双参数微物理方案在WRF单柱模式中的模拟检验和对比研究

利用耦合Milbrandt 2-mon(MY)和Morrison 2-mon(MOR)两种双参数微物理方案的WRF中的单柱模式,对TWP-ICE(Tropical Warm Pool International Cloud Experiment)试验期间的个例进行数值模拟。通过与观测资料和云分辨率模式的模拟结果进行对比发现:两种双参数微物理方案能较好地模拟出TWP-ICE期间热带云系的宏观和微观的特征。模拟的降水率、地表向下长波辐射和大气顶向外长波辐射的量级、时间演变趋势与观测相一致;总的液相和冰相水凝物的垂直分布以及随时间的演变特征总体与观测以及云分辨率模式的结果也较接近。在整个时期,两种方案水云中的雨滴宏观和微观特征差异较小,而云滴混合比在两种方案之间的差别显著;冰晶对冰云的贡献在MY方案中占据主导地位,而MOR方案中雪在冰云中扮演的角色相比于在MY方案中更为重要。微观上与MY方案相比,MOR方案中的云滴是由数量更大的小云滴构成,但冰晶却是由数量较少的大冰晶粒子构成。微物理过程转换率的区别是造成两种方案冰云宏观分布特征差异的主要原因。与冰晶和雪有关的微物理过程转换分析表明:活跃期两种方案中与冰晶有关的主要微物理转换项有冰晶的凝华增长、冰晶向雪的自动转化、冰晶被雪碰并以及冰晶的沉降过程。而雪主要的转换项包含沉降和凝华过程等,其中MY方案中雪的主要转换项更为丰富。该时期两种方案冰晶和雪的主要微物理转换项的垂直分布以及量级特征的差异同冰云的宏观分布相一致。季风抑制期,两种方案中冰晶主要的源汇项包括凝华增长和沉降过程。MY方案中凝华凝冻核化也是主要的源汇项之一。抑制期MOR方案中高空的雪发展较强,参与的微物理过程较MY方案更为丰富,主要转换项比MY方案高出约一个量级。     

A Modified Double-Moment Bulk Microphysics Scheme Geared toward the East Asian Monsoon Region

Representation of cloud microphysical processes is one of the key aspects of numerical models. An improved doublemoment bulk cloud microphysics scheme(named IMY) was created based on the standard Milbrandt-Yau(MY) scheme in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model for the East Asian monsoon region(EAMR). In the IMY scheme, the shape parameters of raindrops, snow particles, and cloud droplet size distributions are variables instead of fixed constants.Specifically, the shape parameters of r...     

A Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Coupled with a Mesoscale Model WRF: Model Description and First Results

The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) two-moment bulk microphysics scheme was adopted in this study to investigate the representation of cloud and precipitation processes under different environmental conditions.The scheme predicts the mixing ratio of water vapor as well as the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets,rain,ice,snow,and graupel.A new parameterization approach to simulate heterogeneous droplet activation was developed in this scheme.Furthermore,the improved CAMS scheme was coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v3.1),which made it possible to simulate the microphysics of clouds and precipitation as well as the cloud-aerosol interactions in selected atmospheric condition.The rain event occurring on 27-28 December 2008 in eastern China was simulated using the CAMS scheme and three sophisticated microphysics schemes in the WRF model.Results showed that the simulated 36-h accumulated precipitations were generally agreed with observation data,and the CAMS scheme performed well in the southern area of the nested domain.The radar reflectivity,the averaged precipitation intensity,and the hydrometeor mixing ratios simulated by the CAMS scheme were generally consistent with those from other microphysics schemes.The hydrometeor number concentrations simulated by the CAMS scheme were also close to the experiential values in stratus clouds.The model results suggest that the CAMS scheme performs reasonably well in describing the microphysics of clouds and precipitation in the mesoscale WRF model.     

