蒙新高原岱海夏季叶绿素a浓度空间分布及影响因子

基于2019年夏季(8月)对岱海水样的实测数据分析,通过运用克里金插值、相关性分析、多元线性逐步回归、主成分分析方法,探究了叶绿素a(Chl.a)的空间分布特征及其与水环境因子的相关关系,并讨论了相应的防治措施。研究显示:Chl.a空间分布呈现由岸边向湖心递减的趋势,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、氨氮(NH₃-N)、硝态氮(NO^-₃-N)、正磷酸盐(PO^3-₄-P)空间分布特征与Chl.a空间分布特征相近,采样期内岱海湖局部区域水质状况已达到富营养状态;Chl.a与浊度(Turbidity)、TP、TN、悬浮物(SS)、pH、NO^-₃-N、NH₃-N、PO^3-₄-P、蓝绿藻丰度(CYANO)呈极显著正相关,与溶解氧(DO)呈显著负相关,与电导率(Cond.)呈正相关、与氮磷比(TN/TP)呈负相关;各湖区Chl.a与环境因子相关关系不同,全湖逐步线性回归方程为Y_Chl.a=-21.42+8.658X_pH-0.865X_DO+0.779X_NH3-N+0.699X_Turbidity+0.502X_CYANO;岱海不同湖区因子对Chl.a浓度的影响存在差异,各湖区Chl.a与环境因子相关关系不同,通过岱海与我国其他湖泊Chl.a与环境因子的相关性关系对比分析,湖泊地理属性差异及营养物质输入浓度是影响Chl.a变化的重要因素;本研究岱海的TN/TP平均值为12.23,说明夏季岱海湖Chl.a变化为氮磷共同限制。     

我国常用湖泊营养状态指数研究进展与展望

湖泊(包括自然湖泊和人工水库)富营养化已成为世界性的环境问题,营养状态指数是目前最流行的富营养化水平量化方法。然而,不同营养状态指数的基本逻辑和适用水体等方面存在明显差异,不当选取可能会造成营养水平和相关水华风险的错误估计,并引发湖泊保护和修复措施的错位。鉴于此,本文对我国常用营养状态指数的构建思路、共性和差异以及不确定性来源等进行了综述。总体来看,营养状态指数基本构建思路分3种:1) Carlson指数型(如TSI),以透明度(SD)为核心参数,使用SD的2倍变化对应指数的10分差值,假定SD 为64 m时记为指数值0分;2)改良TSI指数型(如TSIm),以叶绿素a(Chl.a)为核心参数,使用Chl.a的2.5倍变化对应指数的10分差值,假定Chl.a 1000 μg/L对应该指数100分;3)营养足迹指数型(如TFI),该指数亦使用Chl.a指示藻类生物量,Chl.a的e倍关系对应藻类生物量的二倍变化和指数10分差值,假定Chl.a为10 μg/L时对应该指数50分。根据上述假设得出对应的基础参数评估方程,然后均以基础参数(SD或Chl.a)与衍生参数间的经验方程 “直接替换”获得衍生参数的评估方程。如上可知,营养状态指数均体现了数值增大表征藻类初级生产力和伴随的水华风险提高的共性,同时本文也从:1)数据集属性和基础指标评估方程获取的方法;2)衍生指标评估方程获取的统计原理;3)分项指标的权重设置方式3个方面分析营养状态指数之间的差异性。未来展望方面,首先,鉴于当前营养状态指数均属于通用性指数,因而建议未来基于上述3种基本类型开发因地制宜的营养状态指数,实现湖泊藻类生产力和水华风险的精准指示;其次,营养状态指数的生态学依据是藻类限制因子理论,营养状态指数各分项指标(即基于总氮、总磷、SD和Chl.a)的差异可以指示初级生产力的限制因子,建议未来开展营养状态指数分项指标差异机制研究,以指导藻类水华防控措施精准施策;再次,除富营养化外,湖泊生态健康受损往往也与其它压力有关,建议未来开展湖泊生态健康对富营养化和其他压力的综合响应机制研究,制定服务于湖泊生态系统健康提升的精准调控路径。本文目的并非将营养状态指数的通用属性“复杂化”,而是旨在阐明营养状态指数的“前世今生”,进而为广大湖泊富营养化相关人员使用指数时提供参考,也希望为我国湖泊营养状态精准量化、后续保护和修复措施的精准实施提供科学依据。     

