,之后变缓。近30年内耕地斑块面积、边界密度和面积加权平均邻近指数最大;建设用地的斑块数量最多,斑块密度最大;各湿地景观类型的平均分维数都接近1,形状都比较简单。引起湿地系统景观格局演变的主要原因包括气候、水文过程以及社会经济和政策等因素。     

滇西北高原湿地区土地利用变化特征

湿地景观格局的动态变化与区域土地利用/覆盖格局的变化有着十分紧密的联系。以纳帕海、碧塔海和属都湖三块高原湿地所在的云南省香格里拉县建塘镇为例,在遥感和GIS技术的支持下,对该区域1974、1987和2000三期Landsat TM(ETM)影像进行了解译,分析了26 a间的土地利用/覆盖变化规律,并结合景观格局动态分析的方法,借助FRAGSTATS软件定量分析了该区景观格局特征及其动态变化。结果表明:该区土地利用/覆盖状况变化显著,主要土地利用/覆盖类型有林地以822 hm2/a的速度在大面积减少,并主要转为灌木林地,使得后者在26 a间扩大高达17倍,变化幅度最大。建设用地和耕地的面积分别扩大了6倍和2倍,而草地和雪地面积持续减少。相应地,该区景观格局定量分析显示,有林地的斑块密度增大而平均斑块面积减小迅速,呈破碎化趋势,灌木林地的斑块密度、平均斑块面积均增加,草地则与之相反均减小,耕地的斑块密度降低而平均斑块面积增加,在不断融合成大斑块,其余各景观单元斑块密度增大平均斑块面积减小,同时各斑块几何形状在1987年变化最剧烈,景观格局趋于复杂。     

近10年中国土地利用格局及其演变

在遥感技术与GIS技术的支持下，通过1：10万中国土地利用数据库经过分层提取，生成中国土地利用类型空间分布格局数据库，在此基础上对中国土地利用空间格局进行了分析，而后在引入景观多样性指数，优势度指数，均匀度指数，破碎度指数以及土地利用重心迁移模型和景观类型转移模型的基础上，对中国土地利用景观格局及其空间演变模式进行了定量分析，研究结果表明，10年间，中国耕地重心向北偏东偏移20．93km左右，林地重心向南偏西移动20．35km，草地重心向南偏西方向迁移了18．45km，建设用地重心向南偏东移动，而未利用地重心则向西北偏移7．21km。     

The Knysna Basin, South Africa: geomorphology, landscape sensitivity and sustainability

The Knysna Basin, a southern Cape catchment, drains into the Knysna estuary. The landscape characteristics are the product of a long geomorphic evolution resulting in high sensitivity to change. Consideration of the geomorphology is followed by examples of impacts on the estuary and adjacent areas. The need for sustainability in the context of development is argued. The paper is a southern African contribution to the landscape sensitivity issue.     

Catchment-scale (dis)connectivity in sediment flux in the upper Hunter catchment, New South Wales, Australia

(Dis)connectivity within and between landscape compartments affects the extent and rate of transfer of energy and matter through catchments. Various landforms may impede sediment conveyance in a river system, whether laterally to the channel (termed buffers) or longitudinally along the channel itself (termed barriers). A generic approach to analysis of landscape (dis)connectivity using slope threshold analysis in GIS, tied to air photograph interpretation and field mapping of buffers and barriers, is tested in the upper Hunter catchment, Australia. Under simulated conditions, effective catchment area, which is a measure of the proportion of a catchment that has the potential to contribute sediment to the channel network, varies from 73% to just 3% of the total catchment area for differing subcatchments in the upper Hunter. This variability can be explained by the spatial distribution and assemblage of buffers and barriers in each subcatchment. Multiple forms of disconnectivity are evident in some subcatchments, such that when one buffer or barrier is breached, other features still impede sediment transfer within the system. The importance of the position of buffers and barriers within any given subcatchment is emphasised. Spatial variability in valley width exerts a critical control on catchment connectivity, with more efficient sediment conveyance in narrow valleys relative to wider valleys characterised by piedmonts, terraces, fans and extensive floodplains in which conveyance is impeded. This variability reflects the landscape history and geological setting of each subcatchment. The framework developed in this paper can be used to assess the impact of natural or human-induced buffers and barriers on catchment-scale sediment flux in any landscape setting, providing a physical template atop which other biogeochemical fluxes could be examined.     

River channel response to short-term human-induced change in landscape connectivity in Andean ecosystems

The drainage basin of the Deleg River (88 km²), located in the southern Ecuadorian Andes, was studied to assess the geomorphic and hydrologic response of a fluvial system to human-induced environmental change in its contributing area. Historical data on land use, channel morphology and sedimentology were collected, based on a spatial analysis of aerial photographs (1963–1995) and a field survey (2002). Analysis of channel cross-sectional profiles and sedimentological data revealed a major change in morphology and sedimentology of the Deleg River during the past four decades: (i) the active river channel narrowed by over 45%, (ii) the riverbed incised on average by over 1.0 m and (iii) the median grain size of the bed surface decreased from 13.2 cm to 4.7 cm. The spatial pattern of land cover within the Deleg catchment also changed considerably: highly degraded agricultural land in the low-lying areas was abandoned and partially afforested for timber and wood production, whereas secondary upland forest was increasingly cleared for expansion of cropland and pastures. Notwithstanding large changes in the spatial organization of land use within the catchment, the overall land use did not change significantly during the past four decades. This suggests that the response of the Deleg River to land-use change not only depends on the overall land-use change, but also on the spatial pattern of land-use/cover change within the catchment. Although forestation and regeneration of bare gully slopes and floors throughout the catchment only represented a minor part of the total land-use change, these land-use/cover changes had a major impact on the hydrological and sediment connectivity in the landscape.     

