陶寺遗址中晚期出土部分人类牙釉质的锶同位素比值分析

陶寺遗址位于山西省襄汾县陶寺镇,距今4300~3900年。经过多次较大规模的发掘,陶寺遗址成为我国规模最大的、显现文明化程度最高的史前聚落遗址之一,也是研究中国史前至夏商时期城址都市化进程中的一个重要的里程碑式遗址。本文通过热电离质谱分析方法对陶寺遗址中晚期遗迹出土的21个个体人类牙釉质的锶同位素比值进行了测定。结果表明,这些人类牙釉质的锶同位素比值平均值是0.711374(2σ=0.000680,n=21)。与以前建立的遗址当地的锶同位素比值范围比较可知,有6个个体可能在遗址当地出生,由此推测本地个体占总数28.6%左右;还有15个个体牙釉质的锶同位素比值在遗址当地的锶同位素比值范围以外,表明这些个体可能在其他地区出生,推测外来者占总数的71.4%左右。由此可知,在陶寺文化中期至晚期的陶寺遗址的先民中,存在很高比例的外来移民。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系锶同位素地球化学特征

对于鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系碳酸盐岩锶同位素的研究主要集中于成岩作用识别与划分。本次以盆地内中东部陕北坳陷镇钾1井马家沟组五段(以下简称马五段)以及盆地西缘桌子山地区三道坎组—桌子山组为研究对象,首次报道了未经成岩作用影响的碳酸盐岩的锶同位素数据,基于锶同位素地层学原理,试图恢复该沉积期古环境特征并对奥陶纪地层格架进行再讨论,共获得了如下几点认识:①镇钾1井马五段锶同位素自下而上以反复震荡、整体上略微增加为特征,震荡周期与蒸发岩韵律相吻合。桌子山地区三道坎组—桌子山组锶同位素以小幅波动为特征,整体上呈现出单调递减趋势。②马家沟组的地质年代归属于中奥陶世达瑞威尔中—晚期,而三道坎组—桌子山组的地质年代早于马家沟组,为中奥陶世达瑞威尔早—中期。③镇钾1井马五段处于局限台地-蒸发台地的沉积背景下,其锶同位素与全球演化曲线特征存在差异,说明了在该沉积背景下锶同位素对古环境变化反应更为敏感,能够成为区域古环境分析的重要指标。桌子山地区三道坎组—桌子山组由于处于开阔台地-缓坡的沉积背景下,与全球锶同位素演化曲线拟合度较高。为进一步研究鄂尔多斯盆地的沉积及构造差异提供了新依据,本次研究为全球锶同位素曲线提供了新的基础资料。     

贾湖史前人类迁移行为的初步研究——锶同位素分析技术在考古学中的运用

位于河南省舞阳县的贾湖遗址是一处著名的新石器时代遗址,距今7800～9000年。遗址中出土了大量的人和动物的骨骼与牙齿,这为研究史前时期中国中部地区人类的迁移情况提供了很好的材料。在本次研究中,共分析了26个人和动物样品,包括12个人体骨密质样品、9个人牙釉质样品和5个猪牙釉质样品。测定了每个样品的锶同位素浓度和87Sr/86Sr比值,结果表明猪牙釉质的锶同位素浓度（平均值为196±51ppm,n=5,1σ）高于人牙釉质的浓度（平均值为110±61ppm,n=9,1σ）,人骨骼的锶同位素浓度（平均值为444±173ppm,n=12,1σ）明显地高于人牙釉质的浓度。根据5个猪牙釉质样品87Sr/86Sr平均值±2倍的标准偏差确定的当地锶同位素比值范围（0.712205～0.712420）,发现14个人类个体中有5个是外来迁入的,并且从第1期到第3期人口的迁移率有增加的趋势。这是在国内首次利用锶位素分析方法对古人类的迁移现象进行研究,同时也表明此方法可以很好地判断古人类迁移行为。     

中原地区新石器时代到青铜时代早期羊毛开发的动物考古学研究

文章对中原地区新石器时代末期到青铜时代早期的3个代表性遗址——陶寺遗址、新砦遗址和二里头遗址出土的羊骨进行了分析,以探讨当时家羊的次级产品开发状况。研究结果表明,陶寺遗址在陶寺文化晚期、新砦遗址在新砦遗址二期与三期以及二里头遗址在二里头文化四期出土的羊,死亡年龄结构符合产羊毛的屠宰模式,说明中原地区新石器时代末期到青铜时代早期不仅存在以开发羊毛为主要目的的养羊经济,而且当时羊毛开发经济有一定的普遍性。3个遗址中,羊在动物群中数量的增加体现了养羊经济的发展,这可能与羊毛开发经济的刺激有一定的关系。陶寺遗址与二里头遗址的动物考古学研究还显示在遗址不同时期羊的开发方式存在差异,暗示当时的都城遗址与一般遗址居民或不同社会阶层与人群开发利用羊的方式可能存在一定的差异。     