The Role of Initial Cloud Condensation Nuclei Concentration in Hail Using the WRF NSSL 2-moment Microphysics Scheme

The effects of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations(100–3000 mg~(-1)) on hail properties were investigated in an idealized non-severe hail storm experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, with the National Severe Storms Laboratory 2-moment microphysics scheme. The initial CCN concentration(CCNC) had obvious non-monotonic effects on the mixing ratio, number concentrations, and radius of hail, both in clouds and at the surface, with a CCNC threshold between 300 and 500 mg~(-1). An increasing CCNC is conducive(suppressive) to the amount of surface hail precipitation below(above) the CCNC threshold. The non-monotonic effects were due to both the thermodynamics and microphysics. Below the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratios of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased dramatically with the increasing CCNC, resulting in more latent heat released from condensation and frozen between 4 and 8 km and intensified updraft volume. The extent of the riming process, which is the primary process for hail production, increased dramatically. Above the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratio of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased continuously, but the maximum updraft volume was weakened because of reduced frozen latent heating at low level. The smaller ice crystals reduced the formation of hail and smaller clouds, with decreased rain water reducing riming efficiency so that graupel and hail also decreased with increasing CCNC, which is unfavorable for hail growth.     

GRAPES中尺度模式中Kain-Fritcsh方案的改进及应用试验

本文对GRAPES_Meso中Kain-Fritcsh eta积云参数化方案进行了三种改进：(1)将原触发机制中的温度扰动分解成由水汽决定的垂直向和水平向温度扰动(KF1方案),(2)在原温度扰动中直接增加一项由相对湿度计算的水汽平流项(KF2方案),(3)在KF1方案中增加用相对湿度计算的水汽平流项(KF3方案)。利用GFS预报场资料对上述改进方案进行模拟试验和批量回报试验,结果表明：“5·23”暴雨个例中,(1)改进方案均可以减少原方案模拟的部分虚假降水,KF1方案模拟降水范围较好,KF2方案模拟强降水中心较好,KF3方案同时具备二者优点。(2)三种改进方案对于强降水站点均存在模拟降水偏弱,KF1方案降水趋势与实况接近,但存在对流激发较快,后期降水略为不足,KF2方案则相反,KF3方案表现介于二者之间;KF2、KF3方案均会在对流激发最强和最弱时刻使其向有利方向调整。台风个例中,KF1方案模拟中心气压较好,KF2方案模拟台风路径较好,KF3方案则在两者上均有较好表现。TS评分检验表明KF1方案在各个降水量级上的评分都较低,KF2、KF3方案评分相对较高;误差检验(高度、风)时,KF1方案在中层误差较大,高、低层误差最小,其他两种方案表现则相反。     

NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案在GRAPES_Meso模式中的应用研究

本文将NASA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration）/Goddard长波辐射方案引入到GRAPES_ Meso（Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System_Meso）模式中,对2006年4月中国地区进行了一个月的模拟试验,并与相应的NCEP（National Centers for Environmental Prediction）再分析资料进行了对比分析。试验结果表明:在模拟区域内,使用GRAPES_Meso模式进行24 h、48 h预报得到的晴空大气顶向外长波辐射通量（the clear sky outgoing longwave radiation flux,OLRC）、地面接收到向下长波辐射通量（the clear sky downward longwave radiation flux at ground,GLWC）分布形势与NCEP再分析资料具有较好的对应关系;模式预报24 h、48 h OLRC和NCEP再分析资料月平均误差百分比控制在－10%～＋10%以内,GLWC月平均误差百分比比OLRC略大,但总体上两者误差都在合理和可接受范围之内。OLRC和GLWC 24 h、48 h的预报和NCEP再分析资料的逐日距平相关系数及标准误差的对比显示,模式24 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.96、0.98,标准误差月平均值分别为24.54 W m-2、27.23 W m-2;模式48 h预报OLRC、GLWC的距平相关系数月平均值分别为0.9521、0.9804,标准误差月平均值分别为22.43 W m-2、27.64 W m-2。总体上,模式24 h、48 h预报OLRC和GLWC的距平相关系数都在0.93以上,标准误差都在31 W m-2以内,且GLWC预报和NCEP再分析资料的相关性比OLRC略好,OLRC预报与NCEP再分析资料的的标准误差比GLWC略小。通过和RRTM长波辐射方案对比可知,两者的预报水平基本一致。本文研究结果表明,引入NASA/Goddard长波辐射方案后的GRAPES_Meso模式整体上能够较好地预报OLRC和GLWC,该辐射方案可以作为模式GRAPES_Meso的备选辐射方案之一。     

