冬季平流层北极涛动对江南气温的影响

利用ERA—interim及NCEP—DOE两种再分析资料,分析了冬季北极涛动（Arctic Oscillation,AO）与我国江南地区地表气温相关的时空结构。结果表明：1）2月30hPa的Ao指数与江南地区地表气温的同期相关系数最高,这与AO指数和江南地区地表气温的标准差均在2月极大有关。2）30hPa的正AO事件加强时,贝加尔湖地区对流层易出现显著的正位势高度异常,有利于东亚地区出现向南、向下的异常风场,与之对应,西伯利亚高压向南扩展,有利于北方冷空气南侵至我国江南地区,造成局地气温负距平;反之亦然。     

Spatiotemporal Variations of Cloud Amount over the Yangtze River Delta, China

Based on the NOAA's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) Pathfinder Atmospheres Extended(PATMOS-x) monthly mean cloud amount data, variations of annual and seasonal mean cloud amount over the Yangtze River Delta(YRD), China were examined for the period 1982–2006 by using a linear regression analysis. Both total and high-level cloud amounts peak in June and reach minimum in December, mid-level clouds have a peak during winter months and reach a minimum in summer, and lowlevel clouds vary weakly throughout the year with a weak maximum from August to October. For the annual mean cloud amount, a slightly decreasing tendency(–0.6% sky cover per decade) of total cloud amount is observed during the studying period, which is mainly due to the reduction of annual mean high-level cloud amount(–2.2% sky cover per decade). Mid-level clouds occur least(approximately 15% sky cover) and remain invariant, while the low-level cloud amount shows a significant increase during spring(1.5% sky cover per decade) and summer(3.0% sky cover per decade). Further analysis has revealed that the increased low-level clouds during the summer season are mainly impacted by the local environment. For example,compared to the low-level cloud amounts over the adjacent rural areas(e.g., cropland, large water body, and mountain areas covered by forest), those over and around urban agglomerations rise more dramatically.     

基于MODIS数据的土地覆盖资料对长三角城市群区域夏季高温模拟的影响评估

随着长三角地区经济发展的同时,人类活动对自然环境产生了很大影响,其中土地覆盖状况变化显著,尤以城市化扩展为主。为了评估土地覆盖资料对天气过程的数值模拟影响,了解土地覆盖变化对区域气象环境产生的作用,本文利用中尺度数值天气模式WRFV3.0/Noah/UCM,选取2005年250 m分辨率的MOD IS数据制作土地覆盖资料,针对2007年7月长三角地区一次夏季高温过程进行数值试验,分析表明:新的土地覆盖资料更真实地反映了长三角地区的下垫面结构,尤其体现出区域内城市群面积快速增长的特征。将模拟结果与高分辨率的气象站观测资料对比,统计结果显示精细化土地覆盖资料的引入明显改善了模拟效果,较真实的反映出城市化发展对区域气象环境的影响作用。     

Enhanced seasonality of surface air temperature over China during the mid-Holocene

利用PMIP4多模式试验数据,作者量化了中全新世(距今约6000年)中国温度季节性变化.结果表明:相对于工业革命前期,所有16个模式一致模拟显示中全新世我国温度季节性(即夏季与冬季温差)增强,平均增幅9%;这与该时期轨道强迫引起的地表能量通量的季节对比变化密切相关,其中净短波辐射起主导作用,净长波辐射作用次之,感热和潜热为负贡献;与模拟不同,重建结果存在不确定性.     

