A new approach for estimating the transverse surface settlement curve for twin tunnels in shallow and soft soils

Increasing demand on infrastructures has led to increased attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, it is important to control the surface settlements which are observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. Unlike motorway, sewage and other infrastructure tunnels, metro tunnels generally have to be excavated as twin tunnels and must have a larger diameter. Metro tunnels also have shallow depth. Due to their shallow depth, metro tunnels generally have been constructed in weak rocks or weak soils in cities. The construction of twin tunnels will generate ground movements which have the potential to cause damage to existing surface and subsurface structures. To solve this settlement problem, experts have used the Earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) and the slurry balance machine. In such excavations, especially in twin tunnels, the main challenges for constructers are estimating the maximum surface settlement, controlling the interaction of transverse surface settlement and shaping the settlement curve. Incorrect estimation of these parameters can lead to significant problems above the tunnels and in nearby structures. This paper focuses on surface settlement measurements, on the interaction of twin tunnel transverse surface settlement and on the relationship between shield parameters and transverse surface settlement for parallel tunnels using EPBM shields in clay and sand soils in shallow depth. Also, a new equation is proposed for estimating the transverse settlement curve of twin tunnels. The results from this proposed equation are compared with the results of field observations. The transverse settlement curve values obtained from the proposed equation have good agreement with the actual results for the Otogar–Kirazli metro case studies.     

Interaction of longitudinal surface settlements for twin tunnels in shallow and soft soils: the case of Istanbul Metro

Increasing demands on infrastructures increases the attention on shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially, in metro tunnel excavations, it is important to control the surface settlements observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. To solve this problem, earth pressure balance machines (EPBMs) have widely been used throughout the world. This study focuses on surface settlement measurements, the interaction of twin tunnel surface settlement, and the relationship between shield parameters and surface settlement for parallel tunnels using EPBM shields in clay and sand soils. In this study, the tunnels were excavated using two EPBMs. The tunnels were 6.5 m in diameter, as twin tubes with a 14 m distance from center to center. The EPBM in the first tube followed about 100 m behind the other tube. Segmental lining with 1.4 m of length was employed as a final support. The results from this study showed that (1) the most important parameters for the maximum surface settlements are the face pressure and backfill; (2) in twin tunnel excavation with EPBM for longitudinal profile, the settlement rate reached its peak value when the shield came to the monitoring section and this peak value continued until the shield passed the monitoring section; (3) every shield affected the other tunnel’s longitudinal surface settlement profile by approximately 35–36.8 %; (4) S _A, S _B and S _C values were found to be 38.0, 35.8 and 26.2 %, respectively for an EPBM, and (5) ensuring good construction quality is a very effective way to control face stability and minimize surface settlement.     

地铁双隧道施工引起地表沉降及变形的随机预测方法

地铁施工引起地表沉降及变形的预测和控制是一个有待于深入研究的重要课题。地铁区间隧道大多为近距离的双孔平行隧道,两隧道开挖引起的地表沉降及变形往往相互叠加,导致沉降及变形预测更加困难。以随机介质理论为基础,对预测公式进行了改进,实现了双孔平行隧道施工引起的地表沉降、水平位移、水平变形、倾斜、曲率预测,研发了城市隧道开挖引起的地表沉降及变形预测系统。对多处双孔平行隧道工程进行了理论预测与验证,实测沉降证明了理论方法与预测系统的科学性和有效性。     

面向地表沉降控制的地铁盾构参数研究

地表沉降是地铁盾构施工过程中最关心的工程问题之一,关乎近邻建筑物能否正常运营及盾构能否正常施工。故本文以地表沉降为关键目标进行地铁盾构参数研究。将影响地表沉降的盾构参数概括为开挖面支护压力比和等代层弹性模量。在此基础上,以长沙地铁1号线南门口—侯家塘区间为工程背景,采用FLAC3D软件对不同盾构参数下的施工过程进行数值模拟,分析了开挖面支护压力比及等代层弹性模量对地表沉降的影响,提出了研究区段的盾构参数建议值。研究同时得出了在建议盾构参数下,研究区段发生地表沉降的范围及地表沉降最大值。为长沙地铁后续建设及其他城市地铁建设盾构参数的选取提供理论依据和方法参考。     