西藏南部晚白垩世厚壳蛤的锶同位素年龄标定

沉积岩样品年龄的直接标定是沉积学与地层学研究的难点之一.由于锶在海水中的残留时间(≈106a) 大大长于海水的混合时间(≈103a), 因而同一时间全球海水的锶元素在同位素组成上是均一的, 并造成地质历史中海水的锶同位素组成是时间的函数, 这是锶同位素地层学(SIS) 的基本原理和利用锶同位素地层学进行海相地层定年的理论基础.本文根据锶同位素地层学的基本原理, 测试了西藏南部岗巴剖面上白垩统宗山组上段地层中厚壳蛤化石的锶同位素组成, 尝试对这些化石进行了年龄标定, 4个样品分别位于剖面累计厚度381, 362, 358和296m处, 其87Sr/86Sr比值分别为0.707832, 0.707769, 0.707768和0.707695, 年龄的标定结果分别是65.68, 69.34, 69.39和72.32Ma, 定年的平均误差为±1Ma左右.研究结果表明, 锶同位素地层学在海相地层定年方面具有潜在价值.      

川黔上古生界锶同位素演化曲线的地层学意义

锶同位素地层学的研究表明海水中的锶同位素组成主要受地质历史中全球性海平面升降、板块活动、海底扩张等因素控制。根据川黔地区海相上古生界未经蚀变的 92个样品的锶同位素测试数据 ,建立了该地区晚古生代锶同位素组成曲线。川黔地区晚古生代锶同位素曲线与国外学者公布的同时代锶同位素曲线特征极为相似 ,显示了在地层学上的重要意义。同时根据锶同位素演化曲线讨论了川黔地区上古生界的地层划分、对比和全球性海平面变化与地区性海进海退的关系。     

锶同位素地层学在奥陶系海相地层定年中的应用--以塔里木盆地塔中12井为例

根据锶同位素地层学的基本原理,从国际上已有的锶同位素演化曲线建立了奥陶系87Sr/ 86Sr比值 年龄数据库。利用塔里木盆地塔中 12井海相碳酸盐的锶同位素分析结果,确定了该井中、上奥陶统和中、下奥陶统的界线,两个界线分别位于井深 5 12 0m( 87Sr/ 86Sr≈ 0.70 88,年龄为 4 6 5Ma)和 4 880m处 ( 87Sr/ 86Sr≈ 0.70 82,年龄为 4 5 5Ma),中、上奥陶统的界线为本文首次确定,中、下奥陶统的界线与前人利用牙形石资料确定的界线一致。塔中 12井的锶同位素演化曲线说明,尽管构造运动造成的盆地抬升和近地表的大气水作用影响了上奥陶统顶部碳酸盐的锶同位素组成,但塔中 12井奥陶系与上覆地层的关系基本上是连续的,奥陶系顶界的井深在 4 6 5 0m附近 ( 87Sr/ 86Sr≈ 0.70 79,年龄为4 35Ma)。     

陕北地区动物骨骼的脂肪酸单体碳同位素分析

基于动物油脂的脂肪酸单体碳同位素模型开展古代样品的脂肪酸单体碳同位素分析可细化脂肪来源,有助于探究动物资源的加工利用、相关载体的使用功能及先民饮食策略,从而为古代人类的生活方式和古代社会的经济形态提供重要信息.目前该模型已得到国外诸多地区现代动物样品的验证,但其在中国的适用性尚不明晰.文章对陕北地区石峁遗址和高家洼遗址...     

