定陶县建立农村宅基地管理机制的思考

为解决超标准占用宅基地、一户多宅,“空心村”现象,以及擅自改变宅基地使用用途、非法转让宅基地使用权等宅基地使用中的突出问题,尝试将国有建设用地管理方式推广应用到农村宅基地管理中去;明确土地规划、土地储备、土地整理等土地管理职能部门的宅基地管理职责;将耕地开垦费用于宅基地整治,解决困扰宅基地整治的资金问题;将“问责制”、动态巡查制度等精细化管理手段应用于宅基地管理。     

“Source–sink” landscape pattern analysis of nonpoint source pollution using remote sensing techniques

Research on the “source–sink” landscape pattern of nonpoint source pollution is of great significance to natural resource management, environmental protection, water quality improvement, nonpoint source pollution prevention and control, and ecological security pattern construction. Remote sensing has proven by many scholars as a practical and effective technique to study landscape patterns and nonpoint source pollution. However, there are still many obstacles to the application of remote sensing technology, such as classification errors, scale effects and the issue, whereby landscape metrics cannot describe the landscape information comprehensively. In view of the characteristics of the macroscale and multi-scale of remote sensing, the analysis of landscape patterns is the basis for the study of the relationship research between patterns and ecological processes, and it is also the key to the study of landscape dynamics and functions. This paper attempts to summarize the representative results and the challenges of remote sensing in the study of the source and sink landscape of the nonpoint source pollution landscape and provide corresponding solutions as a reference for future research.     

Metasomatic origin of garnet xenocrysts from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe,Arkhangelsk region,NW Russia

This paper presents new major and trace element data from 150 garnet xenocrysts from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe located in the central part of the Arkhangelsk diamondiferous province (ADP). Based on the concentrations of Cr₂O₃, CaO, TiO₂ and rare earth elements (REE) the garnets were divided into seven groups: (1) lherzolitic “depleted” garnets (“Lz 1”), (2) lherzolitic garnets with normal REE patterns (“Lz 2”), (3) lherzolitic garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 3”), (4) lherzolitic garnets with strongly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 4”), (5) harzburgitic garnets with sinusoidal REE patterns (“Hz”), (6) wehrlitic garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“W”), (7) garnets of megacryst paragenesis with normal REE patterns (“Meg”). Detailed mineralogical and geochemical garnet studies and modeling results suggest several stages of mantle metasomatism influenced by carbonatite and silicate melts. Carbonatitic metasomatism at the first stage resulted in refertilization of the lithospheric mantle, which is evidenced by a nearly vertical CaO-Cr₂O₃ trend from harzburgitic (“Hz”) to lherzolitic (“Lz 4”) garnet composition. Harzburgitic garnets (“Hz”) have probably been formed by interactions between carbonatite melts and exsolved garnets in high-degree melt extraction residues. At the second stage of metasomatism, garnets with weakly sinusoidal REE patterns (“Lz 3”, “W”) were affected by a silicate melt possessing a REE composition similar to that of ADP alkaline mica-poor picrites. At the last stage, the garnets interacted with basaltic melts, which resulted in the decrease CaO-Cr₂O₃ trend of “Lz 2” garnet composition. Cr-poor garnets of megacryst paragenesis (“Meg”) could crystallize directly from the silicate melt which has a REE composition close to that of ADP alkaline mica-poor picrites. P-T estimates of the garnet xenocrysts indicate that the interval of ～60–110 km of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib pipe was predominantly affected by the silicate melts, whereas the lithospheric mantle deeper than 150 km was influenced by the carbonatite melts.     