西安地铁隧道穿越饱和软黄土地段的地表沉降监测

以西安地铁一号线朝阳门站一康复路站区段饱和软黄土地铁隧道为研究对象,通过施工期现场地表沉降变形监测,分析了在饱和软黄土特殊地层条件下隧道浅埋暗挖法施工引起的该区段地表沉降变形规律以及地表沉降槽分布特征。结果表明：在饱和软黄土隧道开挖时,随着掌子面的推进,隧道顶地表沉降可分为沉降微小阶段、沉降显著发展阶段、沉降缓慢阶段和沉降稳定阶段;单线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为18．89mm,双线隧道开挖后的最大地表沉降量为36．4mm;已开挖隧道对围岩土体的扰动作用使得后开挖隧道的地表沉降发展较大;双线隧道的地表沉降槽宽度接近单线隧道沉降槽宽度的2倍,因此可以将其近似为单线隧道地表沉降槽宽度与双线隧道轴线中点距离之和;单线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为8．4～9．3m,双线隧道开挖后地表沉降槽宽度为16．2～17．5m;隧道开挖施工的沉降槽宽度参数为0．435～0．467,单线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为0．765％～1．324％,双线隧道开挖后的地层损失率为1．231％～2．200％。     

Performance of a multi-face tunnel excavated in loess ground based on field monitoring and numerical modeling

In large-span tunneling projects, the mechanical behavior of the rock changes in response to different sequential excavation methods (SEMs) of advancing the tunnel face. The double side drift method (DSDM), which is a development of SEM, was widely used in loess tunnels with large cross sections in China for its ability to limit ground displacement. This paper presents the deformation characteristics of large-span loess tunnels of the high-speed railway line in China. Field monitoring and numerical simulations were conducted to determine the optimal construction approach and reveal the deformation properties of large-span loess tunnels in China. The construction approaches, support measures, ground surface, and subsurface deformation characteristics associated with DSDM are demonstrated. The ground surrounding the loess tunnel underwent vertical settlement at the arch part and at the ground surface because of the metastable structure of the loess. This study provides an in-depth illustration of the influence of face-advancing sequences on ground displacement induced by tunneling, which helps us implement the most effective SEMs.     

盾构穿越砂卵石地层地表沉降特征细宏观分析

以成都砂卵石地层中地铁1号线的土压平衡盾构掘进施工为研究背景,采用室内试验、PFC2D二维颗粒流程序和 Plaxis 3D有限元软件对盾构穿越砂卵石地层地表沉降特征进行了细宏观数值模拟,揭示了土压盾构穿越砂卵石地层的失稳机制和沉降规律,并结合实际施工参数和实测地表沉降数据进行了对比分析,获得了土压盾构在砂卵石地层中掘进引起的地表横向沉降槽和纵向沉降槽曲线,分析了不同大小的开挖面土仓压力和盾尾注浆压力对地表沉降的影响,给出了砂卵石地层开挖面土仓压力的建议值和盾尾注浆压力参数的合理取值范围。细宏观分析表明,与注浆压力相比较,土仓压力对地表最大沉降曲线的形状影响较小;但必须关注土仓压力的变化,在砂卵石地层中由于土拱效应对开挖面稳定性影响较大,甚至发生突然坍塌破坏。     

盾构隧道结合洞桩法修建地铁车站地表沉降控制标准分析

在盾构隧道基础上结合浅埋暗挖法可以有效地解决地铁车站和盾构隧道施工之间的矛盾。北京地铁14号线试验段采用外径为10 m的土压平衡盾构修建,试验段上的车站结合PBA法（洞桩法）扩挖而成。综合运用预测地表沉降的经验公式、相关统计资料和规范,以及数值模拟方法,对大断面盾构隧道结合洞桩法修建地铁车站的施工过程进行地表沉降分析。结合北京地铁车站地表沉降控制基准值和现有地铁车站地表沉降统计数据,提出较为合理的地表沉降控制标准,并按照三级控制的管理方法,分级分步进行地表沉降控制,研究结果对指导工程施工有一定的参考价值。     

