基于SVM的地下采煤区沉陷灾害发育敏感性分区研究

地下采煤区沉陷灾害发育重点区预测目前尚无固定程式,且敏感区预测结果存在不确定性较大的问题。以山西省太原市西山地区沉陷灾害为研究对象,分别以2012年和2014年核查编录的沉陷灾害数据为建模数据和验证数据,以高程、坡度、坡向、地势起伏度、地面曲率、地层岩组、地质构造为敏感性评价因子,综合运用GIS空间分析、统计分析和支持向量机(SVM)等方法,构建了4种核函数SVM沉陷灾害敏感性分区预测模型,分别从模型的评价因子权重、模型优选、敏感性分区预测结果、预测精度和模型适用性进行了分析。结果表明:多项式核函数SVM模型(PL-SVM)的训练精度(受试者特征曲线下面积AUC=0.854)与验证精度(AUC=0.755)均较高,模型预测能力良好,是4种模型中表现最好的模型,所划分敏感性分区结果合理,极高与高敏感区以较小面积分布较多沉陷灾害点,而低敏感区则以较大面积分布极少沉陷灾害点。PL-SVM模型预测的太原西山地区沉陷灾害发育极高、高、中和低敏感区的面积占比分别为:20.19%、17.43%、21.18%、41.20%,频率比值与敏感性等级之间呈良好的正相关,符合线性函数关系。PL-SVM模型敏感性评价结果可靠,适用性好,对地下采煤区沉陷灾害发育特征研究及灾害普查重点区预判具有参考意义。      

盐岩地下储备库引发地表沉陷事故的风险分析

在盐岩储备库的建设和运营过程中,由于腔体不断收缩而导致上覆岩层发生变形,从而引起储库上部地表发生碟状沉降变形,甚至造成地表塌陷事故是盐岩地下储备库的重要事故类型之一。针对盐岩地下储备库引发的地表沉陷事故进行分析,找出了该类事故的发生机制并建立相应的故障树模型,计算得到地表沉陷事故的14种发生模式和10个基本致因事件,并提出了相应的控制措施。并从风险分析的角度对盐岩储备库引发的地表沉降事故的后果严重性进行预测分析研究,并以湖北云应盐矿为例,假设该地区在储气库的建设或运营过程中发生地表沉降事故,采用模糊综合评价法对该类事故后果的严重性进行风险预测,得出后果为可忽略、需考虑、严重、非常严重、灾难性的概率分别为0.24、0.28、0.29、0.15、0.04。为有效预防盐岩储备库运营引发地表沉陷事故以及在事故发生前进行损失严重性预测提供了依据和方法     

Relevance of building site categories implementation into the land use plan in underground mining area in the region of Petrvald (Czech Republic)

Deep mining of mineral resources causes extensive changes in rock environment and ground morphology and must be considered in the land use planning. Subsidence as a result of underground mining activities in terrains is one of the serious geological hazards because they can effect slopes and damage engineering structures, settlement areas, natural lakes and allow infiltration of contaminant into the groundwater. The main aim of this article was implementation of the building site categories of underground mining regions into the land use plans. This case study area was selected from the region of Orlova town within the Ostrava-Karvina Coal district, and this region is one of the most affected areas by underground mining of black coal in the Czech Republic. Certain risk categories of land, where the individual categories express generalized influence of deep mining of coal in current and planned constructions were also represented in this article. Extensive variations caused by underground mining were identified within a wide variability of risk categories. An important finding was also the extensive variability over time, manifested by spatial variations in the stated categories in the studied time periods. Moreover, technical documentation of environmental impacts related to underground mining activities was provided; importance of existing and proposed underground mining projects that may significantly impact the land use was discussed and pointed out in this article, especially.     

A physical and numerical model-based research on the subsidence features of overlying strata caused by coal mining in Henan,China

The major environmental consequence of coal mining is anthropogenic land subsidence. In particular, mine subsidence can cause damage to public and private infrastructure such as railroads, roads, pipelines and buildings. What is more, it is an engineering problem which troubles engineering construction and safety. Ground surface deformation is related to the measure of mining and the deformation mechanism of overlying strata above the gob. In this paper, a physical and numerical model on the subsidence of longwall mining within a geotechnical setting is presented. The physical model is developed within the framework of physical similar law and geological model in Henan Province, China. The numerical solution is developed within continuum poromechanics and finite element setting. The law of overlying strata deformation is obtained according to physical model experiment and numerical simulation.     

