Supermassive black holes and central star clusters: Connection with the host galaxy kinematics and color

The relationship between the masses of the central, supermassive black holes (M _bh) and of the nuclear star clusters (M _nc) of disk galaxies with various parameters galaxies are considered: the rotational velocity at R = 2 kpc V ₍₂₎, the maximum rotational velocity V _max, the indicative dynamical mass M ₂₅, the integrated mass of the stellar populationM _*, and the integrated color index B-V. The rotational velocities andmasses of the central objects were taken from the literature. ThemassM _nc correlatesmore closely with the kinematic parameters and the disk mass than M _bh, including with the velocity V _max, which is closely related to the virial mass of the dark halo. On average, lenticular galaxies are characterized by higher massesM _bh compared to other types of galaxies with similar characteristics. The dependence of the blackhole mass on the color index is bimodal: galaxies of the red group (red-sequence) with B-V >0.6–0.7 which are mostly early-type galaxies with weak star formation, differ appreciably from blue galaxies, which have higher values of M _nc and M _bh. At the dependences we consider between the masses of the central objects and the parameters of the host galaxies (except for the dependence of M _bh on the central velocity dispersion), the red-group galaxies have systematically higher M _bh values, even when the host-galaxy parameters are similar. In contrast, in the case of nuclear star clusters, the blue and red galaxies form unified sequences. The results agree with scenarios in which most red-group galaxies form as a result of the partial or complete loss of interstellar gas in a stage of high nuclear activity in galaxies whose central black-hole masses exceed 10⁶?10⁷ M _⊙ (depending on the mass of the galaxy itself). The bulk of disk galaxies with M _bh > 10⁷ M _⊙ are lenticular galaxies (types S0, E/S0) whose disks are practically devoid of gas.     

A method for determining the reversibility of a Markov sequence

This paper describes, given a tally matrix with strictly positive entries, a method to determine whether the associated Markov process is reversible, and (for reversible Markov processes) methods to compute the reversibility matrix from the tally matrix. If the tally matrixN is symmetric, then it is shown that the Markov process must be reversible and the reversibility matrixC equalss (R ^–1NR^–1), whereR is the diagonal matrix whosei ^th diagonal entry is the sum of the entries of thei ^th row ofN (for everyi) ands denotes the sum of all the entries ofN. Because a symmetric tally matrix is of special importance in applications, a ² test is proposed for determining, in the presence of experimental errors, whether such a matrix is symmetric.     

Statistical analysis in classification of bituminous coal

Hundreds of samples and 17 variables collected from coalfields of major coal-bearing strata over China except for Tibet and Taiwan, were used in this study. The dry, ash-free basis volatile matter (V ^r) and caking index (G _(RI)) were chosen by means of correlation analysis and stepwise discriminatory analysis as major indices of a new classification. By means of the optimum section, the boundary value of the axis of ordinate (G _(RI)) and axis of abscissas (V ^r) can be determined in the classification system. Thus, aV ^r –G _(RI) classification scheme diagram was formed and bituminous coal was divided into nine classes. Use of correspondence analysis reduced dimensions of sample-expressive space without losing initial information. The trend on the factor surface of samples shows that the classification obtained from correspondence analysis conforms to theV ^r –G _(RI) classification result and further verified the dependability of classification by two indices. At the same time, a certain relationship between the properties of a great variety of coal and their attributes can be explained. Hence, bituminous coal classification becomes more scientific, reasonable, and practical than before.     

Theoretical Prediction of Gibbs Free Energies of Formation for Crystalline α-MOOH and α-M2O3 Based on a Linear Free-Energy Relationship