WRF模式云参数化方案对一次深对流系统模拟的验证和改进

使用中尺度数值模式WRF中的双参数云微物理方案WDM6针对2008年台风“凤凰”登陆过程中造成的强降水进行数值模拟,通过卫星模拟器利用MTSAT-1R和TRMM卫星观测的红外云顶黑体亮温TBB、PR雷达反射率资料使用统计方法验证模拟结果。通过修改云水向雨水自动转化过程、冰晶核化过程、雪和霰的下落末速度、雪和霰的截距进行敏感性试验,减小模拟结果和卫星观测结果的差异。研究结果表明:WDM6方案模拟的台风“凤凰”登陆后的降水,强对流云系及对流柱状雷达回波基本符合实况,但模拟结果局部偏强。WDM6方案模拟产生了较多的浅对流云,低估了对流云系的出现频率。不同云类型模拟的雷达回波均偏强,对流云系雷达回波垂直分布接近观测。敏感性试验结果说明修改WDM6方案中云水向雨水自动转化率有效地改善了模拟效果。同时发现云滴初始数浓度影响云水向雨水自动转化率并最终影响云系结构和雷达反射率的模拟结果,过高的云滴初始数浓度会使模拟结果变差。     

Ensemble Forecast for Tropical Cyclone Based on CNOP-P Method: A Case Study of WRF Model and Two Typhoons

In this paper, we set out to study the ensemble forecast for tropical cyclones. The case study is based on the Conditional Nonlinear Optimal Perturbation related to Parameter (CNOP-P) method and the WRF model to improve the prediction accuracy for track and intensity, and two different typhoons are selected as cases for analysis. We first select perturbed parameters in the YSU and WSM6 schemes, and then solve CNOP-Ps with simulated annealing algorithm for single parameters as well as the combination of multiple parameters. Finally, perturbations are imposed on default parameter values to generate the ensemble members. The whole proposed procedures are referred to as the Perturbed Parameter Ensemble (PPE). We also conduct two experiments, which are control forecast and ensemble forecast, termed Ctrl and perturbed-physics ensemble (PPhyE) respectively, to demonstrate the performance for contrast. In the article, we compare the effects of three experiments on tropical cyclones in aspects of track and intensity, respectively. For track, the prediction errors of PPE are smaller. The ensemble mean of PPE filters the unpredictable situation and retains the reasonably predictable components of the ensemble members. As for intensity, ensemble mean values of the central minimum sea-level pressure and the central maximum wind speed are closer to CMA data during most of the simulation time. The predicted values of the PPE ensemble members included the intensity of CMA data when the typhoon made landfall. The PPE also shows uncertainty in the forecast. Moreover, we also analyze the track and intensity from physical variable fields of PPE. Experiment results show PPE outperforms the other two benchmarks in track and intensity prediction.     