Grey correlation-hierarchical analysis for metro-caused settlement

Monitoring Shanghai metro tunnels and their surroundings indicates that the maximum settlement caused by metro operation for years has been more than 25 cm in soft soil of tunnel bottom, which has seriously affected the normal operation of subway, and even caused some old house cracking around subway lines. To investigate main influence factors on metro-caused settlement so as to provide the basis for the control of metro-caused settlement, the analytical hierarchy process was adopted to make their weight arrangement. With the experience analogy and grey correlation theory, the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method was proposed to evaluate the possibility of metro-caused settlement in soft soil of tunnel bottom. The correlation of metro-caused settlement and its influence factors (such as dynamic load conditions of metro, soil conditions, burial conditions of soil prone to dynamic settlement, and hydrogeology conditions) was probed. Taking Shanghai Yangtze River Tunnel project in China (it is now the largest shield tunnel in the world) as an example, the division estimation and the comprehensive evaluation of possibility and severity for metro-caused settlement were also done. The results were observed as follows: (1) the severity of settlements caused by dynamic load of metro in soft soil of tunnel bottom at the same position increases as the speed of subway trains increases; (2) On comparison between the foundations of silty clay and clayey silt, the former is generally more prone to the metro-caused settlement under the same conditions as dynamic load conditions of metro, void ratio of soil, natural water content of soil, burial conditions, and hydrogeology conditions; (3) the grey correlation-hierarchical analysis method is more applicable than grey correlation method for the possibility estimation of metro-caused settlement in the soft soil of tunnel bottom; (4) it may provide the reference for the possibility evaluation of metro-caused settlement in other similar projects.     

平行小净距盾构与CRD法黄土地铁隧道施工力学研究

西安轨道交通工程是目前首例在我国黄土地区修建的地铁隧道,一号线枣园北路站至汉城路站K12+792.744～K12+889.899区间隧道为同时满足双线正常行车和右线停车线扩大断面的功能需要,选取了左线小断面隧道为盾构法与右线大断面隧道为CRD法相结合的施工方案。针对该地铁隧道的施工过程,进行了三维动态数值模拟和施工力学分析,通过分析施工引起的地表变形、中间土体应力和围岩塑性区的特征和规律,从而研究得出CRD法与盾构法隧道先后施工相互影响的规律性成果：先行大断面隧道采取CRD法施工对后行小断面盾构隧道上方地表沉降的影响较后者对前者的影响大;后行隧道的贯通使得先行隧道开挖形成的地表变形轴线向后行隧道侧偏移了约0.5倍净距,并且地表变形的横向影响范围和地表沉降量均有增大,主要表现在靠后行隧道一侧;先行大断面隧道的开挖较后者对中间土体应力影响大,对相邻洞土体的影响在同掌子面处最为显著。结合西安地铁隧道工程实践开展的数值模拟分析研究,可为今后在黄土地区修建地铁隧道提供具有指导意义的研究成果和宝贵的工程实践经验。     

隧道下穿码头群桩基础的离心模型试验研究

在地下隧道施工中遇到既有桩的情况并不少见,尽管近年来隧道-土-桩相互作用引起了广泛关注,但以往的研究主要集中在小规模隧道开挖引起的桩的反应上.通过三维离心模型试验,研究了双管大型隧道开挖引起的群桩变形机理.由于隧道开挖引起的应力释放,群桩的实测沉降随隧道的推进几乎呈线性增加.监测点距新建隧道较短,导致群桩沉降较大.单隧...     

基于Peck公式的双线盾构引起的土体沉降预测

基于Peck公式,对双线水平平行盾构隧道施工中土体损失引起的三维土体沉降计算方法进行研究。考虑先行隧道施工对后行隧道的影响和两条隧道开挖面的不同位置,建立修正的三维Peck公式;通过分别计算先行盾构隧道和后行盾构隧道施工引起的土体沉降,叠加得到双线水平平行盾构施工引起的总的三维土体沉降。算例分析结果表明：预测值与实测值比较吻合;随着两条隧道开挖面前后距离的逼近,地面最大沉降量会逐渐增大;随着土体深度z的增大,沉降略增大、沉降槽宽度则略减小;当两条隧道轴线水平距离L较小时,地面沉降量较大,符合正态分布规律;随着L的增大,最大地面沉降量会逐渐减小,沉降曲线形状慢慢由V型转变成W型。     