中国地面气温变化趋势中的城市化影响偏差

在中国大陆2300个气象台站网中遴选出138个参考站,对614个国家级气象站和138个参考站1961 2004年的月平均气温资料进行了非均一性检验和订正,利用REOF(旋转主分量)分析方法,按照气温变率空间相关特点将中国大陆划分为6大区域,并采用经纬度网格面积加权平均法分别建立了中国大陆及其6大区域平均的国家站和参考站的月、季、年地面气温时间序列,对国家站和参考站序列进行了对比分析。结果表明,由国家站资料建立的中国大陆年平均气温序列在44年间线性增温率为0.278 C/10 a,而由参考站资料建立的中国大陆年平均气温序列同期增温率为0.202℃/10 a。就中国大陆平均来说,1961 2004年国家级站城市化增温率为0.076 C/10 a,占全部增温率的27.33%。在6大区域中,除北疆区外,其他地区年平均城市化增温率均非常显著。其中城市化影响最大的地区是江淮区,年平均热岛增温率为0.086℃/10 a,其后依次为东北华北区、青藏高原区、华南区和西北区,年平均热岛增温率分别达到0.060、0.059、0.042和0.042℃/10 a。各区域年平均热岛增温贡献率由大到小排列依次为江淮区55.48%、青藏高原区23.23%、华南区23.20%、东北华北区15.35%、西北区13.73%、北疆区-1.57%。因此,中国大陆20世纪60年代初以来城市化造成的国家站地面气温增暖偏差非常显著,今后应予以订正,以便建立代表背景气候变化的区域平均气温序列。     

Multi-criterion model ensemble of CMIP5 surface air temperature over China

Theoretical and Applied Climatology - The global circulation models (GCMs) are useful tools for simulating climate change, projecting future temperature changes, and therefore, supporting the...     

长江三角洲近46a气温和降水的变化趋势

利用长江三角洲地区84个气象站观测数据,分析了长江三角洲1961—2006年气温和降水的时空变化趋势。结果表明,46a间长江三角洲地区年平均气温上升趋势显著,冬季平均气温的增温幅度最大,春、秋次之。增温显著区域与城市带分布区域吻合。极端最低气温有明显上升,而年极端低温事件日数的下降趋势显著。部分地区的极端最高气温呈上升趋势,在城市密集带尤为突出。年降水量没有明显的变化趋势,但降水的季节分配有所变化,冬、夏季降水量呈现显著上升趋势,秋季降水量明显下降,春季没有明显变化。     

长三角城市群下垫面变化气候效应的模拟研究

利用法国动力气象实验室发展的高分辨可变网格大气环流模式LMDZ,分别通过LMDZ的高分辨可变网格区域版及其全球版模式的数值模拟,研究长三角城市群下垫面变化带来的夏季气候效应,并尝试探讨大尺度环流的响应.其中LMDZ高分辨区域模式的模拟结果表明长三角城市群下垫面变化可导致夏季长三角地区接受的净辐射明显增加,感热通量上升,潜热通量下降,引起局地地表温度显著上升.同时西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬控制长三角地区,反气旋性水汽通量异常,导致该地区降水异常减少.进一步对LMDZ全球模式的模拟结果分析,发现长三角城市群下垫面变化可能会引起大气基本模态的变化,进而引起南北半球中高纬异常波列结构的出现.     

MODIS反照率产品在模拟北京气温中的应用

地表反照率是制约地表能量收支平衡的基本因子,其变化会影响气温和降水等气象要素,进而影响区域乃至全球的气候。文中使用WRF模式,设计两组反照率敏感试验,探讨地表反照率参数对近地面2处气温模拟精度的影响。结果表明:(1)当北京地区地表反照率增大(减小)0.05时,气温相应降低(升高)0.1～0.5 K,气温变化从城区到郊区有一个明显的降幅,感热通量和潜热通量也相应减小(增大),且变幅主要为0～13 W/m2;(2)将控制试验和MODIS反照率敏感试验模拟结果与实况对比分析发现,两种试验的模拟结果偏低,但应用卫星反照率产品后,气温升高约0.2～0.7 K,更接近实际,即应用MODIS反照率产品替换WRF模式中原有反照率能进一步提高气温的模拟精度。     

Monthly Changes in the Influence of the Arctic Oscillation on Surface Air Temperature over China

Partial Least Squares Regression （PLSR） is used to study monthly changes in the influence of the Arctic Oscillation （AO） on spring, summer and autumn air temperature over China with the January 500 hPa geopotential height data from 1951 to 2004 and monthly temperature data from January to November at 160 stations in China. Several AO indices have been defined with the 500-hPa geopotential data and the index defined as the first principal component of the normalized geopotential data is best to be used to study the influence of the AO on SAT （surface air temperature） in China. There are three modes through which the AO in winter influences SAT in China. The influence of the AO on SAT in China changes monthly and is stronger in spring and summer than in autumn. The main influenced regions are Northeast China and the Changjiang River drainage area.     