2007-2019年太湖藻型和草型湖区叶绿素a变化特征及影响因子

基于太湖31个站点的逐月监测数据,分析了2007-2019年太湖藻型湖区和草型湖区的叶绿素a变化特征,并分析研究不同环境因子对不同类型湖区叶绿素a的影响.结果表明,近年来太湖不同类型湖区的总磷浓度和叶绿素a浓度变化基本一致,均呈波动上升趋势.不同类型湖区的总磷浓度拐点均为2015年,叶绿素a浓度拐点均为2016年.最低月平均水温、前冬积温、年平均水温、年均风速与藻型湖区和草型湖区叶绿素a浓度均呈显著相关.沉水植物分布面积与草型湖区叶绿素a浓度之间呈显著相关.湖西区年内和年度降雨剧烈变化,湖西区年降雨量与不同类型湖区当年叶绿素a浓度的关系不明显,5日极端降雨量与不同类型湖区下年度叶绿素a浓度均呈显著正相关.太湖蓝藻水华强度在短期内可能仍会处于较高水平,迫切需要高度重视高温时段太湖蓝藻打捞处置工作,保障饮用水安全;同时,要进一步加强湖西区强降雨期间的非点源污染防控措施研究,推动入湖污染通量稳步降低,并探索东西山之间及东茭咀附近水域沉水植物生态修复技术,降低风浪扰动作用,尽快恢复相关重要水域的沉水植物.     

高原湖泊水质变化趋势及驱动因素研究:以四川邛海为例

邛海是四川第二大湖泊,地处高原,距离西昌市城区不足5 km,生态位置重要。本文以近20年邛海湖区主要水质监测数据为依据,采用M-K检验定量解析了水生态环境历史变化特征,建立邛海污染物浓度、营养状态指标的时空对应关系,分析其驱动因素,识别风险并提出对策建议。结果表明:(1)1980s-2000年是有记录以来邛海水质最差的时期,总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)浓度远超地表水Ⅲ类标准;(2)2003—2020年,邛海氨氮(NH₃-N)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)年际变化总体呈下降趋势,TN、TP、透明度、溶解氧浓度年际变化趋势总体不明显,COD_Mn、TN、TP浓度在研究期间出现多个显著变化过程;(3) 2003—2020年,邛海营养状态整体为中营养水平,综合营养状态指数TLI(Σ)为33.82±6.88,叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度为(4.234±3.903) μg/L,TLI(Σ)和Chl.a浓度年际变化没有显著趋势;(4)多年数据统计表明,邛海宾馆所在区域水质最差,邛海湖心水质最好,2003—2020年COD_Mn、TP等指标最大单月浓度均出现在邛海宾馆所在水域;(5)COD_Mn浓度在枯水期低于丰水期,NH₃-N浓度在枯水期高于丰水期,TP浓度高值和低值集中出现在枯水期,TN各月浓度没有显著差异,Chl.a浓度与COD_Mn、TP、NH₃-N浓度呈显著正相关,从水体中氮磷比来看,磷是邛海藻类生长限制性元素;(6)面源污染主要通过邛海大小支流入湖,环湖湿地对邛海面源污染削减效果总体有限,未来邛海发生水华的风险较大,建议以小流域为单元推进陆源污染控制,按照“游在邛海,吃、住在城区”的理念布局旅游发展,探索用“物理+生态”方式调控和预防邛海水生态系统失衡的问题。     