黄土地层地铁暗挖隧道地表纵向沉降规律及其预测分析方法

地铁隧道施工过程中,地表纵向沉降槽最大倾斜率及其出现的时机对地面和地下建筑物的安全评价非常重要。针对目前采用累积概率曲线描述纵向沉降曲线的不足,依据黄土地区地铁隧道暗挖施工引起地表纵向沉降槽特征的研究,寻求一种能反映地表纵向沉降规律的函数,引入掌子面地表位移释放率和地表纵向沉降最大斜率2个特征值,提出基于特征值的地表纵向沉降预测方法。研究结果表明,黄土地区暗挖法地铁隧道施工过程,老黄土-古土壤地层掌子面地表位移释放率和地表纵向沉降最大斜率均较大,饱和软黄土地层的较小。经过数学严密推导,提出一种考虑掌子面地表位移释放率和地表纵向沉降最大斜率的地表纵向沉降预测分析方法,分析了其随着特征值的敏感性,验证了预测方法的可靠性和合理性。研究成果对于分析和预测地铁隧道施工引起地表不均匀沉降对地面与地下建筑的影响具有重要的意义。     

盾构隧道注浆对既有隧道影响的离心模拟研究

随着地铁网络不断完善,越来越多的新建盾构隧道近距离穿越既有隧道,然而对于盾构隧道近距离穿越既有隧道影响的研究尚不够完善。以上海典型软弱地层为背景,通过离心模型试验,研究了不同注浆率下的盾构上穿越施工对既有隧道以及周围地层的影响。选用排液法在离心场中模拟盾构施工,在不停机状态下成功模拟隧道开挖卸载、地层损失和注浆效应。分析了在不同的注浆率条件下,既有隧道在上穿越施工期和工后长期的位移、周围孔压和纵向应力的变化规律。试验结果表明,新建隧道近距离上穿越既有隧道时,隧道开挖的卸载效应等会导致既有隧道的隆起,但随着注浆率增大,既有隧道的隆起量减小。但过高注浆率对周围土体扰动较大,从而导致工后既有隧道的沉降也越大。     

Face stability analysis of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests

This paper investigates the face stability of shield-driven tunnels shallowly buried in dry sand using 1-g large-scale model tests. A half-circular tunnel model with a rigid front face was designed and tested. The ground movement was mobilized by pulling the tunnel face backwards at different speeds. The support pressure at tunnel face, settlement at ground surface, and internal movement of soil body were measured by load cells, linear variable differential transducers, and a camera, respectively, and the progress of face failure was observed through a transparent lateral wall of model tank. The tests show that, as the tunnel face moves backwards, the support pressure at the tunnel face drops sharply initially, then rebounds slightly, and tends to be stabilized at the end. Similarly, the ground surface settlement shows a three-stage variation pattern. Using the particle image velocimetry technique, the particle movement, shear strain, and vortex location of soil are analyzed. The variation of support pressure and ground surface settlement related to the internal movement of soil particles is discussed. The impact of the tunnel face moving speed on the face stability is discussed. As the tunnel face moves relatively fast, soil failure originates from a height above tunnel invert and an analytical model is developed to analyze such failure.     

交叉隧道施工中新建隧道周围复合地层与间距对既有隧道的沉降影响研究

沿海地区特别是广州地区地铁建设多在复合地层中进行盾构施工,开挖引起的地层沉降很难控制,如何防止大面积的地层沉降,保证既有建(构)物安全成为施工难题。基于此,本文提出了复合地层盾构施工的地质概化模型,运用三维有限元方法对交叉隧道盾构施工进行了建模分析,研究了不同的复合地层类型及不同的覆土厚度与间距下,新建隧道盾构正交下穿施工对既有隧道沉降的影响。结果表明,新建隧道在近似均一土层中下穿施工引起的既有隧道沉降最大,上软下硬地层次之,长距离硬岩段最小,沉降随土层弹性模量的增加而减小;同时,既有隧道沉降随覆土厚度的增加而增大;随隧道间距的增大而减小,当间距小于2倍衬砌外径时,既有隧道沉降较大,存在损坏的危险。最后,提出了相应的沉降控制对策。     

地裂缝场地地铁隧道施工C RD工法优化研究

以西安地铁6号线区间隧道浅埋暗挖施工穿越地裂缝场地为研究工程背景,考虑地裂缝场地的特殊性构建了基于传统CRD工法的施工优化工法,并对传统CRD工法和优化CRD工法施工开挖过程进行了三维动态的有限元数值模拟,结合现场监测试验数据,对比分析了两种工法下地裂缝场地地表沉降变形规律和地铁隧道受力变形特征.结果表明:两种CRD工...     