热电离质谱法测定龋齿牙釉质87Sr/86Sr同位素比值

锶同位素已经成为国际考古学界用于探索人和动物迁移活动和食谱组成的主要方法。本文利用锶特效树脂(Sr-Spec), 建立了快速分离富集于人龋齿中的微量元素锶, 并测定87Sr/86Sr的有效方法。采用硝酸-高氯酸体系消解龋齿样品, 利用锶特效树脂(Sr-Spec)快速分离富集龋齿中微量元素锶(Sr), 最后采用IsoProbe-T固体热电离质谱计测定龋齿87Sr/86Sr同位素比值。实验结果表明, 不同年龄和性别龋齿牙釉质的87Sr/86Sr同位素比值在0.710935~0.711034之间较小区间范围, 基本趋于稳定, 说明生活在相同地质背景的人或动物, 其机体内Sr同位素比值接近。男性龋齿牙釉质87Sr/86Sr比值随着年龄的增长有微小的波动, 从0.710935升高到0.711031, 这些微小变化可能与样本人群的环境和生活习惯相关。     

西藏定日贡扎上白垩统锶同位素曲线及年代地层划分

根据从西藏定日贡扎上白垩统剖面中未经蚀变的海相碳酸盐样品中获得的50个锶同位素测试数据建立了对应于地层厚度的锶同位素演化曲线,与W.H.Burke等(1982)对应于地质年代建立的锶同位素曲线的同时代部分进行了对比,两条曲线极为相似,显示了地质历史中古海洋中的锶同位素组成具有全球一致的演化规律,为定日贡扎上白垩统剖面的年代地层划分提供了依据,同时还讨论了定日贡扎地区晚白垩世地层划分对比中的一些问题。     

Strontium distribution and origins in a natural clayey formation (Callovian-Oxfordian, Paris Basin, France): A new sequential extraction procedure

Strontium is a good monitor of geochemical processes in natural clayey formations. In the Callovian-Oxfordian formation of Bure in France, strontium is sorbed on clay minerals and carried by carbonates, detrital minerals and accessory celestite. In order to determine the strontium distribution among these different phases, four-step sequential extractions (1. cobalt hexamine trichloride, 2. acetic acid, 3. EDTA and 4. tri-acid) were performed on samples from different levels of the clayey formation. The leachates were also analyzed for strontium isotopes, in order to determine the strontium origins. This sequential procedure is well suited to determining strontium distribution in claystones, although it is less efficient in clay-rich limestones and in celestite-rich samples. The carbonates (38-47% of the total strontium) show ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7070-0.7071) that have recorded the isotopic composition of the Callovian-Oxfordian seawater. Diagenetic carbonates (dolomite, ankerite and siderite) have almost not incorporated any strontium, which has been trapped by celestite during the late diagenesis. The major part of the celestite shows ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7069-0.7070) quite close to the primary carbonates. However, a second generation of celestite (0.7074) shows a slight ⁸⁷Sr-enrichment and is isotopically in equilibrium with the exchangeable strontium (27-48% of the total strontium with a mean ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr value of 0.70745) and the present-day porewater (0.7074). This very low ⁸⁷Sr-enrichment could be explained by the partial destabilisation of detrital minerals (feldspars, micas, clays) which exhibit ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios consistent with their pristine Hercynian origin (0.7229-0.7350). Diffusion of strontium from the subjacent Dogger aquifers (0.7076-0.7082) could also be invoked to explain the slight ⁸⁷Sr-enrichment.     

Strontium isotope composition of marine carbonates of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic age,Lombardic Alps,Italy*

The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and strontium concentrations for thirty-three samples of marine carbonate rocks of Middle Triassic to Early Jurassic age have been determined. The samples were collected from four measured sections in the areas of Val Camonica in northern Italy. The strontium concentrations vary from 40 to 7000 ppm. Most of the samples are calcitic limestones containing less than 10% of non-carbonate residues. Dolomitic samples and those containing appreciable non-carbonate residues have significantly diminished strontium concentrations. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the carbonate phases of these rocks appear to be unaffected by dolomitization and by the presence of non-carbonate minerals. The average ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the formations vary systematically in a stratigraphic sense. The ratio increased from Early Anisian to Early-Middle Ladinian, declined during Late Ladinian and Carnian, rose again during the Norian and then declined throughout the Late Norian (Rhaetian), Hettangian, Sinemurian and Pliens-bachian ages. The average ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios, relative to 0.7080 for the Eimer and Amend standard, are: Anisian: 0.70805 ± 00019; Early Ladinian: 0.7085 ± 0.00038; Late Ladinian: 0.70791 ± 0.00013; Carnian: 0.70776 ± 0.00015; Norian and Rhaetian: 0.70791 ± 0.00014; Hettangian: 0.70762 ± 0.00021; Sinemurian: 0.7070 ± 0.00038; Pliensbachian: 0.7070 ± 0.00015. These variations reflect changes in the isotopic composition of Sr entering the oceans in early Mesozoic time due to varying rates of weathering and erosion of young volcanic rocks (low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and old granitic rocks (high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr). The data presented in this report contribute to a growing body of information regarding the changes that have occurred in the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of the oceans in Phanerozoic time.     