贵州红枫湖近10年来(2009-2018年)水质变化及影响因素

为更好地研究贵州红枫湖的水质变化情况,本文利用贵阳市两湖一库环境保护监测站2009-2018年对红枫湖7个代表性监测点的营养盐、叶绿素a（Chl.a）浓度和水温、气温、透明度、降雨量等水文气象条件逐月监测数据,分析红枫湖10年间水体营养盐和Chl.a浓度以及部分水文气象条件的变化趋势.运用综合营养状态指数（TLI）对红枫湖营养状态进行评价,采用Pearson相关系数法统计分析10年内Chl.a浓度与总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）等水化学组成及水位、气温等水文气象条件的相关性.结果表明,2009-2018年红枫湖水体逐月TN浓度有较大波动（0.56~2.80 mg/L）,春、夏季高于秋、冬季;水体逐月TP浓度为0.016~0.103 mg/L,夏季略高于冬季;逐月氨氮（NH₃-N）浓度为0.007~0.71 mg/L,春季 > 冬季 > 秋季 > 夏季;水体逐月Chl.a浓度呈季节性波动（0.8~38.9 mg/m³）,夏季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 冬季,年内先上升后下降.TP、NH₃-N、Chl.a浓度整体呈下降趋势,10年间水质有很大改善.经计算红枫湖在这10年间处于中营养状态至轻度富营养状态,且营养状态指数呈逐年下降趋势,夏季TLI明显高于其他季节.统计分析表明,红枫湖水体Chl.a浓度与高锰酸盐指数、NH₃-N、TP浓度均呈显著正相关,与氮磷比呈显著负相关,与水温、pH、降雨量、气温、日照时数呈显著正相关,与透明度、气压呈显著负相关,与水位、湿度、风速无显著相关关系.表明这10年来红枫湖水体Chl.a浓度不仅受营养盐浓度控制,很大程度上还受控于气象和水文条件.     

贵阳市百花湖近10年(2009-2018年)的水质时空变化

百花湖是贵阳市重要的城市饮用水源地,并且近年来经常发生水质异常现象.本文利用2009-2018年百花湖长时间序列的监测数据,采用综合营养状态指数法和Pearson相关性分析,研究了百花湖10年间的水质变化特征和影响因素.结果表明：1）库区叶绿素a（Chl.a）、总磷（TP）、总氮（TN）、高锰酸盐指数（COD_Mn）和透明度（SD）的浓度范围分别是3.43~39.72 mg/m³、0.034~0.115 mg/L、1.200~2.759 mg/L、1.41~5.51 mg/L和0.75~2.07 m,且高氮磷比（12~63）表明百花湖是磷限制型.2）在空间上,TP、TN、氨氮、COD_Mn和Chl.a浓度沿水体流向逐渐降低,SD呈相反变化趋势.3）10年来,百花湖水质由Ⅳ类转变为Ⅲ类,综合营养状态由轻度富营养化状态转变为中营养状态,水质整体向好.4）入库支流是影响百花湖库区水质的主要因素,长期以来,东门桥河、南门河水质TP和TN等超标严重,给库区水质稳定达标带来威胁.5）百花湖Chl.a浓度与气温、水位、风速和TP等指标显著相关,是受水文、气象及营养盐因素的综合控制.未来在百花湖水环境保护治理过程中,应加大对东门桥河、南门河等重点支流的污染治理,加强对水动力学、气候变化等水文气象因素影响库区水质（藻类水华）的机制研究.     

2005-2017年北部太湖水体叶绿素a和营养盐变化及影响因素

利用国家生态观测网络太湖湖泊生态系统研究站对北部太湖14个监测点2005-2017年的营养盐和叶绿素a浓度逐月监测数据,分析了北部太湖2005年以来水体营养盐和叶绿素a变化特征,探讨了叶绿素变化的影响因素.结果表明,2015年以来,北部太湖水体叶绿素a浓度呈现显著增高特征,特别是5-7月的蓝藻水华灾害关键期,水体叶绿素a浓度增幅更加明显;营养盐方面,氮、磷对治理的响应完全不同：水体总氮、溶解性总氮、氨氮的降幅很明显,甚至在春末夏初的蓝藻生长旺盛期出现了供给不足的征兆;但水体总磷降幅却不明显,加之蓝藻水华的磷"泵吸作用",近3 a来水体总磷浓度反而有升高趋势,溶解性总磷浓度也无明显下降趋势.不同湖区的营养盐变化也不相同：西北湖区溶解性总氮、溶解性总磷浓度显著高于梅梁湾、贡湖湾和湖心区,而且后3个湖区的水质呈现均一化趋势.统计分析表明,北部太湖水体叶绿素a浓度与颗粒氮、颗粒磷、总磷、高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与溶解态氮呈负相关;5-7月水华关键期北部太湖水体叶绿素a浓度与上半年（1-6月）逐日水温积温、总降雨量、年平均水位均呈显著正相关关系.从研究结果可以看出,近年来北部太湖水体叶绿素a浓度的波动很大程度上受水文气象因子的影响;2007年以来太湖流域一系列生态修复工程的实施,虽然明显降低了湖泊氮浓度,但由于流域和湖体的氮磷本底较高,磷的缓冲能力大,致使水体营养盐水平仍未降到能显著抑制蓝藻生长的水平,年际之间的水文气象条件差异成为蓝藻水华暴发强度差异的主控因素.为此,仍需加大对太湖流域氮、磷负荷的削减,使湖体氮、磷浓度降低到能显著影响蓝藻生长的水平,才能摆脱水文气象条件对蓝藻水华情势的决定作用.     