Driving factors of forest landscape change in Yiluo River basin

The expansion of agriculture is posited as one of the main dynamics of forest landscape change globally, and the robust modeling of these processes is important for policy as well as academic concern. This paper concerns a relatively small area of Yiluo River catchment where considerable attention has been paid to slow down the process of the expansion of agriculture into the remaining natural forests. In the present study, we reconstructed the former forest landscape structure and elucidated the landscape change during a period of about 15 years. Three sets (1987, 1996 and 2002) of maps derived from Landsat-5 images were used for analyses. The result showed that there was a decrease in the area of the forest landscape from 995.60 km2 in 1987 to 650.50 km2 in 2002. Then we examined the degree to which forest landscape conversion could be attributed to a set of factors identified as significant at broader scales, namely topography, distribution of the village clusters (centroids), distance from villages (centroids), and distance from forest edge (1987). By using “spatial analysis” in Arc/gis 8.3, the correlation between forest landscape change and driving factors was constructed. This study found that forest landscape conversion in this region was largely explained by elevation, slope and proximity to village.     

Human and climate impact on catchment development during the Holocene — Geul River, the Netherlands

Interest in the Holocene development of small to medium-sized river catchments in Western and Central Europe in relation to changes in land use and climate has increased over the past years. In this study we reconstruct the Holocene landscape development and fluvial dynamics of the Geul River (The Netherlands) and the main forcing mechanisms of environmental change. Field studies were carried out and we used OSL and ¹⁴C dating methods to reconstruct the Holocene valley development. Our study shows that 2 periods of deforestation (during the Roman Period and the High Middle Ages) led to severe soil erosion and increased floodplain sedimentation in the catchment of the Geul River, possibly combined with periods of increased wetness during the High Middle Ages. Alluvial fans have been active since the Roman deforestation phase. Our results show that the Geul catchment is highly sensitive to changes in land use.     

A Comparison of Charcoal and Archaeological Information to Address the Influences on Holocene Fire Activity in the Sydney Basin

The influence of Aboriginal people on fire activity and hence the vegetation of Australia has long been debated. This study aimed to document the local fire activity of the Holocene in the catchment of a small freshwater reed swamp located in the Sydney Basin and to compare this with nearby archaeological evidence; including artefact discard rates and the number of base camps and activity locations used through time. This archaeological evidence was used as an index of human activity through time to assess anthropogenic influences on fire activity. Charcoal (>250 µm) was quantified in a radiocarbon-dated sediment core from Griffith Swamp covering ～6000 calibrated years BP. A substantial increase in fire activity was found from ～3000 years BP and a lesser increase approximately 700 years ago. The change in fire activity at ～3000 years BP was approximately coeval with changes in archaeological evidence from Upper Mangrove Creek, suggesting either greater human presence in the landscape or altered subsistence and land-use strategies. Fire frequency in the catchment of Griffith Swamp peaked at about eight episodes per century, perhaps in response to environmental change that promoted both increased human activity and a higher natural fire frequency. This study provides an extended temporal perspective on fire and humans in this landscape, demonstrating how palaeoecology can provide practical information for the contemporary management of such fire-prone ecosystems.     

汾河源区不同景观带表土粒度与地球化学元素组成分析

基于ArcGIS,将汾河源区景观带谱分为亚高山草甸带、针阔叶林带、灌丛荒草带和河流两岸农田耕作带等4个类型,并对不同景观带表土沉积粒度和地球化学元素进行了初步分析。结果表明汾河源区表土沉积物以粉砂为主,辅以一定数量的极细砂和粘土,细砂和中粗砂含量较低;总体上沉积物分选差,呈正偏和极正偏的分布,峰态中等到尖窄;沉积物沉积环境复杂多样,风成、海相/河流沉积并存,与区域地质构造运动、风成物质堆积和河流发育有着密切的关系。地球化学元素分析发现该区表土沉积以SiO₂、Al₂O₃、Fe₂O₃为主,与上部陆壳（UCC）和中国黄土（CL）相比具有显著的同源性;而Ca和Mg等活动性元素则随海拔高度影响的降水变化呈现明显的垂向差异;沉积物化学风化基本处于脱Ca和Na的初级阶段,属寒冷干燥条件下的低等化学风化。研究旨在揭示沉积物粒度特征和地球化学行为,为进一步认识汾河源区生态环境变化提供理论基础和数据支撑。