基于多光谱遥感影像的巫峡滑坡灾害识别技术研究

三峡库区地质结构复杂,尤其是巫峡高陡岸坡发育区域,历来是滑坡灾害高发区,对三峡库区的安全运行构成威胁。为了厘清巫峡高陡峡谷区滑坡灾害发育的高精度多光谱遥感影像特征,本研究以高精度遥感影像资料为基础,以巫峡高陡峡谷区为研究对象,应用面对对象的分类方法对研究区的高精遥感影像进行分割和分类,结合多尺度分割和ESP(Estimation of Scale Parameter)工具确定最优分割尺度,选取典型的滑坡对象样本进行最近邻分类,探索基于高精度多光谱遥感影像的高陡峡谷区滑坡灾害识别技术方法。经试验得出高陡峡谷区基于高精度多光谱遥感影像的滑坡灾害识别的最优分割尺度为720,形状因子和紧致度为0.5,在分割基础上,进行分类和滑坡信息提取。通过对比已有滑坡灾害资料,基于遥感影像自动识别滑坡灾害技术得到的研究区滑坡灾害分布结果总体精度达到了0.8696。研究结果表明,基于高精度的遥感影像自动识别滑坡灾害技术方法能够较好地进行分割与滑坡识别,精度评价的结果比较符合实际。研究结果为巫峡高陡峡谷区滑坡灾害的识别、调查、预测和防治提供依据,对三峡库区滑坡灾害的早期识别和防灾减灾有重要意义。     

基于GF-1影像多尺度-光谱差异分割的不同喀斯特地貌区土地利用信息提取

影像分割是高分辨率遥感影像信息提取的前提,遥感影像分割的精确程度直接影响遥感分类的精度。为提高喀斯特山区遥感影像信息提取的精度,采用多尺度-光谱差异分割对喀斯特山区高分辨率影像分割,通过标准最近邻分类法提取土地利用信息,对比了仅多尺度分割、多尺度-光谱差异分割两种分割方法下喀斯特山区土地利用信息提取的精度。结果表明:（1）多尺度-光谱差异分割能改善过分割和欠分割现象。（2）多尺度-光谱差异分割优于单一使用多尺度分割。（3）多尺度-光谱差异分割综合了影像的光谱、纹理、形状等特征,进而提高了喀斯特山区影像分割分类的精度。      

一种面向对象的最优分割尺度计算模型

作为信息提取和分类的前提,面向对象的影像分割尺度参数的设置直接影响到提取和分类的精度。本文以GF-2影像数据为例,在已有分割理论和方法的基础上提出一种基于最优分割尺度的计算模型（OS模型）。该模型以主成分分析所得的主成分以及新建的归一化植被指数（normalized vegetation index,NDVI）特征层作为分割参考层,综合考虑均质因子的影响,构建加权尺度评价指数,插值拟合最优分割尺度。构建误差系数（E_c）对模型进行评价,结果表明：OS模型误差系数（E_c=1.15%）小于传统模型（E_c=3.28%）,且分割对象更均匀、与实际地物更接近。     

基于面向对象分类方法在SPOT影像中的地物信息提取

利用基于面向对象分类方法的eCognition软件,以桂林寨底地区为研究区,对影像中各类地物设置不同的分割参数,即初始分割尺度为30,形状因子为0.1,光谱因子为0.9,紧凑度为0.7,光滑度为0.3,能够比较准确地分割出水体、植被、非植被3类地物.根据建立的类层次结构,继续对植被和非植被2个大类进行细分,结果表明当分...     

基于遥感影像多尺度分割与地质因子评价的滑坡易发性区划

区域滑坡易发性的研究是滑坡空间预测的核心内容之一。从影像多尺度分割和面向对象的分类理论出发,以研究区遥感影像的熵、能量、相关性、对比度共4个参数作为影像纹理因子提取易发性特征,利用滑坡所处区域的库水影响等级、坡度、斜坡结构、工程岩组4类地质因子分析地质背景,搭建C5.0决策树的易发性分类模型,实现了对研究区内4类滑坡易发性单元的预测。结果表明:高易发性单元的工程岩组通常发育为软岩岩组和软硬相间岩组,且坡度在15°～30°之间;模型显示该区域训练样本和测试样本平均正确率达91.64%,Kappa系数分别为0.84,0.51,因此这种基于影像多尺度分割与地质因子分级的滑坡易发性分类研究具有一定的适用性。     