蓝藻生消对巢湖沉积物phoD碱性磷酸酶基因细菌群落结构的影响

phoD基因编码的碱性磷酸酶驱动沉积物有机磷矿化并释放生物可利用磷,促进了富营养化湖泊蓝藻的生长与暴发,但对富营养化湖泊蓝藻生消周期phoD基因细菌群落动态变化的认识依然有限.本文研究了中国典型富营养化湖泊巢湖蓝藻生消过程沉积物碱性磷酸酶活性（APA）、phoD基因细菌多样性和群落结构的动态变化及其与环境的关系.结果显示：巢湖沉积物APA活性在蓝藻生长与暴发阶段显著升高,且与水温、pH、溶解氧（DO）等环境因子显著相关.蓝藻生消各阶段沉积物phoD基因细菌群落的优势菌属均由Pseudonocardia和Friedmanniella构成;与蓝藻潜伏期和衰亡期相比,生长初期与暴发期大多数样点沉积物Pseudonocardia的丰度显著降低而Friedmanniella显著升高.携带phoD基因的菌属丰度呈显著的时空变化,其中菌属丰度的空间异质性较高.蓝藻生长初期与暴发期的phoD基因细菌群落的Ace指数与Shannon多样性指数显著大于潜伏期与衰亡期.研究表明,携带phoD基因细菌群落结构的变化主要受APA、DO、叶绿素a、水温、总磷以及无机磷的驱动;春季蓝藻的生长消耗大量上覆水溶解性无机磷,激发了沉积物APA活性并诱发Friedmanniella生长从而缓解水体磷限制.     

华南热带水库丰水期浮游植物群落对氮、磷、铁加富的响应——以广东大沙河水库为例

富营养化是水生态系统主要的环境问题,自然条件下多种营养盐以组合形式进入水体,明确浮游植物群落对多种营养盐加富的响应对富营养化防治有重要意义。本研究以一座华南热带水库(大沙河水库)为例,分析了2021年枯水期(1—3月)和丰水期前期(4—6月)氮(N)、磷(P)、铁(Fe)和叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度的变化趋势,并通过原位添加实验,解析浮游植物丰度和多样性对N、P、Fe加富的响应。结果表明:与1—3月相比,4—6月期间水体总磷浓度(TP)明显升高,总铁浓度(TFe)呈增加趋势但月度间波动较大,总氮浓度(TN)在4月最低,之后缓慢增加,期间Chl.a浓度从3月的5 μg/L快速增加到5月的29 μg/L。原位实验结果表明:浮游植物群落以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻为主要组成,所有营养盐添加组浮游植物丰度均有增加,但只有NP同时添加时(NP和FeNP两组)生物量(以Chl.a表征)有显著升高;营养盐添加组细胞丰度的响应在门类和种类间差异明显,实验组组间群落结构和优势种类差异显著,所有处理组的群落多样性均明显高于对照组。N和P添加及其与Fe的联合添加(N、P、NP、FeN、FeP和FeNP)均导致蓝藻丰度升高,绿藻仅在NP添加组(FeNP组和NP组)显著升高且两组没有显著差异,硅藻仅在N和P单独添加组(N和P)显著升高。上述结果说明浮游植物生物量受N、P营养盐的共同影响而非单因子作用,N、P和Fe添加均影响群落结构和多样性,对水库富营养化的管理尤其是蓝藻水华防治应综合考虑3种营养盐的共同作用。     

