Aluminum in surface water of Ukraine: Concentrations, migration forms, distribution among abiotic components

The results of studying the forms of aluminum occurrence in water bodies of Ukraine with different water regime and physical and chemical characteristics are discussed. The quantitative relationships between suspended and dissolved forms of aluminum, the relationship between suspended aluminum and the mass of suspended matter, and the role of complexation in Al(III) migration are considered. The distribution of Al(III) among complex compounds with dissolved organic substances with different chemical nature and molecular mass (anionic fraction) is analyzed. Humic substances are shown to play the major role in Al(III) binding.     

Space and time regularities in the distribution of dissolved and suspended manganese forms in Novosibirsk Reservoir water

The space and time regularities in the distribution, migration, and turnover of dissolved and suspended manganese forms in Novosibirsk Reservoir water are considered. The flux of dissolved manganese forms (Mn²⁺) from bottom sediments into the water mass is shown to reach its maximum in the under-ice period (since the late February to the mid-April), as well as in the period of maximal abundance of biota (August–early September), when reduction conditions form everywhere in reservoir bottom sediments. In this period, bottom sediments are the main source of manganese input into the reservoir water, their contribution reaching 250–400% relative to the inflowing river water; manganese vertical distribution in water is opposite to that of dissolved oxygen, and its concentration is in excess of the hygienic standards. The maximal flux of dissolved manganese forms (Mn⁴⁺) from water into bottom sediments is recorded in August–September (on the average, 0.17 g/(m² day)); it drops to 0.06 g/(m² day) during spring flood, and practically vanishes in the under-ice period.     

Dissolved and suspended organic mater in the Amur and Songhua River water

Results of studying the concentration of total, dissolved, and suspended organic matter in the water of the Amur and its main tributaries (the rivers of Bureya, Songhua, etc.) in 2005–2006 are presented. A high concentration of organic matter of anthropogenic origin was recorded in the water of the Songhua River, which has a significant effect on the Amur water quality. The export of organic matter with the Amur River water into the Amur Liman was accessed.     

Migration of dissolved matter at Serebryanka R. Mouth,the basin of the Sea of Japan (Sikhote Alin Reserve)

Ions of major salt composition and dissolved forms of some microelements (F, B, Sr, Rb, Cs, V, As, Mo, U) at the mouth of the Serebryanka R. (Sikhote Alin Reserve) are shown to feature conservative behavior in July 2009. The distribution of dissolved mineral phosphorus is shown to be controlled mostly by chemical processes (desorption from river suspension), even during vegetation period, while the role of biological consumption is secondary. The behavior of dissolved organic phosphorus and silicon is nearly conservative. A considerable amount of barium (up to 46% of its concentration in river water) is shown to be removed from solution, maybe because of its sorption on particulate matter of continental runoff. Ittrium and rare-earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Dy, Ho) show an abrupt decrease in the concentrations of their dissolved forms at the initial stages of river water penetration into the sea. This decrease is supposedly due to coagulation and flocculation of organic and organic-mineral colloids.     

Assessing Organic Carbon and Suspended Matter Runoff in the Yenisei Basin

The concentrations of organic matter that enters the aquatic environment in dissolved form, organic matter fractions adsorbed on suspended mineral particles, and the total concentration of suspended matter in the Yenisei water were studied using rapid optical methods. Spectral characteristics of light attenuation and absorption by river water and its filtrates were analyzed in summer. Total discharges of organic carbon and suspended matter by the river were evaluated.     