Remote impacts from the tropical Indian Ocean on haze pollution in January over the Yangtze River Delta

近年来,长三角霾事件频发,对人类和生态系统健康造成了严重危害,结果表明:热带印度洋12月海温与长三角1月霾日数呈显著正相关,特别是1999-2017年.12月,海温正异常加热上层空气,1月在对流层上层激发类似MatSuno-Gill模态和一系列Rossby波列,将信号传输至长三角,随后向下游日本海和阿留申群岛传播.长三...     

长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的变化趋势

根据TOR卫星数据分析,我国长江三角洲地区对流层O3柱含量的长期变化就全年和大多数月份而言均为增长趋势,1978-2000年间其年均值的增长趋势为0.82 DU/10 a。这种长期变化趋势所引起的气候效应及其对大气氧化性的影响值得进一步研究。结果表明,长江三角洲地区对流层O3柱含量的季节变化与该地区的临安区域大气本底站的地面O3季节变化有着显著的相关关系,临安站的观测数据具有区域代表性。     

长江三角洲地区对流层臭氧的变化趋势

Analysis of tropospheric ozone residual (TOR) data from satellite measurements indicates an increasing trend of tropospheric ozone over the Yangtze Delta region of China. The increasing trend can be derived both from the annual mean TOR and from the monthly mean TOR except for January and March. The increase rate of the decadal mean TOR was 0.82 DU during 1978-2000. The impact of this long-term trend on the climate and atmospheric oxidizing capacity over the region should be further studied. Data comparison shows a significant correlation between the TOR and surface ozone data collected at Lin'an background station in the Yangtze Delta region, suggesting an internal connection between both quantities.     

基于CMORPH资料的长三角城市化对降水分布特征影响的观测研究

利用CMORPH卫星降水资料和NCEP风场资料,综合分析了长江三角洲地区南京、杭州、上海、苏州等主要城市的降水分布特征,结果表明:长三角城市效应主要表现在对夏半年降水强度空间分布的影响,具体表现为在700 hPa平均引导气流控制下,城市中心和下风向地区的夏半年降水强度比上风向地区增加5%～15%,最大值通常位于城市中心下游20～70 km。冬半年主要城市周围的降水量、降水时间和降水强度的空间变化都比较小,城市效应对降水分布特征没有明显的影响。长三角城市因地理位置的差异,不同城市降水的下游效应存在差别。夏半年南京、杭州、无锡、苏州、常州等城市的下风向地区比上风向地区降水强度明显增加,城市效应显著。上海和宁波受到海洋影响明显,夏半年低层海风侵入范围较广,夏季降水强度的高值中心偏向海风的下游方位,可能是受到海风环流和城市热岛环流的共同影响。距离上风城市较近的镇江等城市,降水强度的分布受到上风城市降水强度下游效应的影响。     

Daily sensible heat flux estimation from a single measurement of surface temperature and maximum air temperature

Surface energy budget investigations of a range of agricultural surfaces in France and the African Sahel demonstrate consistent linear relationships between daily totals of sensible heat flux (H _d) and the difference between a once-a-day radiative measurement of surface temperature and the maximum air temperature at a height of 2 m. Surface temperature was measured with nadir-viewing radiothermometers near 1400 h (LST). The average residual standard error in the estimate ofH _d was 0.6 mm of equivalent evaporation.An equation for the daily sensible heat flux (H _d) having a form analogous to Dalton's evaporation formula was derived from surface energy budget considerations. This equation discriminates well between relatively homogeneous, low-cover surfaces where surface exchange characteristics can be assumed to be simple fractions of the height of the roughness elements. By contrast, data from two other crops with discontinuous plant cover suggest a much reduced sensitivity to canopy architecture. This result is not unreasonable if scalar transport were controlled by the thermal conductivity of a layer of still air close to ground level which is sheltered by the plant canopy. There is scope for further experimental and theoretical work on this matter.     