The Town Effect: Dynamic Interaction between a Group of Structures and Waves in the Ground

In a conventional approach, the mechanical behaviour of a structure subjected to seismic or blast waves is treated separately from its surroundings, and in many cases, the dynamic coupling effect between multiple structures and the waves propagating in the ground is disregarded. However, if many structures are built densely in a developed urban area, this dynamic interaction may not become negligible. The first purpose of this contribution is to briefly show the effect of multiple interactions between waves and surface buildings in a town. The analysis is based on a recently developed, fully coupled, rigorous mathematical study, and for simplicity, each building in the town is represented by a rigid foundation, a mass at the top and an elastic spring that connects the foundation and mass. The buildings stand at regular spatial intervals on a linear elastic half-space and are subjected to two-dimensional anti-plane vibrations. It is found that the buildings in this model significantly interact with each other through the elastic ground, and the resonant (eigen) frequencies of the collective system (buildings or town) become lower than that of a single building with the same rigid foundation. This phenomenon may be called the “town effect” or “city effect.” Then, second, it is shown that the actual, unique structural damage pattern caused by the 1976 Friuli, Italy, earthquake may better be explained by this “town effect,” rather than by investigating the seismic performance of each damaged building individually. The results suggest that it may also be possible to evaluate the physical characteristics of incident seismic/blast waves “inversely” from the damage patterns induced to structures by the waves.     

Formation of drying crack patterns in soils: a deterministic approach

Soils, as well as most of deformable multiphase porous materials, are likely to suffer from desiccation cracking, leading to the formation of regular crack patterns affecting their permeability. The ensuing crack spacing has often been related to a concept sometimes called “sequential infilling”: it is assumed that desiccation cracks are formed by successive generations. However, such a concept does not consider the pattern of a simultaneous crack formation at a given moment. Using our desiccation cracking test results and their numerical simulation, we propose a consistent explanation for the formation of desiccation crack patterns in soils. We show that the “sequential infilling” concept is suitable only when the position of the crack(s) clearly stems from the stress field. To derive an estimate of the desiccation crack spacing, the overall energy of the system needs to be considered. Statistical variability should be superimposed on the mean deterministic conditions discussed here.     

Planetary and pre-solar noble gases in meteorites

Noble gases are not rare in the Universe, but they are rare in rocks. As a consequence, it has been possible to identify in detailed analyses a variety of components whose existence is barely visible in other elements: radiogenic and cosmogenic gases produced in situ, as well as a variety of “trapped” components – both of solar (solar wind) origin and the “planetary” noble gases. The latter are most abundant in the most primitive chondritic meteorites and are distinct in elemental and isotopic abundance patterns from planetary noble gases sensu strictu, e.g., those in the atmospheres of Earth and Mars, having in common only the strong relative depletion of light relative to heavy elements when compared to the solar abundance pattern. In themselves, the “planetary” noble gases in meteorites constitute again a complex mixture of components including such hosted by pre-solar stardust grains.The pre-solar components bear witness of the processes of nucleosynthesis in stars. In particular, krypton and xenon isotopes in pre-solar silicon carbide and graphite grains keep a record of physical conditions of the slow-neutron capture process (s-process) in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The more abundant Kr and Xe in the nanodiamonds, on the other hand, show a more enigmatic pattern, which, however, may be related to variants of the other two processes of heavy element nucleosynthesis, the rapid neutron capture process (r-process) and the p-process producing the proton-rich isotopes.“Q-type” noble gases of probably “local” origin dominate the inventory of the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, Xe). They are hosted by “phase Q”, a still ill-characterized carbonaceous phase that is concentrated in the acid-insoluble residue left after digestion of the main meteorite minerals in HF and HCl acids. While negligible in planetary-gas-rich primitive meteorites, the fraction carried by “solubles” becomes more important in chondrites of higher petrologic type. While apparently isotopically similar to Q gas, the elemental abundances are somewhat less fractionated relative to the solar pattern, and they deserve further study. Similar “planetary” gases occur in high abundance in the ureilite achondrites, while small amounts of Q-type noble gases may be present in some other achondrites. A “subsolar” component, possibly a mixture of Q and solar noble gases, is found in enstatite chondrites. While no definite mechanism has been identified for the introduction of the planetary noble gases into their meteoritic host phases, there are strong indications that ion implantation has played a major role.The planetary noble gases are concentrated in the meteorite matrix. Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) are largely planetary-gas-free, however, some trapped gases have been found in chondrules. Micrometeorites (MMs) and interplanetary dust particles (IDPs) often contain abundant solar wind He and Ne, but they are challenging objects for the analysis of the heavier noble gases that are characteristic for the planetary component. The few existing data for Xe point to a Q-like isotopic composition. Isotopically Q-Kr and Q-Xe show a mass dependent fractionation relative to solar wind, with small radiogenic/nuclear additions. They may be closer to “bulk solar” Kr and Xe than Kr and Xe in the solar wind, but for a firm conclusion it is necessary to gain a better understanding of mass fractionation during solar wind acceleration.     