水源水库季节性分层及悬浮物行为对铁锰迁移的影响——以辽宁省碧流河水库为例

铁和锰是氧化还原敏感的元素,水源水库热分层引起的底层水体缺氧造成了沉积物中铁和锰的释放,对城市供水造成了极大的影响.以往鲜有悬浮物行为对铁和锰在水库水-沉积物界面迁移影响的研究,于2014年2月-2015年2月对碧流河水库深水区的水、悬浮物以及沉积物铁和锰的垂向分布特征进行综合调查分析,并进一步分析铁和锰的季节性变化规律及悬浮物行为对其的影响.Spearman相关分析结果表明铁浓度与总悬浮固体、总氮和总磷的相关性较大;锰浓度与总悬浮固体、溶解氧、pH和总氮的相关性较大.进一步讨论分析表明碧流河水库的热分层、底层缺氧以及沉积物再悬浮是影响铁和锰浓度的重要因素,水库铁和锰的季节变化规律存在差异.分层期溶解态的锰在底层累积,平均浓度达到0.18 mg/L,而沉积物中溶解态的铁释放很少.混合期水库的中上层锰浓度升高,达到了0.07 mg/L.沉积物的再悬浮是水库底层水体中铁的主要来源,底层颗粒态铁的平均浓度约为0.3 mg/L.絮凝的颗粒物以及其吸附的锰在水库长期悬浮,难以沉积到水库底部,使得悬浮物中Mn的含量显著高于表层沉积物,约为沉积物的7倍.建议应在碧流河水库采用分层取水、水库曝气以及联合供水等措施,以减少铁和锰的浓度升高对供水产生的影响,保障大连市城市供水安全.     

Radiocesium in Ponds in the Near Zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP

The article presents the results of studying radiocesium concentration and distribution between dissolved and particulate forms in ponds in the near zone of Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP NPP after the 2011 accident. The total concentration of ¹³⁷Cs in pond water and its variations are shown to be largely governed by the concentration of particulate matter being as high as 68 Bq/L, compared with 5 Bq/L in solution. The values of the distribution coefficient K_d in the ponds are similar to those in rivers and in large flow-through lakes in the accidentally polluted zone at Fukushima Dai-ichi NPP. The contributions of the main competing ions K⁺ and NH ₄ ⁺ to radiocesium desorption from solid particles into solution were similar for the ponds; however, their relative effect on dissolved radiocesium concentration varied over time because of variations in ammonium concentration.     

Dissolved and particulate trace metal fluxes through the central English Channel, and the influence of coastal gyres

Measurements of dissolved Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn have been made on a seasonal basis at five stations on a north–south transect across the central English Channel between Cherbourg and the Isle of Wight. Vertical and horizontal distributions of dissolved Cd, Pb, Cu and Zn are relatively uniform except for sampling sites near the English coast. Dissolved Mn and Co show increased concentrations in the English coastal waters, and for Mn the seasonal trend in concentration follows the pattern seen in the Strait of Dover with higher values in the late summer. Ni and Cu are higher in concentration on the English side, which reflects mainly riverine sources. Measurements were also made of particulate forms of the metals above plus particulate Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Sr and Ti. Water column concentrations of particulate metals broadly follow the distribution of suspended particulate matter, with highest concentrations near the UK coast. Trace metal concentrations have been integrated with modelled data on fluxes of water to provide estimates of fluxes for these elements into the eastern Channel, and an initial comparison is made with data for fluxes of metals through the Strait of Dover obtained during an earlier study. A major influence on the fluxes of particulate metals through the Isle of Wight-Cherbourg transect is the gyre system to the South east to the Isle of Wight, which has important east to west as well as west to east transport components. For those elements where the dissolved form of the metal dominates, the large flow of water in the central Channel waters leads to major fluxes of the metals towards the east and the Strait of Dover. However, the high suspended particulate matter loadings in the coastal waters and impact of the gyre system lead to net east to west fluxes of particulate Al, Fe, Mn and Ti. Comparison of these fluxes with data on the net west to east transport of these materials through the Strait of Dover infers that there must be a significant supply of these particulate metals to the eastern Channel.     

Mercury partition in the interface between a contaminated lagoon and the ocean: The role of particulate load and composition

After having estimated the patterns of flow to the ocean and found some seasonal and tidal differences, mainly with regard to the relative importance of dissolved and particulate fractions, mercury partitioning at the interface between a contaminated lagoon and the Atlantic Ocean was investigated during four tidal cycles in contrasting season and tidal regimes. Mercury was found to be located predominantely in the particulate fraction throughout the year, contributing to its retention within the system. Seasonal conditions, variations in marine and fluvial signals and processes affecting bed sediment resuspension influenced the character and concentration of suspended particulate matter in the water column. Variation in the nature, levels and partitioning of organic carbon in the particulate fraction affected levels of particulate mercury as well as mercury partitioning. These results highlight the dominant role of suspended particulate matter in the distribution of anthropogenic mercury and reinforce the importance of competitive behavior related to organic carbon in mercury scavenging.     