In the present study, the modified Sverjensky–Molling equation, derived from a linear-free energy relationship, is used to predict the Gibbs free energies of formation of crystalline phases of α-MOOH (with a goethite structure) and α-M2O3 (with a hematite structure) from the known thermodynamic properties of the corresponding aqueous trivalent cations (M3+). The modified equation is expressed as ΔG0f,MVX=aMVXΔG0n,M3++bMVX+βMVXγM3+, where the coefficients aMVX, bMVX, and βMVX characterize a particular structural family of MvX (M is a trivalent cation [M3+] and X represents the remainder of the composition of solid); γ3+ is the ionic radius of trivalent cations (M3+); ΔG0f,MVX is the standard Gibbs free energy of formation of MvX; and ΔG0n,M3+ is the non-solvation energy of trivalent cations (M3+). By fitting the equation to the known experimental thermodynamic data, the coefficients for the goethite family (α-MOOH) are aMVX=0.8838, bMVX=?424.4431 (kcal/mol), and βMVX=115 (kcal/mol.?), while the coefficients for the hematite family (α-M2O3) are aMVX=1.7468, bMVX=?814.9573 (kcal/mol), and βMVX=278 (kcal/mol.?). The constrained relationship can be used to predict the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of crystalline phases and fictive phases (i.e. phases that are thermodynamically unstable and do not occur at standard conditions) within the isostructural families of goethite (α-MOOH) and hematite (α-M2O3) if the standard Gibbs free energies of formation of the trivalent cations are known.     

Effects of ageing and overconsolidation on the elastic stiffness of a remoulded clay

Summary Results of resonant column tests were used to determine values of low amplitude shear modulus (G ₀) of a remoulded kaolinite clay for different durations of ageing and for different values of consolidation stress (₀) and overconsolidation ratio (OCR). It was found that after completion of primary consolidation the values of G ₀ increased linearly with the logarithm of time and after a week of confinement the value of normalized rate of secondary increase of shear modulus (N _G ) could be reliably estimated. Values of N _G were found to derease linearly with the logarithm of OCR and with the logarithm of ageing duration. This similarity of behaviour provided a basis for establishing an equivalency between age and equivalent overconsolidation ratio (OCR)_eq. The effects of ₀ and OCR on the value of G ₀ were also established in a functional form that indicated a stronger influence compared to that predicted by the Hardin Equation.     

硫酸盐化合物分子体积的加和性研究

自然界中已发现的硫酸盐矿物主要是表生作用和热液后期的产物,均是在低温、低压条件下形成的。因此,对于硫酸盐化合物来说,由于其结晶条件相似,那么,各种离子(或离子团)在不同的硫酸盐化合物中是否占有大致相同的体积。     

Study on the Crystal of Daomanite

It was not possible to carry out a complete analyses of crystal, as the experiment by Ding and Shi et al.. It's analysis precision R=0.25 or more big than this, which value are not satisfied for single crystal study, but we through many test and found the best: [R(int)=14.5%]. The final fullmatix least-squares refinement on F2 converged to R1=0.0791 and wR2=0.1864 for 704 observed reflections [I 3 2s(I)]. Daomanite is orthorhombic system, space group Cmc21, a=3.7520(8))?, b=15.844(4) ?, c=5.8516(12) ?, α=β=γ=90°. V=347.86(14)?3, Z=4. Daomanite chemical formula is Cu Pt AsS 2. Idealized composition Me+M2+M2+S2=CuS ·PtA s S. There is no other similar mineral in the world.     

Statistical treatment of experimental errors in the fission track dating method

The major stochastic elements in the fission track dating method are (i) the number of spontaneous fission tracks (N _s ) in a sample, and (ii) the number of induced tracks (N _i ) observed when the sample is irradiated with neutrons. The foundations for the statistical uncertainty in these measures are of two kinds: (i) there exists a definite probability of uranium fission by means of natural decay and by neutron activation, and (ii) within a crystal the distribution of uranium is not uniform and perhaps follows something like a Poisson law. In any event, the natural logarithm of the ratio (N _s /N _i ) is proportional to age. A plausible statistical fission track dating model should, therefore, start by considering the joint distribution of N _s and N _i . In this paper a joint bivariate normal model is described which allows the rigorous definition of the probability distributions of N_s, N _i , the ratio N _s /N _i , and age itself. A general computer program (FISSION) has been developed to perform all the necessary computations. By accounting for the correlation between N _s and N _i , the statistical model here ascribes smaller standard errors to N _s /N _i (and therefore age) than do previous methods. In addition, the error associated with neutron flux is a significant factor in the age relationships and has been incorporated into the model.     