Sensitivity analysis of runoff hydrographs due to temporal rainfall patterns in Makkah Al-Mukkramah region,Saudi Arabia

Runoff peak and volume in flood studies are estimated relying on temporal rainfall distribution from various storm patterns. Usually, SCS distributions types (I, II, III, IA) are commonly used. Using these distributions in runoff calculations assume that the in situ temporal rainfall pattern typically behaves as the one described by the SCS-type distribution, which is due to cyclonic frontal storms and actually developed in temperate environment. To what extent such assumption is valid in the arid environment? How much the impacts of rainfall temporal patterns are reflected in runoff volumes and peaks? The aim objectives of the current study are to answer the above two questions and clarify the validity of aforementioned assumption and exemplify such effect. Real rainfall data collected from rain gauges of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region over a period of more than 20 years are utilized. Temporal rainfall patterns and their parameters are deduced. Many hydrological simulations are performed and comparisons, in terms of runoff volume and peak flows, are made to show the effects of the common rainfall storm patterns and the developed rainfall storm patterns in the region based on the current study. Results indicate that major bursts of the design rainfall storm pattern are located in the first time of the storm period in the two quartiles which is mainly due to convective rainfall type in thunderstorms unlike the commonly used by SCS types relying on frontal cyclonic storms. Makkah Al-Mukkramah temporal rainfall pattern does not behave as the “typical pattern” assumed by SCS distributions that are deduced from different environments. The impacts of the temporal pattern reflected as an overestimate in the runoff peak reached to 68 %. The developed hyetographs and tables presented in the current study are recommended to enhance economical and rational design practice in watersheds of Makkah Al-Mukkramah region.     

On the origin of silicate-bearing diamondites

Garnets and clinopyroxenes, intergrown with diamonds in 37 diamondites (“bort”, “polycrystalline diamond aggregates”, “polycrystalline diamond”, “framesite”), presumably from southern Africa, were analyzed for trace element contents by LA-ICP-MS. The intimate diamond-silicate intergrowths suggest that both precipitated from the same fluids during the same crystallization events. In this study we distinguish 5 chemical garnet groups: “peridotitic” (P), intermediate (I) and 3 “eclogitic” groups (E1, E2 and E3). Chondrite-normalized trace element patterns for the garnet groups roughly correlate with major element abundances. Most of P garnets show complex, mildly sinusoidal REE_N patterns with relatively flat HREE_N-MREE_N, a small hump at Sm-Nd and depleted LREE_N, and have relatively high contents of Nb, Ta, U, and Th. The REE_N abundance patterns of E garnets differ by showing a continuous increase from LREE to HREE and depletion in LREE and highly incompatible elements relative to the P garnets. Of all garnet groups, E3 garnets are the poorest in highly incompatible trace elements and in Mg. Model equilibrium fluids for P garnets suggest crystallization from magnesian carbonate-bearing fluids/melts, which were very rich in incompatible trace elements — similar to kimberlites. Hypothetical equilibrium melts for E1 and E2 garnets are also magnesian and poorer in LREE and highly incompatible elements relative to typical kimberlitic or carbonatitic melts. Fluids that crystallized the P and most of the E garnets have similar mg numbers indicating a peridotitic source for both. The differences in Cr and highly incompatible element contents can be the result of differences in fluid formation and/or evolution rather than different source rock. The positive correlation of Cr₂O₃ and mg with the abundances of highly incompatible elements in garnets indicate fluid-rock fractionation processes rather than igneous fractional crystallization processes being responsible for the evolution of the diamondite-forming fluids.     