Behaviour of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers and Zn,Cu and Cd in the freshwater-seawater mixing area

Dissolved and suspended concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers, α, γ and δ HCH, and Zn, Cu and Cd have been measured in the Napostá Grande stream, located in the Blance Bay area, Argentina, for the purpose of studying the behaviour of these compounds in the freshwater-seawater mixing zone. The aim was to establish the mobilization processes, according to their distribution over the dissolved and suspended forms, in order to obtain a better understanding of their impact on organochlorine and heavy metal levels in the marine environment. It is concluded that the compounds studied are removed from solution by suspended matter which is afterwards precipitated during the freshwater-seawater mixing process. Seawater and surface sediment concentrations of these pollutants for two sampling sites in Blanca Bay, Argentina, are also reported.     

Environmental behavior of organotin compounds in the coastal environment of Xiamen, China

In 2006, organotins pollution were investigated in the coastal environment of Xiamen, China. Six species of organotin compounds including tributyltin, triphenyltin and their degradation compounds were quantified in the dissolved and particulate phases of the water, and in the sediment using GC-FPD. The concentrations of organotin compounds ranged from 2.2 to 160 ng (Sn) L(-1) dissolved in the water, 0.14-6.7 ng (Sn) L(-1) in suspended particulate matter and nd approximately 26 ng (Sn) g(-1) (dry weight) in the sediment. The highest concentration of total organotin or tributyltin in water was found in a shipyard and at a station near the inlet of the harbor, indicating fresh inputs of antifouling paints to Xiamen's coastal environment. Organotin speciation was performed on sediment cores to investigate contamination trends over the past ten years in the harbor. The results of (210)Pb dating indicated that Xiamen western harbor suffered contamination during 2000. The environmental behavior of organotins such as the enhancement of the microlayer, partitioning between water/suspended particulate matter and between water/sediment are also discussed in this paper.     

Copper,zinc, cadmium,nickel, iron and manganese in the Southern Bight of the North Sea

Ni, Cd, Cu, Zn, and Fe were determined in water and suspended matter samples and Mn in suspended matter samples from the Southern Bight region of the North Sea. Four distinct areas, comprising the Rhine estuary, the Dutch coastal waters, the centre of the Bight, and the English coastal water can be distinguished on the basis of the distribution of the trace metals. The total concentrations of all metals were high in the Rhine estuary, decreased in a seaward direction to reach very low values, comparable to continental shelf water, in the centre of the Bight, and increased again towards the English coast. Elevated concentrations of dissolved Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn near the English coast are not only due to river inputs. Over the entire region, the fraction of Cd, Ni and Zn in solution was consistently more important than the fraction in the suspended particulate phase. In contast, the fraction of Fe and Mn in the solid phase was consistently greater than the fraction in solution. Total concentrations of Fe, Mn and Cu are more dictated by the suspended particulate matter concentration than Cd, Ni and Zn.     

Environmental behavior of organotin compounds in the coastal environment of Xiamen,China

In 2006, organotins pollution were investigated in the coastal environment of Xiamen, China. Six species of organotin compounds including tributyltin, triphenyltin and their degradation compounds were quantified in the dissolved and particulate phases of the water, and in the sediment using GC-FPD. The concentrations of organotin compounds ranged from 2.2 to 160 ng (Sn) L⁻¹ dissolved in the water, 0.14–6.7 ng (Sn) L⁻¹ in suspended particulate matter and nd ∼ 26 ng (Sn) g⁻¹ (dry weight) in the sediment. The highest concentration of total organotin or tributyltin in water was found in a shipyard and at a station near the inlet of the harbor, indicating fresh inputs of antifouling paints to Xiamen’s coastal environment. Organotin speciation was performed on sediment cores to investigate contamination trends over the past ten years in the harbor. The results of ²¹⁰Pb dating indicated that Xiamen western harbor suffered contamination during 2000. The environmental behavior of organotins such as the enhancement of the microlayer, partitioning between water/suspended particulate matter and between water/sediment are also discussed in this paper.     