宁夏羊场湾煤矿浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷发育规律及形成机理

以宁夏羊场湾煤矿Y110207工作面为研究对象,采用无人机遥感技术、野外调查与有限差分软件模拟方法研究浅埋煤层开采的地面塌陷类型、发育规律及其形成机理。(1)浅埋煤层开采地面塌陷以地表裂缝发育为主,地表破坏严重。(2)平行切眼裂缝间隔性出现,展布于整个工作面内,间隔距离为10～120m,局部裂缝形成错台高度约为15cm。平行顺槽裂缝为拉张型裂缝,发育在顺槽至外围一定范围。(3)采煤活动导致地下形成采空区,上覆岩层发生移动破坏,破坏区分为剪切破坏区、拉张破坏区及剪-拉破坏区,分别对压应力区、拉应力区和压-拉转化区。(4)当应力扰动传递至地表,应力值超过覆盖层抗拉强度时地表产生裂缝。随着工作面推进,覆岩内部裂缝带上行裂缝与地表下行裂缝贯通,形成错台。研究成果丰富了该区浅埋煤层的地面塌陷理论知识,为地面塌陷防治提供了理论依据。     

Depositional record of an avulsive fluvial system controlled by peat compaction (Neogene, Most Basin, Czech Republic)

This paper illustrates the response of a fluvial depositional system to the interplay between peat compaction and clastic sediment supply, at a range of spatial and temporal scales, as documented by extensive exposures in an open-cast mine in the Most Basin, part of the Oligo-Miocene Ohře Rift (Eger Graben) basin system in the Czech Republic. The Most Basin is characterized by the occurrence of a number of phenomena resulting from syn- and post-depositional interactions between clastic sedimentary systems and the underlying accumulation of organic material that was the precursor of the main lignite seam of up to 45 m thickness. The studied strata are interpreted as deposits of an avulsive, mixed-load fluvial system. The large-scale depositional architecture documents an existence of at least five stratal packages up to 1500 m wide and up to several tens of metres thick, representing a record of long-term evolution of a clastic floodplain bordered by accumulating peat. Within each of the packages, several small-scale channel-belts were documented. Individual packages are separated by carbonaceous mudstones indicating a period of reduced clastic input and interpreted as due to avulsion of the fluvial channels out of the floodplain limit. Two main, mutually linked, processes controlled the evolution of the studied fluvial system: (i) syndepositional compaction of the underlying peat and (ii) avulsions of the channels away from the original floodplain, resulting in formation of a new floodplain. The processes which caused the channels of the Hrabák fluvial system to reach the avulsion threshold were: (i) decrease of rate of creation of accommodation leading to increased sinuosity and thus to a decreased channel slope, and (ii) cross-floodplain tilting of the channel belt caused by differential compaction of underlying organic-rich substratum.     

A study on the development of subsidence due to the extraction of 1203 slice with its associated factors around Barapukuria underground coal mining industrial area,Dinajpur, Bangladesh

Subsidence as a result of an underground coal mine is a hazard to human life, properties and environment. This incidence usually occurs over a long period of time which directly or indirectly pertinent with various factors that needs to be carefully considered and systematically analyzed when exploring land subsidence. In reality the relationships among factors, their effects and the subsidence are crucial to have the suitable management plan for the mine-induced ground subsidence around the mining area. In this research, primarily the development of subsidence caused by the extraction of 1203 slice has been evaluated under the profile functions and influence functions methods. The results show that the calculated subsidence profile is almost trough-like subsidence where the maximum amount of subsidence is about 0.89 m. Secondly, based on this result, the analysis on different factors such as the deeper coal bed (420 m depth level) and higher angle of draw (42.5^o) show less subsidence which are 0.58 and 0.87 m, respectively, whereas the dip of the coal bed up to 20^o does not have significant effect on subsidence. In latter cases, the different preceding scientific papers have been consulted and analyzed for recognizing various influencing factors of subsidence which replicate that the geology and stratigraphic configuration, structural setting of the coal basin, hydro-geological characteristics, less competent nature of overlying rock body, applied mining method, presence of multi-coal seams, ultra thicken coal seam and so on are the major factors in affecting the subsidence event in the area. Moreover, intensive site investigations revealed similar pattern of subsidence and its associated factors around the mine.     

Dendrogeomorphological analysis of landslides on the undercut river terrace bank (a case study in Czech Republic)

Landslides - The steep scarps of river terraces surrounding the floodplains of meandering rivers are locations with concentrations of active geomorphic slope processes. Thus, knowledge of their...     

