翡翠贻贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食及毒素积累的初步研究

塔玛亚历山大藻是一种可产生PSP毒素的海洋微藻，通过室内摄食实验，初步研究了厦门港水产养殖动物翡翠贻贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的滤食率与光照度、温度、藻液浓度等因素的关系，并对比了翡翠贻贝对其它饵料微藻的摄食压力．同时对比了不同细胞密度的塔玛亚历山大藻浓度对翡翠贻贝毒素累积的影响．     

翡翠贻贝3个野生种群遗传多样性分析

采用表型性状、RAPD和ISSR分子标记对取自广西北海、广东湛江和汕尾的3个翡翠贻贝Perna viridis种群进行遗传多样性分析。翡翠贻贝种群间表型性状(壳长、壳高、壳宽、软体部重、体重和肥满度指数)存在显著的差异(p<0.05)。11个RAPD引物共扩增出114条带,扩增片断大小为237—2099 bp,种群的多态性位点比例和遗传多样性指数分别为57.14%—60.78%和0.174 8—0.190 1。10个ISSR引物共扩增出134条带,扩增片断大小为218—2 695 bp,种群的多态性位点比例和遗传多样性指数分别为72.48%—75.22%和0.245 7—0.253 4。RAPD和ISSR分析都表明汕尾与北海翡翠贻贝种群间的遗传距离最大。结果表明,(1)翡翠贻贝种群具有较高的遗传多样性;(2)RAPD与ISSR标记适合于翡翠贻贝遗传多样性分析,但ISSR比RAPD能检测到种群间更高的遗传变异。     

~（125）Ⅰ在翡翠贻贝体内积累与分布

研究了翡翠贻贝Ｐｅｒｎａｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ的个体大小对放射性核素１２５Ｉ在其体内的积累与分布。实验结果表明，小个体对１２５Ｉ的浓集能力比大个体强。在贝体各部分组织中，足丝对１２５Ｉ的浓缩因子（约０．５×１０３－１．５×１０３）比贝体其余部分高得多，为软体组织的３０—２００倍，足的２００－６００倍，贝壳的６００—１０００倍。足丝的重量虽不及整体湿重的１％，但积累的１２５Ｉ占贝体１２５Ｉ总重量的５０％－７５％；足丝的浓集团子与贻贝整体湿重（或壳长）呈负幂函数关系。     

中华白海豚(Sousa chinensis)组织中多氯联苯的研究

以珠江口海域的两头中华白海豚为研究对象,采用气相色谱法分析了海豚组织中多氯联苯（PCBs）的含量分布特征和毒性水平。结果表明,PCBs在海豚10种不同组织中的含量范围为25．1—85567．3ng／g,PCBs含量最高的组织为额隆和皮肤,其次为肝脏、肌肉、心脏、睾丸和脑,最低的为肺、胃和肾脏;PCBs同系物和同族物在海豚不同组织中的分布特征相似,同系物中以PCB101＋113和PCB153所占总量的百分比最大,在10．25％-51．70％之间;在同族物中以含在同族物中以5个氯原子和6个氯原子的PCBs为主,所占百分比均在23．53％-60．06％之间;运用二蛞哄毒性当量（TEQ）评价了中华白海豚不同组织中PCBs的毒性,其TEQs范围为55．9—68191．0pg／g,其中皮肤TEQs含量最高。TEQs主要来自非邻位取代的PCBs,占总量的74．15％-99．62％,其中来自PCB126的占34．11％-96．5I％。与世界其他海域海豚的PCBs污染水平相比,成年中华白海豚受PCBs污染严重,其体内的PCBs含量和毒性当量均已超出安全浓度范围,对其健康已造成威胁。     

翡翠贻贝鳃的组织形态学和超微结构观察

应用光镜和透射电镜观察翡翠贻贝鳃的组织形态学和超微结构．翡翠贻贝身体两侧各有一对鳃瓣,覆盖在内脏团之上,鳃瓣由众多鳃丝组成．与其它种类贻贝相似,翡翠贻贝鳃丝上皮可区分为前微绒毛柱状细胞、前侧纤毛柱状细胞、立方或扁平细胞和后微绒毛柱状细胞等4个不同区带．电镜水平下可观察到鳃丝上具微绒毛柱状细胞、具纤毛柱状细胞、立方或扁平细胞、间质细胞和粘液细胞等5种细胞类型．本文对鳃丝的组织形态学及各类细胞的超微结构与功能作了描述及讨论．     