用TRMM/LIS资料分析长江三角洲地区的闪电活动

统计分析了1998~2004年长江三角洲(长三角)地区由星载闪电成像传感器(LIS)观测的闪电资料，发现了该地区LIS闪电活动的一些时空分布特征:闪电次数的年差异较大，最多年份是最少年份的3倍；7~8月盛夏季节是闪电高发期，闪电次数和日数分别占全年的70%和60%；闪电高发期间的抬升指数(IL)小于-2℃；7~8月闪电主要集中于午后，3~6月则集中在上半夜；上海地区单日LIS闪电次数超过8次时，多伴有强对流天气和短时强降水；长三角地区的闪电活动区主要分布在上海的东部，部分沿江、沿湖地区和浙江的龙门山等山区；水域闪电少于陆地，大城市城区下风方向闪电活动较多，部分雷暴刚入海时有加强的趋势。分析表明:太阳辐射的季节变化和日变化等是造成闪电时间分布的主要原因；地形的动力作用和下垫面的物理特性及其差异是造成气候意义上中小尺度闪电空间分布差异的主要原因。文章对LIS闪电定位资料进行了探测效率订正，根据LIS注视时间计算了闪电密度，并与地基闪电定位资料和多普勒天气雷达资料进行了对比。LIS闪电活动特征的分析，对雷暴预警和防灾减灾有指导意义。     

长江三角洲地区近50a的气温变化特征分析

利用线性拟合、小波分析、Mann-Kendall方法对长江三角洲地区的五个城市(上海、无锡、杭州、湖州、嘉兴)近50年的逐日气温资料进行了倾向、周期、突变等特性分析.研究结果表明:近50年来,长江三角洲地区气温呈上升趋势,上海升温速度最快,为0.73℃/10a,其它四个城市的气温增加率为0.23℃/10a.气候的长期变化还具有一定的突变性,五个城市的气温均在20世纪90年代出现显著升高,90年代各城市的平均气温普遍比前40年高出约0.96℃.在95%的置信度下,五个城市的气温均呈现3～4年的准周期变化.     

Estimate of Hydrofluorocarbon Emissions for 2012–16 in the Yangtze River Delta,China

Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs) have been widely used in China as substitutes for ozone-depleting substances,the production and use of which are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol.China is a major consumer of HFCs around the world,with its HFC emissions in CO_2-equivalent contributing to about 18% of the global emissions for the period2012-16.Three methods are widely used to estimate the emissions of HFCs-namely,the bottom-up method,top-down method and tracer ratio method.In this study,the tracer ratio method was adopted to estimate HFC emissions in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD),using CO as a tracer.The YRD region might make a significant contribution to Chinese totals owing to its rapid economic growth.Weekly flask measurements for ten HFCs(HFC-23,HFC-32,HFC-125,HFC-134 a,HFC-143 a,HFC-152 a,HFC-227 ea,HFC-236 fa,HFC-245 fa and HFC-365 mfc) were conducted at Lin'an Regional Background Station in the YRD over the period 2012-16,and the HFC emissions were 2.4±1.4 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-23,2.8±1.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-32,2.2±1.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-125,4.8±4.8 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-134 a,0.9±0.6 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-152 a,0.3±0.3 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-227 ea and 0.3±0.2 Gg yr~(-1) for HFC-245 fa.The YRD total HFC emissions reached 53 Gg CO_2-e yr~(-1),contributing 34% of the national total.The per capita HFC CO_2-equivalent emissions rate was 240 kg yr-1,while the values of per unit area emissions and per million GDP emissions reached 150 Mg km~(-2)yr~(-1) and 3500 kg yr~(-1)(million CNY GDP)-1,which were much higher than national or global levels.