GPS/terrestrial 3D laser scanner combined monitoring technology for coal mining subsidence: a case study of a coal mining area in Hebei, China

In order to overcome the shortage that point-based data acquisition techniques cannot retrieve the whole basin subsidence caused by underground mining, and to avoid complex splicing of terrestrial 3D laser scanner (TLS) point cloud data and the errors caused by such splicing, GPS/TLS combined technology is employed for mining subsidence monitoring. The basic idea of the monitoring technology is put forward. In this article, an application of the method to a coal mining area in China is presented. Support vector machine (SVM) model for GPS level conversion in the mining area is established, and a comparative analysis of SVM, BP neural network and polynomial established local quasi-geoid in the mining area is conducted. Ground surface digital elevation model (DEM) of the mining area is established by using TLS point cloud data, and the ground surface dynamic subsidence basin is obtained through a subtraction of two DEMs. The results indicate that the quasi-geoid established by using SVM model features a relatively high level of stability and accuracy and that the established mining surface DEM and subsidence basin can provide the fundamental data for the reconstruction of ecological environment in the mining area. GPS/TLS combined monitoring technology is a new monitoring technology, which entangles the advantages of both GPS and TLS and could offset their disadvantages, thus obtaining complementary advantages. According to analysis on its application in the mining area, we conclude that the technology is feasible and has a great application prospect for the mining area purposes.     

回采工作面地质构造精细化综合探测技术研究与应用

小型地质构造是造成煤与瓦斯突出事故的主要因素,小构造的精准探测是亟需解决的关键问题。煤岩界面高精度探测是查明小构造,实现透明工作面的基础。声波远探测技术具有探测范围大、分辨率高、可成像等优点,能够实现对煤岩界面的精准识别。为此,提出了基于穿层钻孔声波远探测的煤岩界面探测技术,通过在井下穿层钻孔内布置声波远探测仪,采集孔周煤岩分界面产生的阵列波形,并利用反射波信息反演获得煤岩界面成像图,进一步结合钻孔群,实现工作面的整体勘察。首先,利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件构建出煤系单极远探测数值模型;然后通过模型正演分析全波信号与波场快照的全时空变化规律;最后对远探测声波数据进行反演实现煤岩界面的偏移成像。正演结果表明：模型中煤层的纵波波速比顶底板岩层慢1.2 km/s左右,声波在煤层中传播时能量衰减得更快,同时声波穿过煤岩界面时会出现主频的漂移;当测点趋近于仪器从底板岩层向煤层过渡的位置时,直达波的变化特征为幅度的骤降与声时的增大,而界面反射波的特征为时间−深度域中倾斜同相轴的斜率改变。对采集到的波形数据进行滤波、波场分离、反射波增强、偏移成像四个步骤完成模型反演,成像结果与原始模型相似度高,煤岩界面倾角误差0.6°、煤厚误差0.212 m,穿层钻孔远探测声波有限元方法可以有效地反演出煤岩界面的位置和形态特征。该研究可为声波远探测技术应用于穿层钻孔煤岩界面识别提供基础理论支撑。

     

A study of surface subsidence and coal pillar safety for strip mining in a deep mine

Some villages and bridges are located on the ground surface of the working district no. 7 in the Wanglou Coal Mine. If longwall mining is adopted, the maximum deformation of the ground surface will exceed the safety value. Strip mining is employed for the working district no. 7 which is widely used to reduce surface subsidence and the consequent damage of buildings on the ground surface. To ensure the safety of coal pillars and improve the recovery coefficient, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation (FLAC 3D) were adopted to determine the coal pillar and mining widths and to discuss the coal pillar stress distribution and surface subsidence for different mining scenarios. The results revealed that the width of coal pillars should be larger than 162 m, and the optimized mining width varies from 150 to 260 m. As the coal seam is exploited, vertical stress is mainly applied on the coal pillar, inducing stress changes on its ribs. The coefficient of mining-induced stress varies from 2.02 to 2.62 for different mining scenarios. The maximum surface subsidence and horizontal movement increase as the mining width increases. However, when the mining width increases to a certain value, increasing the pillar width cannot significantly decrease the maximum subsidence. To ensure the surface subsidence less than 500 mm, the mining width should not be larger than 200 m. Considering the recovery coefficient and safety of the coal pillar, a pillar width of 165 m is suggested.     

地下采矿引起的程潮铁矿东区地表变形规律研究

金属矿山由于其矿体形态多变、地质条件复杂、多非充分采动、开采方法多样、构造应力显著及结构效应明显等特点,难以把握由地下采矿引起的地表变形和岩体的破坏形式。以程潮铁矿东区为例,依据近年（2010年3月至2015年9月）的地表变形实测数据,绘制出相应的监测成果图。结合三维激光扫描等新技术再现地表变形三维盆地,探究了地下开采影响下的地表变形规律和机制。对矿区上下盘地表变形规律等进行了比较分析,结果表明：程潮铁矿东区在采矿初期发生筒状冒落;变形传递到地表后,在采空区正上方形成大小不等的漏斗状塌坑群。上盘地表变形扩展与采矿推进度有较好的对应关系;水平应力是岩体变形的主动力,应力不断释放影响着地表变形特征。结构面倾向改变了上、下盘岩体的破坏形式,减缓和加速了上下盘岩体的破坏。同时,在坡体形态的影响下,地表变形在下坡方向总变形量增大和垂直变形增量更大。     