A magnetic fabric study of Late Whitcliffian (U. Silurian) siltstones from the Welsh Borderland

The uppermost Whitcliffian strata of the Welsh Borderlands record the final phase of marine sedimentation in the Silurian basin and shelf environments. They give way transitionally to the succeeding non-marine Lower Old Red Sandstone. As a contribution to the understanding of the change from marine to continental facies, the magnetic fabric method was used to obtain palaeocurrent data for the uppermost Whitcliffian. The results confirm that the uppermost Whitcliffian palaeocurrent pattern is essentially “Silurian” in character and does not foreshadow the deltaic and littoral patterns of sediment distribution observed in the basal Old Red Sandstone.     

The emergence of “star disaster-affected areas” and its implications to disaster and communication interdisciplinary study: a Taiwan example from Typhoon Morakot

This study explored the phenomenon of “star disaster-affected areas” created by media in Taiwan and its consequences. Taitung County was chosen as the study subject since it was covered in a biased large amount in 2009 Typhoon Morakot unprecedentedly. A content analysis of four major newspapers, in-depth interviews, and field research in Chialan and Dawu Township founds that media is the key player to create “star disaster-affected areas.” The factors of being “star disaster-affected areas” are the degree of impacted severity in the areas, the numbers of affected residents, casualty and death tolls, accessibility to affected areas, and most importantly human interests and visual impacts for better media storytelling. The consequences include uneven resources distributions and unfair reaction and recovery policies. This study provided implications for media workers, disaster management actors, residents, and media scholars to revisit ethics and theory to fit it the characteristics of disaster news and above all, disaster and communication scholars to develop an interdisciplinary study to facilitate disaster management.     

Rare graphic textures of cinnabar–stibnite and cinnabar–chalcopyrite pairs and their genesis

We consider the rare graphic textures of cinnabar–stibnite and cinnabar–chalcopyrite pairs from the Khaidarkan Sb–Hg deposit (Kyrgyzstan) and the Idermeg-Bayan-Haan-Uul polysulfide–fluorite complex deposit (Mongolia). They resemble the ridge pattern on finger skin. Typical signs suggest the formation of the cinnabar–stibnite graphic texture in two stages of hypogene mineralization: (1) interstitial replacement of granulated stibnite by cinnabar and (2) local recrystallization of combined aggregates during the dynamic metamorphism of the ores with partial migration of substance and the formation of “ordered” graphic textures. This texture is named “the graphic texture of hypogene recrystallization.”The formation of the cinnabar–chalcopyrite graphic texture, which has been observed for the first time, is attributed to direct hypogene replacement of cinnabar by chalcopyrite. Chalcopyrite crystallization along the contacts of cinnabar grains is accompanied by the growth of the replacement area. It is proposed to name this texture “the graphic texture of hypogene replacement.” The causes of the selective replacement of cinnabar by chalcopyrite, which gave rise to this peculiar texture, remain uncertain.     

Roads, petroleum and accessibility: the case of eastern Ecuador

Oil exploration and production (E&P) activities in remote regions are often considered a catalyst for landscape change through the direct alterations created by infrastructure features, as well as through the accessibility provided by roads. The construction, expansion and improvement of transportation routes in isolated areas can attract newcomers and resource users who engage in illegal logging, poaching, commercial agriculture, as well as planned and spontaneous colonization. These actions can lead to larger-scale surface disturbances that may also affect indigenous territories and natural preserves. However, do these parallel activities and outcomes always accompany E&P development, or can controlled access minimize changes? To answer this question we utilized an “accounting from above” approach that uses remote sensing and GIS techniques to analyze surface disturbance patterns linked to infrastructure features for both E&P and parallel activities. Our study area included four neighboring oil blocks in eastern Ecuador’s tropical forest, displaying three types of E&P development: public-access, controlled-access and roadless. The first objective was to determine the spatial relationship between infrastructure pattern, disturbance regimes and the type of road access for the year 2000 using land-use land-cover maps, soils data, protected areas and colonization zones. The second objective was to examine the statistical relationships between agricultural conversion and the above factors. Spatial analysis findings suggest that areas of overlap where colonization zones, public-access roads and fertile soils meet are most prone to deforestation. Statistical findings from a linear regression model suggest that the presence of public-access non-oil roads are significant at explaining the conversion of natural vegetation (forest) to agriculture, while the presence of protected areas helps explain the conservation of forested land.     