On the Influence of a Simple Microphysics Parametrization on Radiation Fog Modelling: A Case Study During ParisFog

A detailed numerical simulation of a radiation fog event with a single column model is presented, which takes into account recent developments in microphysical parametrizations. One-dimensional simulations are performed using the computational fluid dynamics model Code_Saturne and the results are compared to a very detailed in situ dataset collected during the ParisFog campaign, which took place near Paris, France, during the winter 2006–2007. Special attention is given to the detailed and complete diurnal simulations and to the role of microphysics in the fog life cycle. The comparison between the simulated and the observed visibility, in the single-column model case study, shows that the evolution of radiation fog is correctly simulated. Sensitivity simulations show that fog development and dissipation are sensitive to the droplet-size distribution through sedimentation/deposition processes but the aerosol number concentration in the coarse mode has a low impact on the time of fog formation.     

Simulation Of Blowing Snow In The Canadian Arctic Using A Double-Moment Model

We describe in this paper the development of a double-moment modelof blowing snow and its application to the Canadian Arctic. Wefirst outline the formulation of the numerical model, whichsolves a prognostic equation for both the blowing snow mixingratio and total particle numbers, both moments of particles thatare gamma-distributed. Under idealized simulations, the modelyields realistic evolutions of the blowing snow particledistributions, transport and sublimation rates as well as the thermodynamic fields at low computational costs. A parametrizationof the blowing snow sublimation rate is subsequently derived. The model and parametrization are then applied to a Canadian Arctictundra site prone to frequent blowing snow events. Over a period of210 days during the winter of 1996/1997, the near-surfacerelative humidity consistently approaches saturationwith respect to ice. These conditions limit snowpack erosion byblowing snow sublimation to 3 mm snow water equivalent (swe)with surface sublimation removing an additional 7 mm swe.We find that our results are highly sensitiveto the proper assimilation of the humidity measurements and the evolving thermodynamic fields in the atmospheric boundary layer during blowingsnow. These factors may explain the lower values of blowing snow sublimationreported in this paper than previously published for the region.     

WRF模式中QNSE方案的湍流长度尺度系数的调整试验研究

边界层参数化方案中湍流混合对数值模拟起着重要的作用,湍流混合作用的恰当描述对于温度、湿度、风场以及降水的准确模拟至关重要。我国长江中下游流域人口密集,暴雨灾害频发,很有必要寻找一种适合该地区降水模拟的边界层参数化方案。本文运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值模式,以QNSE（Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination）边界层参数化方案为基础,将其中湍流混合长度尺度系数调整为可变参数。本文将Noh et al.（2003）提出的Prandtl公式与Janji?提出的修正湍流长度尺度系数的方法相结合,通过考虑非局地项的强迫、地表稳定度与边界层高度对湍流长度尺度系数的影响,强调大气的动力结构特征与热力结构特征对湍流混合的共同影响,从而提高QNSE边界层参数化方案在不同地理环境下的模拟能力。文章通过进行长江中下游地区的典型暴雨试验,将调整参数后的QNSE方案与原方案进行比较,重点分析调整参数后的方案与原方案对关键基本气象要素场、边界层结构特征以及降水的模拟能力,并将模拟结果与观测结果进行对比,结果表明:调整参数后的方案一定程度上改进了地表温度、边界层结构以及降水的模拟效果。进一步研究表明,调整参数后的方案主要通过改变边界层混合缓解水汽混合比、位温模拟方面的误差。     

高寒草原地区边界层参数化方案的适用性评估

为了验证中尺度数值模式WRF中不同的边界层参数化方案对青藏高原地区高寒草原均匀下垫面的适用性,选取4种不同的边界层参数化方案(YSU、MYNN2.5、ACM2和BouLac),分别在青藏高原东部玛曲地区进行了高分辨率的数值模拟,借助中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所若尔盖高原湿地生态系统研究站观测资料,对典型晴天条件下近地层温度、辐射收支、地表能量以及边界层结构特征进行了相互比较分析,评估了不同边界层参数化方案的模拟差异.结果表明,对于近地层温度,白天不同方案的模拟值与观测值差异不明显,夜间MYNN2.5方案更偏离观测值,而其余方案的模拟差异不大;相对短波辐射,长波辐射过程更易受边界层参数化方案的影响;对于地表热通量,非局地闭合方案的模拟值相对湍流动能TKE闭合方案更接近观测值;对于净辐射通量、感热通量和潜热通量,MYNN2.5方案的模拟要优于其他3种方案;不同边界层参数化方案均模拟出了白天超绝热层以及夜间逆温、逆湿现象,但不同方案对边界层结构的模拟仍然存在一些差异.     