Strontium isotopic composition of the Madera Formation (Pennsylvanian) near Albuquerque,New Mexico

⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of fourteen unaltered limestone and six fossil samples show a range of 0.7066-0.7118 for the depositional water of the Middle to Upper Pennsylvanian Madera Formation. The variation of these ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios may be due to the restricted depositional basin and nature of the source of the Madera Formation.While fossil and limestone samples are equally good for determination of strontium isotopic composition of depositional waters, leaches of calcareous shales contain significant amount of ⁸⁷Sr leached from the noncarbonate fraction during acid treatment.     

87Sr/86Sr composition of evaporitic carbonates and sulphates from Miocene sediment cores in the Mediterranean Sea (D.S.D.P., Leg 13)

The ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of evaporitic carbonates and sulphates from Miocene sediment cored in the Mediterranean Sea show a depletion of ⁸⁷Sr when compared to the isotopic composition of the Miocene contemporaneous marine strontium: 0.70803 versus 0.70936. The arrival into the evaporitic environment of strontium brought by continental waters can explain this difference. The variation of the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios is, nevertheless, noticeable only when the influence of the continental waters is already well marked. This is proved when one compares the results obtained with strontium, to the results of isotopic analysis made on oxygen, carbon, sulphur and hydrogen taken from the same samples.     

云南含罗平生物群层位锶同位素组成与演化

现有公布的数据显示,海水87Sr/86Sr值在中三叠世安尼期较为平稳,有别于早三叠世因环境导致的动荡变化,为二叠纪末生物大灭绝之后生物复苏的加速期,而罗平生物群就是该加速期的标志性生物群。本文研究了含罗平生物群层位标准剖面-大凹子剖面上连续沉积的26件碳酸盐岩样品的锶同位素组成与演化,用于了解含罗平生物群层位沉积海水锶同位素的变化趋势。结果显示:(1)碳酸盐岩中Sr平均值大于2000×10-6,主要来自于文石和海洋成岩作用;(2)低Mn和Mn/Sr0.4说明:87Sr/86Sr数据在很大程度上能代表同时期海水中的87Sr/86Sr比值;(3)这些样品的87Sr/86Sr值变化在0.707969～0.708253,平均值为0.708025,锶同位素比值变化曲线呈小幅度的起伏波动,其值明显大于同时期欧洲等地公布的数据,但同华南其他地区公布的数据具有相似性,推测含罗平生物群层位锶同位素组成仅代表区域事件,受印支运动影响。     

Strontium isotope composition and petrogenesis of the Kirkpatrick basalt,Queen Alexandra Range,Antarctica

The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of twelve basalt flows of Jurassic age on Storm Peak in the Queen Alexandra Range are anomalously high and range from 0.7094–0.7133. The average value is 0.7112±0.0013 (1). The concentrations of rubidium and strontium have arithmetic means of 60.6±19.4 ppm and 128.8±11.9 ppm, respectively. The corresponding average Rb/Sr ratio is 0.47 which is also anomalously high for rocks of basaltic composition. In addition, these rocks have high concentrations of SiO₂ (56.50%) and K₂O (1.29%) and are depleted in Al₂O₃ (12.92%), MgO (3.44%) and CaO (7.91%) compared to average continental tholeiites. They are nevertheless classified as basalts on the basis of the composition of microphenocrysts.The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and all of the chemical parameters of the flows exhibit systematic stratigraphic variations. These are interpreted as indicating the occurrence of four eruptive cycles. In a typical cycle the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of successive flows and their concentrations of SiO₂, FeO (total iron), Na₂O, K₂O, P₂O₅, Rb and Sr decrease in ascending stratigraphic sequence while the concentrations of TiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, CaO and MnO increase upward. The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the flows show a strong positive correlation with the strontium concentration. Similar correlations are observed between the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and all of the major oxide components. These relationships are incompatible with the hypothesis that these flows are the products of crystal fractionation of a-34 magma at depth under closed-system conditions. It is suggested that the flows resulted from the hybridization of a normal tholeiite basalt magma by assimilation of varying amounts of granitic rocks in the Precambrian basement which underlies the entire Transantarctic Mountain chain.Mixtures of two components having different ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios and differing strontium concentrations are related to each other by hyperbolic mixing equation. Such an equation was fitted by least squares regression of data points to a straight line in coordinates of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and the reciprocals of the concentrations of strontium. This equation and plots of strontium versus other oxides were then used to estimate the chemical composition of the parent basalt magma and of the granitic contaminant by substituting reasonable estimates of their ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. The chemical composition of the parent basalt (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.706) is generally compatible with that of average continental tholeiite, but is distinctive by having a low concentration of strontium (117 ppm). The chemical composition of the contaminant (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr=0.720) is enriched in strontium (173 ppm), SiO₂, FeO (total iron) and the alkalies but is depleted in Al₂O₃, MgO and CaO. The data for strontium indicate that the lava flows on Storm Peak contain between 20 and 40% of this granitic contaminant. The contamination of basalt magma is not a local event but is characteristic of the Jurassic basalt flows and diabase sills throughout the Transantarctic Mountains and in Tasmania.Laboratory for Isotope Geology and Geochemistry, Contribution No. 33.     

