东疆哈尔里克变质带中石榴子石的特征

石榴子石为东疆哈尔里克变质带中的常见矿物。从外形上可分为两种 类型,一种是晶形发育较好的石榴子石,为断裂区域变质作用形成;另一种是破碎状、裂纹 发育的石榴子石,为早期热变质作用形成,呈残留状出现。二者在空间上共存。对于晶形较 好的石榴子石的化学成分研究表明,石榴子石发育生长环带,在晶体粒径与核部MnO的含量 之间存在着相关关系。其峰期MnO的含量反映了递增变质带变质温度变化的趋势。     

P-T Paths Derived from Garnet Growth Zoning in Danba Domal Metamorphic Terrain, Sichuan Province, West China

Danba (丹巴) domal metamorphic terrain belongs to Songpan (松潘)-Ganze (甘孜) orogenic belt, where typical Barrovian and Buchan metamorphic zones are preserved. The former included chlorite, biotite, garnet, staurolite, kyanite and sillimanite zones, while the latter only developed silimanite+muscovite and sillimanite+K-feldspar zones. Integrated study has been carried on metamorphic reactions of garnet production and consumption, P-T paths and P-T-X-M phase relation and thermal tectonic model for Danba metamorphic zones. Petrological textures in thin sections show that garnet production and consumption in kyanite-sillimanite zone is mainly attributed to ChI+Ms+PI+Q=Grt+Bt+H2O and kyanite=sillimanite respectively. Based on mineral compositions, the geothermobarometry gives an average P, T condition of (4.9±0.3)×108 Pa, 543±30℃ for the first growth stage of the garnet and (5.8±0.3)±108 Pa, 534±29 ℃ for the second stage of garnet growth respectively. Anti-counter clockwise P-T paths were drawn using Gibbs method by NCMnKFMASH system for sample G98686 in the kyanite zone. The P-T-X-M modeling for the first mineral assemblages shows that the prediction is similar to the measured values in gossular, almandine and spessartine but mole fraction of pyrope and Fe/(Fe+Mg) deviated far from the contours; while that for the second mineral assemblages exhibits that the prediction is consistent with the measured value of pyrope, grossular content and Fe/(Fe+Mg) of garnet. A thermal tectonic model that there are at least three structure levels across the thrnst-decollement zones is presented according to the P-T paths, metamorphic grades and deformation styles for the staurolite-kyanite zone of the Barroviau type metamorphism, which will provide some constraints for the evolution of the nappe complex.     

组构数值模拟的原理及其在地学中的应用

组构是指由岩石塑性变形导致多晶体的结晶学优势取向现象。组构的存在会增加岩石的各向异性,进而可能影响到岩石的后续变形。岩石组构包含了变形类型、运动学、变形环境、流变学特征等信息,因而成为显微构造学的重要内容。组构数值模拟是近年来得到重视的一种组构研究方法,它以晶体塑性理论为基础,利用计算机技术定量地模拟多晶岩石中组构的形成和演化。在晶体塑性理论中,晶体的塑性变形是由滑移系的剪切滑动导致的,由单晶塑性本构关系表征。多晶均匀化模型包括Sachs模型、Taylor模型、自洽模型和有限元模型,它们从不同角度描述了由单晶变形组成的多晶体变形。极图、反极图和取向分布函数被用来显示多晶体中各晶粒的空间取向。目前组构数值模拟在地学中的应用主要体现在各种单相和多相岩石的组构形成、重结晶作用下的组构形成、组构对地幔和地核地震波波速各向异性的影响等方面。     

A Theoretical Study on the Formation of Growth Zoning in Garnet Consuming Chlorite