“Invisible” Gold in Pyrite and Arsenopyrite from The Pavlik Deposit (Northeastern Russia)

Doklady Earth Sciences - The first study on the distribution pattern and features of the “invisible” gold concentration in pyrite and arsenopyrite was carried out for a typical...     

银河旋臂、地核环流与地球大冰期

地球在其约４６亿年的生命史中，多次出现大冰期，关于其形成原因是地球科学家研究的热门课题。促使地球系统演化的力源主要来自哪一圈层？气体具有最大的激活能，但大气圈仅占地球总质量的１０－６，它不可能是主要圈层。固态的激活能最低，下地幔和地内核亦不大可能在地球系统演化中扮演主要角色。地球外核是液态，具有较高的激活能，它约占现代地球系统总质量的３０％，故可认为它是地球系统演化的主要活动圈层。作为旋转地球上的流体，外核环流存在着两种极端流型：一是“地转流型”，其速度场是二维场，垂直运动很弱（以下简称为Ｇ型）；二是“强对流型”，当Ｅｌｓｓａｓｅｒ数≥１时，流场的二维几乎完全被Ｌｏｒｅｎｚ力所破坏，对流充满整个地核（以下简称Ｃ型）。文章在事实分析的基础上提出了地球大冰期形成的如下假说：当地球背景磁场与银河旋臂磁场极性符号相同时，外磁场将激发地球外核环流转为Ｃ型，引起地壳和地幔强烈的垂直运动（强造山运动），致使大气热机效率亦大为提高，高纬地区强降温，这是大冰期形成的根本原因。这一假说的逆表述，即当地球背景磁场与银河旋臂磁场极性相反时，地核环流将转向Ｇ型，地壳表面将主要是“夷平作用”，致使大气热机效率亦降低，行星风系减弱，高纬?     

生物标志化合物在地层划分与对比中的应用——以塔里木盆地下古生界为例

生物标志化合物是指沉积岩或原油和煤中碳—碳骨架稳定的特征化合物 ,它通常是用于油源对比和古沉积环境的恢复。本次研究在地层划分与对比中尝试利用正常甾烷分布的差异 ,研究表明 ,塔里木盆地寒武系—下奥陶统和中上奥陶统的甾烷分布特征完全不同 :前者的 C2 8甾烷含量高于后者 ,正常甾烷的分布是 C2 9>C2 8>C2 7,呈反“L”型分布 ;后者的 C2 7甾烷含量高于前者 ,甾烷的分布是 C2 9>C2 7>C2 8,呈“V”字型分布。寒武系—下奥陶统和中上奥陶统甾烷分布由反“L”型变为“V”型 ,说明生物在演化过程中 ,有机质的来源及化学结构组成发生了明显变化 ,据此可用于塔里木盆地下古生界的地层划分与对比。     

Ore-Forming Processes and Dissipative Structures

The theory of dissipative structures is applied in this paper to probing into the dynamics, temporal struc-tures and spatial structures of ore-forming processes and the inherent relationships among them. Areas of oreformation are large dynamic systems in development and evolution. The core of ore formation is the "onset ofore-forming processes". and the crux of it is the "transition from mineralization to ore formation". The theoryof bifurcation and theory of fluctuation make possible the access to the solution of this problem. The multiord-er or successive bifurcation of dissipative structures introduces dynamic geochemical processes into geosciencesand inverses the dynamic evolution and temporal rhythms of ore-forming processes. The localization ofdissipative structures introduces dynamic geochemical fields into geosciences and brings to light the causes andmechanisms of the formation and development of geochemical areas of ore formation (regions and zones of oreformation) and their spatial dynamic patterns.     