Translational failure analysis of landfill with retaining wall along the underlying liner system

The scope of this paper is to develop a new three-part wedge analysis method, introducing the effects of solid waste shear strength and retaining wall on the translational failure of landfills. A typical landfill can be divided into three parts: an active wedge lying on the back slope that tends to cause failure, a passive wedge, and a retaining wall resting on the foundation or liner system that helps to resist any movements. Using this method, the amount and direction of the interwedge force can be calculated, and the upper and lower bound solutions for the landfill stability, i.e., FS _max and FS _min, can be easily determined. When an average factor of safety, FS _ave, is used as a solution replacing the true factor of safety, FS _true, the upper bound of difference between FS _ave and FS _true is not more than 5% for all considered cases in this study. The retaining wall of the landfill seriously affects the value of the factor of safety; simply ignoring the retaining wall will lead to serious underestimation of the factor of safety. The factor of safety at the interface between active and passive wedges is defined as FS _V. The values of FS _V/FS _ave vary between 1.95 and 2.05 and are concentrated around 2.0. The approximate solutions of FS with adequate accuracy can be obtained by assuming FS _V = 2FS.     

Simultaneous inversion of the aftershock data of the 1993 Killari earthquake in Peninsular India and its seismotectonic implications

The aftershock sequence of the September 30th, 1993 Killari earthquake in the Latur district of Maharashtra state, India, recorded by 41 temporary seismograph stations are used for estimating 3-D velocity structure in the epicentral area. The local earthquake tomography (LET) method of Thurber (1983) is used. About 1500P and 1200S wave travel-times are inverted. TheP andS wave velocities as well asV _P/V_Sratio vary more rapidly in the vertical as well as in the horizontal directions in the source region compared to the adjacent areas. The main shock hypocentre is located at the junction of a high velocity and a low velocity zone, representing a fault zone at 6–7 km depth. The estimated average errors ofP velocity andV _P/V_Sratio are ±0.07 km/s and ±0.016, respectively. The best resolution ofP and S-wave velocities is obtained in the aftershock zone. The 3-D velocity structure and precise locations of the aftershocks suggest a ‘stationary concept’ of the Killari earthquake sequence.     

Kuranakhite discovered in China for the first time

Kuranakhite was firstly discovered in the oxidized zone of the Kuranakh gold mine, southern Russia, and since then there has been no report on it. Kuranakhite in this paper was discovered in the Jialu gold mine, Luonan County, Shaanxi Province. The mineral often occurs as irregular granular aggregates varying from 0. 05 to 0. 25 mm in size. The mineral is light brown to brown in color, translucent, brown in steak, and vitreous in luster. Hv is 231 – 439kg/mm², H_M = 4∼5 and measured density is 6.72(2)g/cm³. Its reflection color is bluishgray to light-blue and it shows middle anisotropism and weak bireflectance. Its polarization color is blue to grayish-brown and there is no internal reflection. The index of refraction is:N _a = 2.01,N _β = 1. 98,N _γ = 1. 96. The average composition is PbO 45. 40 wt %, MnO₂ 16.41wt%, TeO₃ 38.10wt%, totalling 99. 91wt%. The empirical formula is Pb_0.99Mn_0.92 Te_1.06O₆, which can be simplified as PbMnTeO₆. Principal lines in the X-ray power pattern [d(I)(hkl)] are:0.341 (100), (111); 0.2556(60), (130); 0.2043 (50), (041);0.1666 (20), (310); 0.1598(40), (241); and 0.1472(15), (330). It was determined that kuranakhite is orthorhombic; its space group may be C;a = 0.511(1) nm,b = 0.891(2)nm,c = 0.532(l)nm, a:b = 0.57, c:b = 0.60;V = 0.242 (3) nm³;Z = 2, and calculated density = 6.66(1) g/ cm³. This project was financially supported by both the Armed Police Headquarters of Gold Exploration and the Science Foundation of Shaanxi Provincial Educational Commission (No.HJ96-2-4;96JK-026).     