辽河流域太子河流域N、P和叶绿素a浓度空间分布及富营养化

通过对太子河流域46个采样点溶解性无机氮、溶解性无机磷、总氮、总磷、电导率、p H、溶解氧和叶绿素a浓度及相关环境因子的测定,分析氮、磷浓度与叶绿素a浓度的空间分布特征,利用回归分析判别氮、磷与叶绿素a浓度的相关性,冗余分析判别河流水质与环境因子的关系,并初步评价太子河流域水体富营养化状况.结果表明:太子河流域氮、磷浓度具有明显的空间异质性,表现为上游浓度较低且变化较平稳,辽阳段浓度逐渐上升且波动增大,鞍山段浓度最高.冗余分析显示氮、磷浓度的空间分布特征与土地利用方式、海拔、河岸缓冲带宽度、植被多样性密切相关.叶绿素a浓度与氨氮、硝态氮、溶解性无机氮、溶解性无机磷、总氮、总磷和电导率呈显著正相关,说明营养盐的增多在一定程度上会促进浮游藻类的增长.太子河流域水体富营养化评价综合指数显示,太子河流域"中"营养状态点位有27个,占58.7%,"富"营养状态点位有19个,占41.3%,没有"贫"、"重富"和"极富"营养状态.     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Anomalies in the secular variations in the main geomagnetic field in the context of the hierarchic dipole model

The developed dynamic model of the main geomagnetic field (MGF) includes the sources of three levels, which have existed and continuously changed during the 100-year period. The spatial-temporal dynamics of the secular variations in MGF has been considered based on this model. It has been indicated that, at different times, the formation of anomalies (located in similar regions) depended on the total dynamics of different combinations of sources, including a change in the parameters of the dipoles of the secondorder smallness. Anomalies generated by the dynamics of the dipoles of the third-order smallness do not evidently manifest themselves in the total secular variations but are responsible for the specific shapes of isodynamic lines. Based on the stability and continuity of the constructed model, the conclusion is made that long-living turbulent flows of different scales can exist in the liquid core.     

Site response in the Qionghai Basin in the Wenchuan earthquake

Amplification effects of soil site response can significantly impact ground motions, and must be considered in the seismic fortification of buildings/structures to prevent or mitigate this potential seismic hazard. Utilizing acceleration time histories from the main shock of the Wenchuan earthquake recorded at four stations (i.e., one on bedrock and three on soil) in the Qionghai Basin, the site responses from three soil sites are studied by using the traditional spectral ratio method. The bedrock site is selected as a reference site. This study found that peak ground accelerations (PGAs) on the soil sites are much larger than on bedrock, with EW, NS and UD components of 3.96–6.58, 6.27–10.98, and 3.17–6.66 times those of the bedrock site, respectively. The amplification effects of the soil sites on ground motions in the frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 10 Hz are significant, depending on the thickness of the soil layer and the frequency content of the site. A significant amplification occurs with high frequency components of ground motion at shallow soil sites, and low and high frequency components of ground motion at intermediate soil sites.     

Trends in the characteristics of the annual and semiannual variations observed in the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere

The continuous increase in concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is expected to cool higher levels of the atmosphere. There is some direct and indirect experimental evidence of long-term trends in temperature and other parameters in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Here we look for long-term trends in the annual and semiannual variations of the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere, which corresponds to the MLT region heights. Data from central and southeastern Europe are used. A consistent tendency to a positive trend in the amplitude of the semiannual wave appears to be observed. The reality of a similar tendency in the amplitude of the annual wave is questionable in the sense that the trend in the amplitude of the annual wave is probably induced by the trend in the yearly average values of absorption. The phases of both the annual and semiannual waves display a forward tendency, i.e. shift to an earlier time in the year. A tentative interpretation of these results in terms of changes of the seasonal variation of temperature and wind at MLT heights does not contradict the trends observed in those parameters.     