面向对象的喀斯特地区石漠化遥感信息提取研究——以贵州省大方地区为例

针对现有基于像素的监督和非监督分类方法在地质环境复杂、地形起伏较大、阴影明显的喀斯特石漠化地区难以满足石漠化信息提取精度要求的问题,采用基于纹理特征数据和地形数据辅助面向对象方法进行喀斯特地区石漠化信息的提取。该方法首先依据石漠化分布在TM/ETM+影像面积大小不均匀的特征,利用纹理和地形因子计算最优分割参数进行多尺度分割;然后根据植被覆盖率、岩石裸露率以及坡度因子构建石漠化分级指标;最后参照石漠化分级标准、光谱信息以及纹理特征等建立的分类规则提取喀斯特地区石漠化信息。选取贵州省石漠化严重的大方县时序TM/ETM+影像进行石漠化信息提取试验,结果表明:与基于像素的监督分类和非监督分类方法相比,基于面向对象的分类可以有效地减少因复杂地形导致石漠化信息提取结果"椒盐化"现象,提取精度明显优于基于像素的监督分类和非监督分类方法。      

基于面向对象分类的长乐城区绿地信息提取研究

以QuickBird卫星遥感影像为数据源,基于面向对象的分类法提取了长乐城区绿地信息.针对绿地的特点,选择合适的尺度、参数结合专题数据进行多尺度分割,建立影像对象的层次结构.通过构建各类绿地分类规则,应用模糊分类隶属度函数法进行信息提取,达到查清城市绿地的目的.研究表明该方法提取绿地信息速度快、精度高、成本低,可实现城市绿地信息精确获取与快速更新.     

小尺度径流空间差异性及成因探索——以青海省黄南州为例

为探索资料稀疏地区小尺度径流的空间差异,2013年8月14-23日,对青海省黄南州50多条10~100 km2级别的河流进行了一次流量监测,并进行了时间升尺度和成因的探索。结果发现:①小流域日流量模数差异最大可达20多倍,降水条件相似的邻近河流,最大差异可达4倍以上;②研究区3处中等尺度水文站平水期存在良好的径流同步性,借助这一特性,可以将小流域的日尺度径流特征推绎到年尺度;③小尺度上,降水、坡度是径流空间差异的主导因素,构建的降水-降水损失-坡度径流模型,为实现当地的径流空间尺度转换提供了一座"桥梁"。     

卷积神经网络和视觉注意力语义分割模型在高分辨率遥感影像分类中的性能分析

随着深度学习语义分割的快速发展,基于计算机视觉语义分割模型的高分辨率遥感影像分类方法也大量涌现。为系统定量地研究经典的和先进的视觉语义分割模型在遥感影像分类中的性能,在总结深度学习语义分割进展的基础上,选择9种基于卷积神经网络(CNN)和视觉注意力的语义分割算法,对米级和厘米级2个尺度的遥感数据集进行分析研究。在模型构建上基于计算机视觉通用的语义分割框架,训练时采用红绿蓝3波段遥感图像并基于ImageNet预训练权重进行迁移学习训练。研究结果表明：通用的语义分割模型通过常规训练设置进行训练能取得较好的遥感影像分类效果,部分地物的交并比(IoU)可以达到90%以上;基于视觉注意力的遥感影像分类模型的精度普遍高于基于CNN的模型,且MaskFormer能更有效地提取离散的地物信息;不同类别的精度最高值并不全在总体最优模型中,部分会存在于次优模型中;类似的地物在更高分辨率遥感数据集中可以获得更高的精度。     

面向基元的高空间分辨率矿区遥感影像土地利用分类

为了合理开发矿产资源和有效监测矿区生态环境,采用面向基元的分类方法,对广西横县某矿区的高分辨率航空遥感影像进行了土地利用分类.通过优化分形网络演化多尺度分割方法,高效提取了矿区两个尺度上的影像基元层;基于基元信息,详细分析了各地表地物光谱特征、空间特征以及类相关特征,建立了研究区土地利用的分类知识库;采用决策支持的模糊逻辑推理法进行分类,使分类的精度从53%提高到了90%.表明面向基元的方法能较好地利于高空间分辨率矿区影像的各种特征进行高精度的土地利用分类.      

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861