Seismic velocities of granulite-facies xenoliths from Central Ireland: Implications for lower crustal composition and anisotropy

V_p and V_s values have been measured experimentally and calculated for granulite-facies lower crustal xenoliths from central Ireland close to the Caledonian Iapetus suture zone. The xenoliths are predominantly foliated and lineated metapelitic (garnet–sillimanite–K-feldspar) granulites. Their metapelitic composition is unusual compared with the mostly mafic composition of lower crustal xenoliths world-wide. Based on thermobarometry, the metapelitic xenoliths were entrained from depths of c. 20–25 ± 3.5 km and rare mafic granulites from depths of 31–33 ± 3.4 km. The xenoliths were emplaced during Lower Carboniferous volcanism and are considered to represent samples of the present day lower crust.V_p values for the metapelitic granulites range between 6.26 and 7.99 km s^{− 1} with a mean value of 7.09 ± 0.4 km s^{− 1}. Psammite and granitic orthogneiss samples have calculated V_p values of 6.51 and 6.23 km s^{− 1}, respectively. V_s values for the metapelites are between 3.86 and 4.34 km s^{− 1}, with a mean value of 4.1 ± 0.15 km s^{− 1}. The psammite and orthogneiss have calculated V_s values of 3.95 and 3.97 km s^{− 1}, respectively.The measured seismic velocities correlate with density and with modal mineralogy, especially the high content of sillimanite and garnet. V_p anisotropy is between 0.15% and 13.97%, and a clear compositional control is evident, mainly in relation to sillimanite abundance. Overall V_s anisotropy ranges from 1% to 11%. Poisson's ratio (σ) lies between 0.25 and 0.35 for the metapelitic granulites, mainly reflecting a high V_p value due to abundant sillimanite in the sample with the highest σ. Anisotropy is probably a function of deformation associated with the closure of the Iapetus ocean in the Silurian as well as later extension in the Devonian. The orientation of the bulk strain ellipsoid in the lower crust is difficult to constrain, but lineation is likely to be NE–SW, given the strike-slip nature of the late Caledonian and subsequent Acadian deformation.When corrected for present-day lower crustal temperature, the experimentally determined V_p values correspond well with velocities from the ICSSP, COOLE I and VARNET seismic refraction lines. Near the xenolith localities, the COOLE I line displays two lower crustal layers with in situ V_p values of 6.85–6.9 and 6.9–8.0 km s^{− 1}, respectively. The upper (lower velocity) layer corresponds well with the metapelitic granulite xenoliths while the lower (higher velocity) layer matches that of the basic granulite xenoliths, though their metamorphic pressures suggest derivation from depths corresponding to the present-day upper mantle.     

Solid bitumen reflectance and Rock-Eval Tmax as maturation indices: an example from the “Nordegg Member”, Western Canada Sedimentary Basin

Marine, organic-rich rock units commonly contain little for vitrinite reflectance (VR₀) measurement, the most commoly used method of assessing thermal maturity. This is true of the Lower Jurassic “Nordegg Member”, a type I/II, sulphur-rich source rock from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. This study examines the advantages and pitfalls associated with the use of Rock-Eval T_max and solid bitumen reflectance (BR₀) to determined maturity in the “Nordegg”. Vitrinite reflectance data from Cretaceous coals and known coalification gradients in the study area are used to extrapolate VR₀ values for the “Nordegg”.T_max increases non-linearly with respect to both BR₀ and extrapolated VR₀ values. A sharp increase in the reflectaance of both solid bitumen and vitrinite occurs between T_max 440–450°C, and is coincident with a pronounced decrease in Hydrogen Index values and the loss of solid bitumen and telalginite fluorescence over the same narrow T_max interval. This T_max range is interpreted as the main zone of hydrocarbon generation in the “Nordegg”, and corresponds to extrapolated VR₀ values of 0.55–0.85%. The moderate to high sulphur contents in the kerogen played a significant role in determining the boundaries of the “Nordegg” oil window.A linear relationship between BR₀ and extrapolated VR₀, as proposed elsewhere, is not true for the “Nordegg”. BR₀ increases with respect to extrapolated VR₀ according to Jacob's (1985) formula (VR₀=0.618×(BR₀)+0.40) up to VR₀≈0.72% (BR₀≈0.52%). Beyond this point, BR₀ increases sharply relative to extrapolated VR₀, according to the relatioship VR₀ = 0.277 × (BR₀) + 0.57 (R² = 0.91). The break in the BR₀−VR₀ curve at 0.72%VR₀ is thought to signifiy the peak of hydrocarbon generation and represents a previously unrecognized coalification jump in the solid bitumen analogous to the first coalification jump of liptinites.     