Chemical zoning of garnet is often used to deduce P–Tpaths of rocks by inverse calculation. To validate the derivedP–T paths, it is desired to establish a method to predictthe chemical compositions of garnet theoretically. This studyproposes a new forward calculation of the formation of Mg–Fe–Mngarnet from chlorite, which solves the non-linear simultaneousequations using nested iterative calculations. Growth of garnetconsuming chlorite and quartz was modelled in a MnO–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂Osystem, using the most recent thermodynamic data for the minerals.The prograde P–T history of the Sambagawa metamorphicbelt, SW Japan, was modelled. To reproduce growth zoning, crystallizedgarnet was removed step by step from the system; perfect diffusionwas assumed for chlorite. The proposed model derived the evolutionof molar amounts and chemical compositions of Mg–Fe–Mnchlorite and garnet. It successfully reproduced the shape ofthe observed chemical profile of garnet, although the temperaturecondition was higher than general observations. The Mn contentof the garnet core was generally high, and Mg/Fe ratio alwaysstarted rising rapidly after Mn was depleted. Thermodynamicproperties of minerals, initial chlorite composition, P–Tpath, H₂O partial pressure, and Ca content in garnet were variedto test the behaviour of the system. The properties of Mn phasesinfluenced only the chemical composition of the garnet core.The temperature range in which garnet grew depended on the H₂Opartial pressure or the Ca content in garnet. KEY WORDS: chemical equilibrium; chemical zoning; garnet; forward modelling; Sambagawa metamorphic belt     

热硫化条件下温度对黄铁矿结晶生长的影响

模拟天然黄铁矿形成条件和基本过程,利用真空管式炉实验设备,通过热硫化法在250～410℃反应,实验考察不同温度条件下黄铁矿的结晶生长情况。运用扫描电镜、X射线粉晶衍射分析等手段,对实验产物形貌、物相结构特点等进行测试分析。结果表明：250～410℃时均可形成黄铁矿,但250～280℃时黄铁矿结晶程度较差;310～340℃时,可生长出部分晶面;360℃时黄铁矿生长成较为完好的晶体;380℃时黄铁矿结晶成立方体、八面体等自形晶;410℃时可形成结晶好、成分单一的黄铁矿。     

海南岛古元宙变质基底性质和地壳增生的Nd、Pb同位素制约

基于海南地壳各类型岩石的63个样品Nd和Pb同位素分析数据,研究了海南地块元古宙地壳变质基底的时代、特征和演化。研究结果表明,海南岛元古宙变质基底成熟度低,基底变质岩系的母岩物质来源于长期亏损的地幔源区,主要形成时代为古元古宙晚期－新元古宙;不同时代花岗岩具有较高的εNd(t)值和较低的Nd模式年龄,主要形成于幔源物质参与下的或含地幔成分较多的初生地壳再循环。地壳增生具幕式增生的特点,并在2．0Ga、1.7Ga、1.2Ga出现高峰;Pb同位素组成既不同于扬子地块又不同于华夏地块,介于两地块之间,和Nd同位素特征具有一致或耦合关系。结合海南岛地质特征,初步认为不能单纯地将海南岛基底理解为华南地块统一南延部分或是华夏古陆的部分,可能为不同的构造块体。     