Modeling tunneling-induced ground surface settlement development using a wavelet smooth relevance vector machine

Accurate prediction of ground surface settlement is necessary for effectively controlling the settlement that develops during tunneling. Many models have been established for this purpose by extracting the relationship between the settlement and the factors that influence it. However, most of the models focused on the maximum ground surface settlement and do not involve dynamic and real-time predictions. This paper investigated how tunneling-induced ground surface settlement developed using a smooth relevance vector machine with a wavelet kernel (wsRVM). Various factors that affect this settlement, including geometrical, geological and shield operational parameters were considered. The model was applied to earth pressure balance (EPB) shield-driven tunnels. The results indicate that the prediction model performs well and that the distribution of the predictions can provide a measure of the prediction uncertainty. Unlike conventional methods that requireadditional efforts to determine relevant model parameters, the proposed method can optimize the parameters in the training process. The results of the parametric study conducted show that the model performance can be improved by the optimization and that the method can serve as a simple tool for practitioners to use in estimating ground surface settlement development during tunneling.     

饱和软土层地铁列车运行引起的环境振动研究

我国沿海地区大量的地铁隧道都修建在饱和软土地层,饱和软土地层中地铁列车运行引起的环境振动逐渐成为社会关注的问题。以上海2号线某地铁区间隧道为研究对象,采用循环运动模型本构模型和水土耦合动力分析方法,分析了饱和软土中地铁列车运行引起的地表振动加速度以及振动位移响应规律,采用加速度振级对地表的振动强度进行了评价,分析了单次列车通过时引起的隧道下卧土层超孔隙水压力（EPWP）响应规律。计算结果表明,饱和土的振动响应比干土要小得多,地表水平向与竖向的振动规律明显的不同,超孔隙水压力沿隧道下方沿向是不断减少的,在距离隧道中心的纵断面上是先增加后减少。分析饱和土中地铁运行引起的环境响应规律,可为地铁沿线建筑物减隔振设计及沉降控制提供一定依据。     

三向地震作用下叠交隧道地震响应振动台试验研究

叠交隧道是涉及隧道之间、隧道与土体相互作用的复杂体系,其安全性将严重影响城市轨道交通建设。目前,对于叠交隧道振动台试验的研究集中在水平平行和交叉叠交隧道、单向和双向地震动输入。鉴于此,利用自行设计的层状三向剪切模型箱,对竖直平行叠交隧道开展三向地震作用下的振动台模型试验,研究地基土−叠交隧道模型体系动力特性、地基土加速度、叠交隧道加速度、地表沉降、地基土孔压、叠交隧道动土压力及叠交隧道应变等地震响应。结果表明：随着震波峰值加速度（peak ground acceleration,简称PGA）依次增加,地基土−叠交隧道模型体系的自振频率随之减小,而阻尼比随之增大;叠交隧道周围地基土加速度和孔压的梯度差随着地震波PGA的增大而增大,且上隧道周围梯度差比下隧道更大;地基土对加速度的放大效应随着地震波PGA的增大而减弱;相同地震波作用下,相同位置处的叠交隧道加速度傅里叶谱形状相似,但幅值随着地震波PGA的增大而增大。此外,与顶部和底部位置相比,腰部位置加速度傅里叶谱频段范围变宽,幅值峰值有所降低;地表沉降峰值随着地震波PGA的增大而减小,相比地基土两侧位置,中心位置的沉降峰值明显较小;地震波的类型对叠交隧道动土压力峰值和应变峰值影响较小;对于动土压力峰值,两隧道的最大值均为腰部,而上、下隧道的最小值分别为底部、顶部;对于应变峰值,上隧道在腰部明显大于顶部和底部,而下隧道在4个位置相差不大。