煤层覆岩与地下水在采动损害中的互馈效应探讨

地下水的存在可以改变岩体的力学性质及覆岩应力状态,从而加剧由地下采煤诱发的地表变形、塌陷、地裂缝及水资源流失等采动损害现象;在采动损害过程中产生的覆岩中隔水层破断,又反过来改变地下水系统,引起井下突水事故和地面环境恶化。两者相互影响、相互制约,形成有利于采动损害发生、发展的互馈效应。在研究采动损害时,地下水是一个不可忽略的重要因素。     

Monitoring ground subsidence induced by salt mining in the city of Tuzla (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

Salt mining induced ground subsidence is a major hazard in the city of Tuzla (Northeastern sector of Bosnia and Herzegovina) and its surroundings since 1950, when solution mining of salt deposits by boreholes began. An analysis of the large (and never before processed) amount of topographical data collected during two periods: from 1956 to the Balkan War, and from 1992 to 2003 has been made. The analysis reveals a cumulative subsidence as high as 12 m during the whole period, causing damage to buildings and infrastructures within an area that includes a large portion of the historical town. Human-induced subsidence, (with rates up to 40 cm/year in the most developed area), has been investigated to recognize the areas affected by the sinking phenomenon and to produce a subsidence hazard. The time series of topographical observations have been enlarged by conducting new surveys in the urban area by modern space-geodesy methodologies, such as static relative GPS (Global Positioning System) and high resolution satellite imageries. The GPS monitoring started in 2004 and detected a decrease in the subsidence rates to 20 cm/year related to the reduction of salt exploitation. There is close correlation between the average subsidence rate and the annual amount of salt extracted.     

耀州区煤矿开采引发的地质灾害特征及防治对策研究

阐述了由于煤矿开采引发的地质灾害的类型及其基本特征,从自然地理、地质环境、经济技术条件和人为因素等方面分析了这些地质灾害形成的原因及危害。针对不同灾害特点,分别提出了监测、工程治理、搬迁避让、生物工程等防治对策。     

Monitoring of coal mining subsidence in peri-urban area of Zonguldak city (NW Turkey) with persistent scatterer interferometry using ALOS-PALSAR

This paper presents the results of spatiotemporal monitoring of surface subsidence over a mining area in Zonguldak Province of Turkey using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, providing maps of subsidence rates in the radar line of sight direction. A total of 18 SAR images, acquired between January 2007 and June 2010 by the Japanese Advanced Land Observing Satellite, have been used to map the surface displacements using the Persistent Scatterer Interferometry technique. The use of Phased Array Type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data has proved useful for avoiding signal decorrelation and estimating surface deformation in the heavily vegetated study region. The technique enables the monitoring of continuous small displacements over a large area. Our findings present that many Persistent Scatterers were located on the vegetation cover. The results reveal areas of ground surface subsidence up to 44 mm/year that are well correlated with the underground coal mining galleries particularly in the Gelik region where the Karadon mining galleries are present.     

Badenian (Middle Miocene) basin development in SW Hungary: subsidence history based on quantitative paleobathymetry of foraminifera

A quantitative paleobathymetric study of Badenian foraminifera was carried out from Tekeres-1 and Tengelic-2 boreholes, north of the Mecsek Mts., SW Hungary. Paleobathymetric data, based on plankton/benthos ratio provided input for the analysis of the subsidence history. The biostratigraphic framework is mainly provided by calcareous nannoplankton (zones NN5-NN7). Changes in sedimentation rates are also considered, partly calculated from number of benthos per unit sediment, and partly estimated from the changes of lithofacies. Relative sea-level changes are calculated from changes of paleowater depth and coeval sedimentary thickness. The result is examined as the sum of accommodation space created by subsidence and eustasy. In that period of time eustatic changes were about an order of magnitude smaller than changes created by movements of the basin floor. According to our model in early Badenian (up to the half of NN5 nannozone) a very rapid transtension-related subsidence of about 500 m occurred. This was interrupted by a short period of uplift of minor magnitude at about the first third of NN5 zone; thereafter, subsidence continued and the basin floor reached its deepest position. Still within the NN5 nannozone (Early Badenian) a significant uplift occurred, terminating the life of the deep basin. The Late Badenian (NN6) is characterized by a relatively small rate of subsidence and presumably quiet tectonism. During this period bathymetric changes are thought to be controlled primarily by eustatic changes. The first uplift - only interrupting subsidence - is regarded as the result of the change of the local stress field because of convergence along the curvature of strike slip faults. The second uplift, which stopped the subsidence of the basin floor is thought to be of a regional character and is attributed to the compression generated between Tisza and Alcapa tectonic units.