东疆白石头泉含黄玉天河石花岗岩体的地球化学：分带和岩浆演化

白石头泉含黄玉的天河石花岗岩体Rb-Sr等时线年龄209.6±9.6 Ma，从下至上可分为5个连续过渡的岩相带，即淡色花岗岩（a带），含天河石花岗岩（b带），天河石花岗岩（c带），含黄玉天河石花岗岩（d带）以及黄玉钠长花岗岩（e带）。岩体的岩石地球化学特征是高F（> 2 %）、高 Rb (500×10-6～1 087×10-6)，低 P2O5 (≤0.06%)，Na2O>K2O，弱过铝 (A/NKC=1.00~1.11)、翼型稀土元素配分曲线 (ΣREE=28.6×10-6~231.9×10-6)、低(La/Lu)N值 (0.11~0.68)、强烈Eu负异常(Eu/Eu* = 0.0005~0.0110)、Nd同位素富集（εNd (t )= -4.4~-4.9）。该岩体的岩浆是中地壳云母片麻岩部分熔融的产物。从a带到e带的地球化学变化是：（1）F，A2O3和Na2O含量逐渐增加，而SiO2，（Fe2O3+FeO+MgO+MnO）、FeO和K2O含量逐渐减少，在标准矿物的Qz-Ab-Or图上总体向Ab角顶移动；（2）总体而言，Cr，Ni，Co，V，W，Nb，Zr，U，Th和Y含量逐渐减少，而F，Li，Rb，Hf，Ta，Sn，Sc，Ga和Zn含量逐渐增加，但d带到e带间存在Li，Rb，Sn，Sc和Zn含量的突降；（3）K/Rb，Al/Ga，Nb/Ta和Zr/Hf值下降， 但K/Cs，Th/U，(La/Lu)N值上升；（4）全岩的δ18O 值从a带的9.25 ‰~9.75 ‰降低到e带的7.32 ‰，d带与e带间存在2.1‰的δ18O值突降。岩浆从a带到e带的垂向分带是分离结晶和流体输运的共同结果。岩体的d带与e带存在明显的成分间断。在矿物成分上表现为黄玉、钠长石和白云母的剧增，钾长石和天河石的剧减。在主量元素上表现为 Na2O和CaO含量的剧增，SiO2和K2O含量的剧减。在微量元素上表现为F，Ga，Sr和Ba含量的剧增，Li，Rb，Sc，Zn和Sn含量的剧减。在稀土元素上，Eu/Eu*和(La/Lu)N值增加，而ΣREE值降低。在氧同位素特征上，δ18O值显著降低。这种间断不仅受分离结晶和流体输运的制约，也与天水加入、围岩混染和亚固相线淋滤有关。     

Crystallization Process of Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate in Gypsum Type Brine System

正1 Introduction Calcium sulfate deposition is one of the most important and serious problems faced by heat transfer equipment during operation(Pavlos et al.,1999;Liu et al.,1996).The crystallization of calcium sulfate is known as a major     

非均质含水层中地下水年龄数值模拟

地下水年龄数值模拟是近年来国际地下水领域的一个全新研究方向。在简单介绍地下水年龄数值模拟相关理论和方法基础上,通过一个简单算例模拟对比了稳定流条件下不同非均质含水层中的水流运动和年龄分布,探讨了夹层透水性的强弱对地下水年龄分布的影响。结果表明,在地下水系统保持补径排通量不变的前提下,弱透水夹层的存在对于特定区域地下水的深部循环和更新具有积极作用。同时,在模拟区域深部含水层的年龄分布时,不能忽略其弥散作用。地下水年龄模拟为研究区域尺度上的地下水循环和地下水资源可持续利用提供了一种新的途径。     

Crystal Growth and Crystallization Time Scales of the Panzhihua Layered Intrusion: Constraint from Crystal Size Distribution

The Panzhihua layered intrusions is generated closely related to the Emeishan LIPs. This paper analyzes the spatial distribution of plagioclase and pyroxene. The quantitative texture analysis of 2209 plagioclase shows that the characteristic length of plagioclase is 0.54 to 0.96 mm, the intercept variation range is large, from ?0.67 to 0.96, and the slope is ?1.85 to ?1.04, the Aspect Ratio shows from 1.84 to 2.59 and fractal dimension D is 1.908–1.933. The quantitative texture analysis of 2342 pyroxene shows that the characteristic length of pyroxene is 0.38–0.64 mm, the intercept shows from 0.46 to 2.26, The slope ranges from ?2.6 to ?1.47, the Aspect Ratio value varies from 1.53 to 1.71, the fractal dimension D is 0.93 to 1.13. All the CSDs results of the Panzhihua intrusions indicate that plagioclase and pyroxene form in an open magma system and undergo four replenishment of magma injection. The plagioclase crystals do not grow as the lathlike shape, and the fractal growth leads to complex crystal surface. The plagioclase undergoes deformation compaction during the crystal process, and then is oriented. The pyroxene crystals grow along an approximately triaxial ratio and undergo texture adjustment and small crystal dissolution reabsorption. When all crystals in magma system grows up to 2 mm, the pyroxene undergoes cumulation in the Panzhihua layered intrusions. The plagioclase crystallization time scale is 171.23–304.41 years, representing that the crystallization is the more uniform in central part of the melt. The nucleation density continuously increases during the crystallization process of the magma system. The time scale to reach the final maximum crystal nucleation density is 15.28–58.98 years.     