Simulations of Microphysics and Precipitation in a Stratiform Cloud Case over Northern China:Comparison of Two Microphysics Schemes

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model with two different microphysics schemes, the Predicted Particle Properties(P3) and the Morrison double-moment parameterizations, we simulated a stratiform rainfall event on20–21 April 2010. The simulation output was compared with precipitation and aircraft observations. The aircraft-observed moderate-rimed dendrites and plates indicated that riming contributed significantly to ice particle growth at the mature precipitation stage. Observation...     

用WRF模式中不同云微物理参数化方案对华南一次暴雨过程的数值模拟和性能分析

本文使用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.4中的8种不同云微物理过程参数化方案,模拟2010年5月6～7日华南一次暴雨事件,探讨不同云微物理方案对华南暴雨模拟的影响。结果表明:不同云微物理方案对不同量级降水模拟效果总体较好。WSM3方案对小到大雨和大暴雨的模拟效果最好,对暴雨的模拟最差;WDM5方案对暴雨模拟效果最好。结合TS评分和误差分析结果,整体效果最好的是WSM5方案,最差的是Lin方案。对于同一云微物理参数化方案,不同分辨率的降水模拟结果差异不大,但同一分辨率的不同云微物理参数化方案的降水结果差异较大,这说明云微物理过程比模式分辨率对暴雨模拟的影响更大。     

GRAPES_Meso区域模式积云计算方案引进及预报效果检验

云量在模式中的准确模拟既是一个重点问题,也是一个难点问题。经评估发现,在GRAPES_Meso（Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System）模式中存在模拟云量偏少的问题,而ECMWF模式中的积云云量计算方案对云量模拟具有一定优势。鉴于此,本文借鉴ECMWF积云云量计算方案对GRAPES中尺度模式中的云量计算方案进行了适当改进,并通过影响试验模拟三维云量和地面温度来验证其改进效果。结果表明:较改进前,改进云量方案模拟的云量增多,单层云量更加准确,垂直方向云层结构改进效果明显;地面温度与观测值对比误差减小。综合分析模拟结果,认为改进云量计算方案在GRAPES模式中对云量和地面温度的模拟有较好的改进。     

A New Ocean Mixed-Layer Model Coupled into WRF

A new mesoscale air-sea coupled model (WRF- OMLM-Noh) was constructed based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and an improved Mellor-Yamada ocean mixed-layer model from Noh and Kim (OMLM-Noh). Through off-line tests and a simulation of a real typhoon, the authors compared the performance of the WRF-OMLM-Noh with another existing ocean mixed-layer coupled model (WRF-OMLM-Pollard). In the off-line tests with Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Program’s Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA-COARE) observational data, the results show that OMLM-Noh is better able to simulate sea surface temperature (SST) variational trends than OMLM -Pollard. Moreover, OMLM-Noh can sufficiently reproduce the diurnal cycle of SST. Regarding the typhoon case study, SST cooling due to wind-driven ocean mixing is underestimated in WRF-OMLM-Pollard, which artificially increases the intensity of the typhoon due to more simulated air-sea heat fluxes. Compared to the WRF- OMLM-Pollard, the performance of WRF-OMLM-Noh is superior in terms of both the spatial distribution and temporal variation of SST and air-sea heat fluxes.     