鄂尔多斯南缘构造带现今地块运动模式

依据研究区内断裂体系及GPS地体运动矢量数据,将鄂尔多斯南缘构造带分割成AK共11个断块群,将差异性GPS数据转化为断块之间的细部相对运动,给研究地块细部运动差异提供一种全新的研究思路与研究模式。鄂尔多斯南缘中东部现今构造应力场整体为挤压应力环境。在渭河盆地西部,从西南方向中秦岭动力楔传递而来的挤压应力峰点在武功咸阳口镇一带形成应力主轴,应力主轴两侧楔形地块普遍存在侧向挤出逃逸,逃逸使GPS运动矢量偏离区域主应力方向。渭河盆地东部则存在左行走滑,显示出豫西断隆的阻隔碰撞作用。鄂尔多斯南缘现今地块相对运动规律符合"三头碰撞"模式,四川地块、鄂尔多斯地块、豫西断隆三个地块的"三头碰撞"形成高应力区,"头间逃逸带"形成走滑带和相对低应力区。本次提出地体之间的"多头碰撞"和"头间逃逸"构造模式有一定的普遍性,研究清楚地块之间哪里是"头"接触点、哪里是"头间逃逸带",可以成为研究大中地块周围震源机制分布规律的有效途径。     

Factors associated with unnecessary requests for an ambulance by non-traumatic patients after the acute earthquake responding phase: a qualitative content analysis

The pre-hospital emergency staff played a key role in transferring the injured patients to health centers. Usually, they reported changes in their decisions on the transfer of non-traumatic patients to hospitals. So, this study was aimed to explore the reasons for unnecessarily requesting an ambulance by non-traumatic patients after the acute responding-to-earthquake phase. This study was a qualitative study that data were analyzed by content analysis approach. Participants were eleven pre-hospital emergency technicians. Data were collected by three sessions of focus group discussion. Data analysis was led to emergence of a main theme: “feeling urgency due to turmoil and uncertainty.” This theme illustrates the basic approach of the inhabitants of the earthquake-stricken region when unnecessarily requesting an ambulance. This theme was derived from two main categories of “turbulent and uncertain conditions” and “psychological turmoil.” The category of “turbulent and uncertain conditions” was comprised of three subcategories: “unreliable care,” “inadequate facilities” and “turbulent living conditions.” The category of “psychological turmoil” was comprised of three subcategories: “psychological turmoil in survivors,” “healthcare providers deciding under pressure” and “turmoil in providing psychological and psychiatric services.” Ambulance dispatch may be unnecessarily performed owing to turbulent and unsure conditions and psychological turmoil in earthquake-stricken people and pre-hospital emergency staff. Providing earthquake-stricken people with psycho-medical services in their place of residence can significantly reduce the workload of pre-hospital emergency staff and consequently that of hospital staff and therefore save time and treatment costs and increase the quality of health services provided for the injured.

     

Assessing ecological impairments in Neotropical rivers of Mexico: calibration and validation of the Biomonitoring Working Party Index

Freshwater ecosystems are one of the most endangered and threatened ecosystems worldwide, particularly in developing countries, where population growth, industrialization, urbanization, and changes in land use are increasing. In Mexico, water ecosystems are severely impacted and an easy-to-use tool is needed for monitoring freshwater ecosystems. This study presents the development of a calibration and validation procedure for the Biological Monitoring Working Party Index using physical–chemical and biological data from Neotropical rivers in Mexico (Apatlaco and Chalma-Tembembe). Water quality and macroinvertebrates were monitored in four campaigns including the dry and rainy seasons (2012–2013). Calibration of the index was performed in the following steps: determination of a physicochemical quality index, identification of the abundance class for each family of macroinvertebrates, incorporation of abundances in the corresponding physicochemical quality index interval, and determination of bioindication values for each macroinvertebrate family. With the calibrated values, the index was assessed for each study site and period. The calibrated index was validated by a statistical test. Ranges for water quality categories were defined by three statistical procedures. The range of the Biological Monitoring Working Party Index was tested with study sites from adjacent sub-basins. The Chalma-Tembembe River in agricultural areas comprised the categories “Bad polluted” to “regular and moderately polluted,” whereas the largest portion of the Apatlaco River in urban zones comprised “Bad, very polluted” to “Bad, extremely polluted.” Thus, the calibrated index is a suitable biomonitoring tool, allowing the detection of zones that need urgent management and a recovery plan.