浙江省北部及邻区中强地震前地倾斜异常特征及其预测意义

解释并讨论了湖州和宁波台１９９３年以来的地倾斜资料,总结了震前有异常显示的６次地震。发现：①异常在现场记录资料中均有显示,异常形态的识别对预报地震有重要的意义;②能观测到异常全过程的倾斜仪与震中的距离基本符合式ｌｇＤｊ＝０．３０３（ＭＳ＋１．６）给出的监测能力半径,大于这个半径的台有时也能观测到异常,但多为短临异常。如果震前记录到异常的全过程,则利用单台资料可能对地震三要素进行预测。     

The changes in the electric conductivity of the lithosphere in the source region of the strongest Olyutora earthquake in the Koryak highlands

The results of the magnetotelluric (MT) soundings before and after an earthquake are analyzed. The interpretation is based on the longitudinal and transverse MT curves (along and across the strike of the main tectonic elements, respectively). The MT curves are distorted by the ρ- and coast effect. The distortions due to the coast effect are estimated by the testing three-dimensional (3D) model. It is established that the coast effect distortion at the periods up to 1000 s is small and can be disregarded. The divergence of the longitudinal and transverse MT curves, which points to the presence of the deep faults, is thoroughly studied. The inversion of the MTsounding curves is carried out by the REBOCC program of the numerical two-dimensional modeling. This program implements the procedures of elimination of the ρ-effect and the joint inversion of the longitudinal and transverse MT sounding curves. The obtained geoelectrical cross sections provide an insight into the structure of electrical conductivity of the lithosphere before and after the earthquake. The more intense variations in the electric conductivity are observed in the zone of the deep faults. These variations are related to the changes in the porosity and saturation of the rocks by the highly mineralized fluids.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.     

The electric field produced in the mantle by the dynamo in the core

A rigorous singular perturbation theory is developed to estimate the electric field E produced in the mantle M by the core dynamo when the electrical conductivity σ in M depends only on radius r, and when |r?_rln σ| ? 1 in most of M. It is assumed that σ has only one local minimum in M, either (a) at the Earth's surface ?V, or (b) at a radius b inside the mantle, or (c) at the core-mantle boundary ?K. In all three cases, the region where σ is no more than e times its minimum value constitutes a thin critical layer; in case (a), the radial electric field E_r ≈ 0 there, while in cases (b) and (c), E_r is very large there. Outside the critical layer, E_r ≈ 0 in all three cases. In no case is the tangential electric field E_S small, nearly toroidal, or nearly calculable from the magnetic vector potential A as ??_tA_S. The defects in Muth's (1979) argument which led him to contrary conclusions are identified. Benton (1979) cited Muth's work to argue that the core-fluid velocity u just below ?K can be estimated from measurements on ?V of the magnetic field B and its time derivative $\text{?}{}_{\mathrm{t}}\text{B}$. A simple model for westward drift is discussed which shows that Benton's conclusion is also wrong.In case (a), it is shown that knowledge of σ in M is unnecessary for estimating E_S on ?K with a relative error |r?_r 1nσ|^?1from measurements of E_S on ?V and knowledge of ?_tB in M (calculable from ?_tB on ?V if σ is small). Then, in case (a), u just below ?K can be estimated as $\text{?}\text{r}\text{×}\text{E}{}_{\mathrm{S}}\text{/B}{}_{\mathrm{r}}$. The method is impractical unless the contribution to E_S on ?V from ocean currents can be removed.The perturbation theory appropriate when σ in M is small is considered briefly; smallness of σ and of |r?_r ln σ|^?1 a independent questions. It is found that as σ → 0, B approaches the vacuum field in M but E does not; the explanation lies in the hydromagnetic approximation, which is certainly valid in M but fails as σ → 0. It is also found that the singular perturbation theory for |r?_r ln σ|^?1 is a useful tool in the perturbation calculations for σ when both σ and |r?_r ln σ|^?1 are small.     

Biological effects in the management of chemicals in the marine environment

Coastal ecosystems are impacted by many stressors, of which chemicals are possibly not the most important. Chemicals differ from most other stressors such as eutrophication and hypersedimentation in the time scale-effects from the latter act on the scale of weeks or months, whereas effects from chemicals may take years to manifest themselves in population or community changes. There are four different approaches available to manage chemicals in marine ecosystems: target contaminant levels, target individual effects, target community impacts (biodiversity) and, finally, target processes. These four differ in the analytical methods available and the analyst's ability to separate effects from chemicals from other environmental factors and natural variation. There is furthermore, a need to develop a framework to integrate biological effects methods with risk assessment methodology. Such integration will improve the basis for risk-based assessment of chemicals. A problematic issue relevant to all aspects of environmental management are the interactions between chemicals, and between chemicals and eutrophication or sedimentation. There is a clear need for more knowledge about such interactions.