WRF模式中地形重力波参数化方案应用及不同拖曳力试验

在WRF模式中引入地形重力波拖曳参数化方案(GWDO),利用WRFV3.2中尺度模式对2007年7月3日00时至10日00时(世界时)发生在我国江淮梅雨季向华北雨季转换时段江淮与华北地区过渡区域的降水天气过程进行了不同重力波拖曳力作用下的敏感性试验,设计了5组数值试验:不考虑重力波拖曳的控制试验(Ctrl)及考虑重力波拖曳(GWDO)但在不同拖曳力作用下的4组敏感性试验。结果表明:GWDO方案的引入,有效地改善了模式对环流场、水汽输送带、垂直速度场的模拟,缓解了对风速预报偏强的现象,一定程度上纠正了模式模拟的西风偏差,对降水落区和强度也有较好的改善。随着模拟时次的推移,引入的拖曳力越强,对降水模拟的改善越显著。     

GRAPES中尺度模式中不同积云参数化方案预报性能对比研究

利用我国新一代中尺度数值模式GRAPES_Meso,采用KFeta和BMJ两种积云对流参数化方案,对我国2009年冬季(1月)和夏季(6—8月)天气进行批量回报试验。回报试验结果表明：在冬季,两种方案对GRAPES_Meso模式的预报性能影响差异较小。在夏季,两种方案对模式回报效果的影响表现明显。在低层BMJ方案对形势场的回报性能略优于KFeta方案,中层则是KFeta方案明显优于BMJ方案,而在高层KFeta方案略优于BMJ方案。TS评分检验表明KFeta方案对降水的预报总体上优于BMJ方案,特别是中雨到暴雨量级在华南地区KFeta方案有明显的优势。两个方案预报积云降水平均贡献率的空间分布差异主要表现在低纬度洋面上,BMJ方案的贡献率比KFeta方案大。两个方案积云降水贡献率的概率分布形态在小雨量级上都呈陡峭的“U”型分布。KFeta方案随着降水量级的增大逐渐向大贡献率偏移,特大暴雨量级时基本上是积云降水的贡献;而BMJ参数化方案则是随着降水量级的增大逐渐向小贡献率偏移,特大暴雨量级时基本上是格点降水的贡献。     

Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Interactions in WRF Model: Sensitivity to Autoconversion Parameterization

Cloud-to-rain autoconversion process is an important player in aerosol loading, cloud morphology, and precipitation variations because it can modulate cloud microphysical characteristics depending on the participation of aerosols, and affects the spatio-temporal distribution and total amount of precipitation. By applying the Kessler, the Khairoutdinov-Kogan(KK), and the Dispersion autoconversion parameterization schemes in a set of sensitivity experiments, the indirect effects of aerosols on clouds and precipitation are investigated for a deep convective cloud system in Beijing under various aerosol concentration backgrounds from 50 to 10000 cm-3. Numerical experiments show that aerosol-induced precipitation change is strongly dependent on autoconversion parameterization schemes. For the Kessler scheme, the average cumulative precipitation is enhanced slightly with increasing aerosols, whereas surface precipitation is reduced significantly with increasing aerosols for the KK scheme. Moreover, precipitation varies non-monotonically for the Dispersion scheme, increasing with aerosols at lower concentrations and decreasing at higher concentrations.These different trends of aerosol-induced precipitation change are mainly ascribed to differences in rain water content under these three autoconversion parameterization schemes. Therefore, this study suggests that accurate parameterization of cloud microphysical processes, particularly the cloud-to-rain autoconversion process, is needed for improving the scientific understanding of aerosol-cloud-precipitation interactions.     

基于WRF模式的海面湍流通量参数化方案的研究

中尺度数值模拟结果特别是高影响天气的精细预报对近地层动量和热量通量极为敏感,因此近地层湍流通量参数化方案一直是大气科学研究中一个十分重要的课题.以TOGA-COARE观测试验资料为基础,本文将湍流通量参数化方案模块从天气研究预报(WRF)模式中提取出来,与最新研发的湍流通量参数化方案(即LGLC方案)进行对比测试分析....