Method of Numerical Modeling for Constitutive Relations of Clay

INTRODUCTIONThe mechanical responses of soils are more com-plicated compared with metals.By comparing thephysical and mechanical properties of the metals withsoils,Lade(1988)found that there are17differentpoints between the metals and soils,which differfrom metals inthree basic mechanical characteristics:pressure sensitivity,dilatancy,and dependence ofstress path.Wang(2004)proposed a principle of theinteraction between plastic volume and shear strains,that is,there are two relatively inde…     

声波散射数值模拟的两种新方案

声波散射的数值模拟问题一般用网格法或积分方程法解决。当模型的尺度很大时,两种方法都会遇到计算机资源不足所造成的困难。另外,在网格法中,场源的位置和场源附近的波场奇异性逼近精度都受网格点的控制,因此难以满足实际问题所提出的要求。针对这些问题,提出了两种处理声波散射问题的新方案。一种主要针对网格法,另外一种针对积分方程法。在针对网格法的方案中,通过模型分解和波场分裂,将原始的总场计算问题转化为散射场计算问题。由于背景场是由解析公式给出的,所以可以将场源放置在数值网格的任意位置,不一定非得在网格点上。基于同样的原因,场源附近的波场奇异性可以精确地算出。在针对积分方程法的方案中,通过引入拟线性近似,使得散射场的数值求解不必再借助于代数方程组,只要进行数值积分即可。所建立的数值计算方案具有普遍的适用性,其基本思想可以直接用于解决弹性波散射的数值模拟问题并用于反演密度和速度。     

北极海冰运移和消退的数值模拟(英)

A sea ice model which contains Hibler's (1979, 1980) dynamics and Parkinson & Washington's (1979) thermodynamics is used to simulate the seasonal cycle of sea ice motion, thickness,compactness and growth rate in the Arctic Ocean under mean annual climatological forcing. Furthermore, it is used to investigate the air-sea heat flux and mean annual heat state over the entire Arctic Ocean.     

感潮河网区水沙运动的数值模拟

根据感潮河网区水沙运动特征,建立了一维感潮河网区非恒定水沙数学模型,对河网区水沙运动和河床变形进行了数值模拟,并在水沙模拟的范围内着重对河网区内动边界的处理、挟沙力公式的选用、内边界含沙量的确定等问题进行了讨论,提出了解决问题的途径和技术处理方法。采用东江下游感潮河网区的水文和河道地形资料对所建模型进行了检验,模拟结果较好地反映了感潮河网区水沙运动的往复输运特征和河道冲淤的宏观效应。     

The Effect of Additives on Calcium Sulfate Dihydrate Crystallization Kinetics in Gypsum Type Brine System

正1 Introduction There exist calcium and sulfate ions outside sodium chloride in solution mining for calcium sulfate brine.The calcium and sulfate ions not only affect the purity of the vacuum salt products,but also increase the scaling of vacuum evaporation tanks and brine reusing pipes.Additives have certain impacts on the crystallization dynamics(Randolph et al.,1971).The crystallization     

Numerical Method for Modeling the Constitutive Relationship of Sand under Different Stress Paths