温度对翡翠贻贝能量收支的影响

在不同的温度下对翡翠贻贝的摄食、耗氧、排氨、同化效率及能量收支等进行实验研究。结果表明，在设定的温度范围内，翡翠贻贝的摄食率、耗氧率、排氨率随温度的增加而增大，而效率则没有显著变化。在低温时，摄入的能量中分配于生长的比例较小，而代谢耗能和排泄耗能所占的比例相对较大，因而翡翠贻贝的生长较慢甚至出现负生长；而在高温时，翡翠贻贝由于用于生长的能量比例增加，而损失于代谢消耗和排泄的能量比例减少，因而生长预算和生长效率提高。     

东湖水体中多氯联苯的研究

于1994年6月,采用高分子多孔聚合树脂对武汉东湖水进行富集采样,样品经净化后利用毛细管柱色谱进行多氯联苯（PCBs）总量及同类物（congeners）的分离测定。结果表明,东湖水样中PCBs总含量为2．7ng／L,检出的20多个PCBs同类物其含量分别在0．002－1．12ng／L范围内。其同类物中低氯取代的PCBs相对含量明显高于工业用商品PCBs中的相应含量。     

紫贻贝(Mytilus edulis)对4种重金属的生物富集动力学特性研究

应用半静态双箱模型室内模拟了紫贻贝对 4种重金属 (As、Hg、Cd、Pb)的生物富集实验 ,通过非线性拟合得到了紫贻贝富集重金属的吸收速率常数k1 、排出速率常数k2 、生物富集因子BCF、生物学半衰期B1 / 2 等动力学参数。实验海水盐度为 32、温度分别为( 1 2 .34± 2 .2 8)℃和 ( 6.63± 3.1 2 )℃、溶氧量 >6.5mg/L。得到的Hg、Cd、Pb的动力学参数k1为 8.71 2— 30 1 .5 ;k2 为 0 .0 0 942 5— 0 .0 30 64;BCF为 783.4— 1 1 75 4 ;B1 / 2 为 2 2 .62— 73.5 4。比较结果得出 :吸收速率常数k1 及生物富集因子BCF均随着外部水体浓度的增加而减小 ,在平衡状态下生物体内金属含量CAmax随着外部水体浓度的增加而增加 ,且基本呈正相关 ,说明紫贻贝是比较理想的重金属Hg、Cd、Pb污染的指示生物。紫贻贝排出Cd的生物学半衰期要长于金属Hg、Pb、As。     

翡翠贻贝肉在冷冻冷藏中质量的变化

本文通过定期测定冷冻冷藏中翡翠贻贝肉的干耗率、过氧化值（ＰＯＶ）、挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ）、ｐＨ值等理化指标,以探索翡翠贻贝肉在冷冻冷藏中质量的变化。结果表明,引起冷冻冷藏中贻贝肉蛋白质的冷冻变化和老化、烹调时口感发渣等的主要原因是水分的干耗和肉的严惩脱水。     

温度、盐度和光照条件对翡翠贻贝滤水率的影响

在实验室的条件下,研究照度、温度、盐度对翡翠贻贝（Ｐｅｒｎａ ｖｉｒｉｄｉｓ）滤水率的影响。结果表明,在一定温度（１６￣３１℃）和盐度（１６￣３２）范围内,滤水率与温度、盐度呈正相关关系。但温度和盐度的交互作用不明显。开始时翡翠贻贝的滤水率随温度的上升而增加,当温度达到２６℃以上时,滤水率的变化趋缓或不再增加。翡翠贻贝的滤水率随盐度的长高而增大,特别是在低温的条件下,滤水率随盐度的变化更为明显。此     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Evaluation of the Risk of Marine Slope Instability: A Pseudo-3D Approach for Application to Large Areas

This article presents a methodology developed to evaluate the instability of submarine slopes that extend over a large area. Special attention was paid to (1) the complex geometry (bathymetry) and the expanse of the slope, (2) the heterogeneity of the sediment, and (3) the distribution of the pore pressure. The safety factor was considered as a spatially varying quantity. The General Formulation (GLE, Fredlund and Krahn 1977), which fully satisfies equilibrium conditions, was used for evaluating the stability of the marine slope. The submarine slope failure, which occurred on 16 October 1979 during the construction of the new Nice airport, was studied in order to test the developed model. Geotechnical parameters were taken from experimental tests carried out by IFREMER on 19 cores extracted at different depths (from 27 m to 1300 m) (Cochonat, Bourillet, and Savoye, 1993; Mulder et al., 1994). Many scenarios were proposed in order to explain the cause of the Nice slope failure (Habib, 1994). In this article, two of those scenarios were tested. Simulation results are presented and discussed.