Characterization of colloidal and particulate matter transported by the magela creek system,Northern Australia

The composition and amount of colloidal and suspended participate matter transported during a small flood event in Magela Creek in tropical northern Australia was investigated. The flood studied constituted approximately 3 % of the total annual flow, most (90%) of which occurred between mid-January and mid-February of the study year. Three fractions were separated from water samples using a sequential method involving a continuous flow centrifuge to separate suspended particulate matter (SPM; nominally > 1 μm) followed by hollow fibre filtration, first using a 0.1 μm filter to separate course colloidal matter (CCM; nominal size 1–0.1 μm) and then a 0–015 μm filter to separate fine colloidal matter (FCM; nominal size 0.1–0.015 μm). The SPM was predominantly inorganic (organic matter 21 %), whereas the colloidal fractions were dominantly organic matter (CCM 60%; FCM 83%). Analysis of individual particles using electron microprobe and automated image analysis indicated that the mineral fractions in both the SPM and CCM were dominated by iron-enriched aluminosilicates (including kaolinite) (72–82%) and quartz (9–10%), indicative of a highly weathered and extensively laterized catchment. Surprisingly there was very little difference in the composition of the SPM or CCM fractions during the flood event studied, which may indicate either that sediment availability was restricted following the major run-off events in January and February, or that all the sediment sources within the catchment are geochemically similar. Approximately the same amounts of particulate (20 tonne), colloidal (21 tonne) and dissolved material (17 tonne) were transported during the 25 hour period of the main flood peak; over 90% of the colloidal matter was 0.1–1.0 μm in size. These data suggest that previous estimates of the amounts of particulate (and colloidal) matter transported by Magela Creek, which were based on suspended solids measurements, may have underestimated the particulate matter load by as much as 50%. It is possible that the relatively high proportion of colloidal matter is unique to Magela Creek because coagulation and aggregation of colloidal matter to particulate matter is slow due to the very low concentations of calcium and magnesium in these waters. However, if the result is more widespread, there are important implications for the global estimates of fluvially transported particulate and dissolved materials as many of the previous studies may have underestimated the particulate load and overestimated the dissolved load.     

Forms, quantities, and variability of organic substance inflow into the Rybinsk Reservoir

The data on the content of total and some forms (suspended, labile, and carbohydrate-like) of organic substances in inflowing rivers of the Rybinsk Reservoir are presented. The greater portion of organic substances enters the Rybinsk Reservoir in the form of difficulty decomposable dissolved compounds. The labile fraction accounts for no more than 4.6% of the total amount. The distribution of the total organic substance runoff within a year correlates with the water runoff volume. The quantity of organic substance inflow with each river depends both on the water runoff volume and on the value of mean weighted concentrations of organic substances in water of these rivers. It is suggested that the obtained values should be considered as regional geochemical constants, which may be useful in preparing the total balance.     

Variability of particulate (SS,POC) and dissolved (DOC,NO3) matter during storm events in the Alegria agricultural watershed

The temporal variability of suspended sediment, nitrates (NO₃) and dissolved (DOC) and particulate organic carbon concentrations was analysed in the Alegria agricultural watershed over a 2‐year period. Nine storm events were studied, including an exhaustive analysis of hydrometeorological conditions, quantification of fluxes, and concentration‐discharge hysteresis loop characterization. The overall aim was to study the variability in these components during storm events and determine the mechanisms (flow paths) affecting the trajectories, from the source to the stream. The forms, rotational patterns and trends of hysteretic loops were investigated, and relationships between hysteresis features and hydrological parameters were studied. The results revealed clear differences between particulate (suspended sediment, particulate organic carbon) and dissolved (DOC, NO₃) matter transport responses. Movement of the particulate matter was attributed to surface water, as reflected in clockwise hysteresis loops, whereas dissolved matter showed, in general, counterclockwise hysteresis loops, indicating a time delay in the arrival of solutes to the stream. This could be related to subsurface flow paths for DOC and a groundwater source for NO₃. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the significance of wind event frequency for particulate resuspension and light attenuation in coastal waters