Reconstructing the migration patterns of late Pleistocene mammals from northern Florida, USA

We used analyses of the strontium isotope (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) ratios of tooth enamel to reconstruct the migration patterns of fossil mammals collected along the Aucilla River in northern Florida. Specimens date to the late-glacial period and before the last glacial maximum (pre-LGM). Deer and tapir displayed low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that were similar to the ratios of Florida environments, which suggest that these taxa did not migrate long distance outside of the Florida region. Mastodons, mammoths, and equids all displayed a wide range of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios. Some individuals in each taxon displayed low ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that suggest they ranged locally, while other animals had high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios that suggest they migrated long distances (> 150 km) outside of the Florida region. Mastodons were the only taxa from this region that provided enough well-dated specimens to compare changes in migration patterns over time. Pre-LGM mastodons displayed significantly lower ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios than late-glacial mastodons, which suggests that late-glacial mastodons from Florida migrated longer distances than their earlier counterparts. This change in movement patterns reflects temporal changes in regional vegetation patterns.     

An assessment of solubility profiling as a decontamination procedure for the 87Sr/86Sr analysis of archaeological human skeletal tissue

⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of archaeological skeletal tissues are increasingly used to reconstruct residential mobility and migration, but the post mortem preservation of biogenic Sr is often uncertain. Sample pre-treatment regimes, notably ‘solubility profiling’, have been used to remove diagenetic Sr prior to analysis, but doubts remain over their effectiveness. The investigation examines the effectiveness of solubility profiling by comparing the Sr content and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr composition of bone, dentine and enamel from two archaeological juveniles (Blackfriars, UK) before and after attempted decontamination. For both individuals leached samples of cortical bone and dentine had similar ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr to those of soil leachates from the burial site, and are therefore thought to represent diagenetic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr. For both individuals samples of treated dental enamel have ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr considerably more or less radiogenic than the soil leachates and other tissues. These are considered representative of biogenic Sr, i.e. Sr acquired in vivo. In effect, solubility profiling should have resulted in ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr that were similar for all 3 tissues types and close to those of the untreated enamel. Experimental results show that tooth enamel ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr remained largely unaffected by solubility profiling, and the process did not significantly alter the final ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of either dentine or cortical bone. It is concluded that the technique was ineffective in facilitating the recovery of biogenic Sr from these tissues.     

Isotope hydrology of the Chalk River Laboratories site,Ontario, Canada

This paper presents results of hydrochemical and isotopic analyses of groundwater (fracture water) and porewater, and physical property and water content measurements of bedrock core at the Chalk River Laboratories (CRL) site in Ontario. Density and water contents were determined and water-loss porosity values were calculated for core samples. Average and standard deviations of density and water-loss porosity of 50 core samples from four boreholes are 2.73 ± 12 g/cc and 1.32 ± 1.24 percent. Respective median values are 2.68 and 0.83 indicating a positive skewness in the distributions. Groundwater samples from four deep boreholes were analyzed for strontium (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) and uranium (²³⁴U/²³⁸U) isotope ratios. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses and selected solute concentrations determined by CRL are included for comparison. Groundwater from borehole CRG-1 in a zone between approximately +60 and −240 m elevation is relatively depleted in δ¹⁸O and δ²H perhaps reflecting a slug of water recharged during colder climatic conditions. Porewater was extracted from core samples by centrifugation and analyzed for major dissolved ions and for strontium and uranium isotopes. On average, the extracted water contains 15 times larger concentration of solutes than the groundwater. ²³⁴U/²³⁸U and correlation of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr with Rb/Sr values indicate that the porewater may be substantially older than the groundwater. Results of this study show that the Precambrian gneisses at Chalk River are similar in physical properties and hydrochemical aspects to crystalline rocks being considered for the construction of nuclear waste repositories in other regions.