Overonehundredconstitutivemodelsforsand havebeenproposed,howeveronlyafewmodelsare widelyappliedinengineering.Therearetwochief reasonsforthis.(1)Sandiscomposedofgeological materialsandsituatedinaneutralenvironmentthat hassufferedvariousactions.Therefore,itisdifficult todescribethecomplexbehaviorofsoilsbyusinga simplemathematicalmodelwithonlyafewparame ters.(2)Therealsoexistsabasicparadoxintradi tionalmodelingmethods.Oneaspectofthemodelsis neededtodescribetheconstitutiverelationofsoilac curatel…     

Grain coarsening in contact metamorphic carbonates: effects of second-phase particles, fluid flow and thermal perturbations

Under contact metamorphic conditions, carbonate rocks in the direct vicinity of the Adamello pluton reflect a temperature‐induced grain coarsening. Despite this large‐scale trend, a considerable grain size scatter occurs on the outcrop‐scale indicating local influence of second‐order effects such as thermal perturbations, fluid flow and second‐phase particles. Second‐phase particles, whose sizes range from nano‐ to the micron‐scale, induce the most pronounced data scatter resulting in grain sizes too small by up to a factor of 10, compared with theoretical grain growth in a pure system. Such values are restricted to relatively impure samples consisting of up to 10 vol.% micron‐scale second‐phase particles, or to samples containing a large number of nano‐scale particles. The obtained data set suggests that the second phases induce a temperature‐controlled reduction on calcite grain growth. The mean calcite grain size can therefore be expressed in the form D = C₂ e^Q*/RT(d_p/f_p)^m*, where C₂ is a constant, Q* is an activation energy, T the temperature and m* the exponent of the ratio d_p/f_p, i.e. of the average size of the second phases divided by their volume fraction. However, more data are needed to obtain reliable values for C₂ and Q*. Besides variations in the average grain size, the presence of second‐phase particles generates crystal size distribution (CSD) shapes characterized by lognormal distributions, which differ from the Gaussian‐type distributions of the pure samples. In contrast, fluid‐enhanced grain growth does not change the shape of the CSDs, but due to enhanced transport properties, the average grain sizes increase by a factor of 2 and the variance of the distribution increases. Stable δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C isotope ratios in fluid‐affected zones only deviate slightly from the host rock values, suggesting low fluid/rock ratios. Grain growth modelling indicates that the fluid‐induced grain size variations can develop within several ka. As inferred from a combination of thermal and grain growth modelling, dykes with widths of up to 1 m have only a restricted influence on grain size deviations smaller than a factor of 1.1. To summarize, considerable grain size variations of up to one order of magnitude can locally result from second‐order effects. Such effects require special attention when comparing experimentally derived grain growth kinetics with field studies.     

Numerical modeling of intraoceanic arc growth

We investigate crustal growth processes on the basis of a 2D coupled geochemical—petrological-thermomechanical numerical model of retreating intraoceanic subduction. The model includes spontaneous slab retreat and bending, subducted crust dehydration, aqueous fluid transport, mantle wedge melting, and melt extraction resulting in crustal growth. Our numerical experiments show that (1) the rate of plate retreat influences both the rate of crust formation and composition of newly formed crust; (2) both the intensity of melt extraction and the age of subducted plate affect the volume of newly formed crust. In the present paper we describe possible scenarios of magmatic and geodynamic evolution of the arc system and then compare results with magmatic addition rates of Western Pacific arcs. Published in Russian in Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Geologiya, 2009, No. 4, pp. 30–43. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

连续墙周围的地下水渗流特征及数值模拟

本文以上海市彭越浦泵站降水工程为例,分析了连续墙周围地下水的渗流特征:上部地下水不连续,底部地下水连续,呈三维流态。根据场地的工程地质与水文地质条件,提出了粘弹性越流含水层组三维修流数学模型,并进行了数值模拟。计算的结果基本上反映了连续墙周围地下水三维流特征。