Wind-induced resuspension of particulate matter was investigated in a shallow coastal region off southwestern Australia, chosen for its isolation from the complexity of other confounding physical processes. The site had negligible river discharge, low nutrient concentrations and was largely devoid of tidal currents. Moorings were deployed in the micro-tidal waters to measure current speed, wave parameters, backscatter, subsurface irradiance and dissolved oxygen concentration. Two contrasting sites were chosen as representative of high and low wave-energy environments. Turbulent kinetic energy, recorded by the instruments, was dominated by the wind-wave signal. During wind events, at the most exposed site, bed shear stress exceeded the critical stress required to lift and resuspend sediments. At the most enclosed site, bed shear stresses only exceeded the critical stress required to suspend less dense material such as benthic fluff. Wind-waves were found to be the dominant mechanism driving the vertical redistribution of particulate matter. Low frequency storm events and high frequency (daily) sea breezes were found to differ significantly in their retention of particulate matter suspended in the water column. Long periods of calm generally followed the passage of a storm, allowing suspended particulate matter to settle out, while consecutive daily sea breezes were more effective in holding particulate matter in suspension. Linear correlations were found between the backscatter (a proxy for suspended particulate matter), light attenuation and dissolved oxygen concentration. Approximately half the variability in dissolved oxygen concentration could be attributed to the variability in light attenuation, with a decline in concentration during wind resuspension events. Variability in dissolved oxygen concentration was interpreted as a possible indicator of the moderation of pelagic phytoplankton productivity during wind events.     

Distribution of organochlorines in the dissolved and suspended phase of the sea-surface microlayer and seawater in Hong Kong, China

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the dissolved and suspended particulate phase in the sea-surface microlayer (SML) and subsurface water (SSW) collected from Hong Kong's coastal environment. The concentration ranges (pg/L) for summation sigmaHCHs, summation sigmaDDTs and summation sigmaPCBs in the SSW dissolved phase (DP i.e. sum of truly dissolved and colloidal phase) were 409-940 (mean 602), 774-5583 (mean 1908) and 266-433 (mean 278), respectively. The concentration ranges (pg/L) for summation sigmaHCHs, summation sigmaDDTs and summation sigmaPCBs in SSW suspended particulate matter (SPM) were <5-85 (mean 59), 358-1369 (mean 787) and 85.6-273 (mean 172), respectively. The enrichment factor of PCBs and OCPs in the SML varied between 1.1 and 4.5 for the DP, and 0.4-8.2 for the SPM. The distribution of contaminants between DP and SPM in both the SML and SSW indicates that particulate matter plays an important role in the distribution and fate of DDTs and PCBs, but not for HCH isomers. The Pearl River Estuary is likely to be a major source of contaminants transported to Hong Kong.     

Distribution and temporal variation of cadmium in the St. Lawrence river basin

Samples of raw water were collected at regular intevals at two transects in the St. Lawremce River and four of its tributaries from March to November 1991 and from April to June 1992. Water samples were analyzed for both the dissolved and the particulate phase for cadmium (Cd), organic carbon, iron and manganese. Mean dissolved Cd concentration was 10±5 ng/L and no spatial variability was observed. Higher concentrations were found during high flow periods, suggesting an uptake of cadmium by phytoplankton during summer. In addition, dissolved cadmium did not appear to be associated with either DOC, dissolved Fe or dissolved Mn. The mean particulate Cd concentration was 1.3±1.1 μg/g, with almost all stations presenting the same concentration except the Yamaska River, which had a concentration of 0.5±0.2 μg/g. Particulate Cd showed a negative correlation with suspended particulate matter and a positive correlation with particulate organic carbon and particulare manganese. Fifty-nine percent of the cadmium was found to be in the particulate phase. Partition coefficients for cadmium (Kd), organic carbon (Kc), iron (KdFe) and manganese (KdMn) were calculated for each sample. Log Kd varied from 3.9 to 5.9, with an average of 5.0±0.4. Log Kd decreased with increasing particulate, matter as did Log Kc and Log KdMn. No significant correlation was found between Log Kd and Log Kc, suggesting that the distribution of cadmium between the dissolved and the particulate phase is not influenced by the distribution of organic carbon. In contrast, positive correlations were observed between Log Kd, Log KdFe and Log KdMn. Cadmium distribution appears to be influenced by Fe and Mn distribution.