Effect of filtering on drift and anisotropy parameters determined by full correlation analysis

The effect of low-pass filtering on the various drift and anisotropy parameters obtained by full correlation analysis of spaced receiver records is studied theoretically, assuming Gaussian correlation functions. A decrease in the characteristic velocityV _cis shown with increasing filtering, unlessV ≫ V _v, whenV _cincreases with filtering. The ratioV _c/V however shows an increase as the decrease in the true drift velocityV is steeper thanV _c. An increase in the size of the ground pattern with increasing filtering is also shown, while the axial ratio for anisotropic patterns shows a decrease. The results are verified with experimental data recorded earlier at Tiruchirapalli.     

Kyzylkumite: a finding in the southern Baikal region, Russia and refinement of its crystal chemical formula

Kyzylkumite has been found in Cr-V-bearing metamorphic rocks of the Sludyanka Complex, Southern Baikal region; it has been identified by X-ray powder diffraction method. This is a late secondary mineral developed after Ti-V-oxides (schreyerite, berdesinskiite) and V-bearing rutile and titanite. Kyzylkumite represents a new structural type with composition Ti₄V ₂ ³⁺ O₁₀(OH)₂ corresponding to octahedral coordination of Ti⁴⁺ and V³⁺. Its unit-cell dimensions are: a = 8.4787(1), b = 4.5624(1), c = 10.0330(1) Å, β = 93.174(1)°. The ideal formula of kyzylkumite Ti₄V ₂ ³⁺ O₁₀(OH)₂ corresponds to composition, wt %: 65.56 TiO₂, 30.75 V₂O₃, 3.69 H₂O. Indeed, the contents (wt %) of these constituents range from 62 to 70 TiO₂ and from 23 to 33 V₂O₃. Variations in contents and the Ti/V value are caused by partial substitution V³⁺ for V⁴⁺, isovalent substitutions Ti⁴⁺ and V³⁺ for V⁴⁺ and Cr³⁺, respectively, and coupled substitution V³⁺ + OH^? ? Ti⁴⁺ + O^2?. Smyslova et al. (1981)—the discovereres of kyzylkumite—assumed its composition to be the same as for schreyerite V ₂ ³⁺ Ti₃O₉ that principally different from kyzylkumite from the Sludyanka Complex. Therefore, re-examination of the kyzylkumite holotype or cotype from its type locality is needed.     

Estimation of drag coefficient over the western desert sector of the Indian summer monsoon trough

In the estimation of momentum fluxes over land surfaces by the bulk aerodynamic method, no unique value of the drag coefficient (C _D) is found in the literature. The drag coefficient is generally estimated from special observations at different parts of the world. In this study an attempt is made to estimate drag coefficient over the western desert sector of India using data sets of Monsoon Trough Boundary Layer Experiment (MONTBLEX) during the summer monsoon season of 1990. For this purpose, the fast and slow response data sets obtained simultaneously from a 30 m high micro-meteorological tower at Jodhpur are used. All the observations used in this study are confined to a wind speed regime of 2.5–9.0 ms⁻¹. A comparison of momentum fluxes computed by eddy correlation (direct estimation) with profile and bulk aerodynamic (C _D = 3.9 × 10⁻³, Garratt, 1977) methods revealed that though the nature of variation of the fluxes by all these methods is almost similar, both the indirect methods give an under-estimated value of the fluxes. The drag coefficient is estimated as a function of wind speed and surface stability by a multiple regression approach. An average value of the estimated drag coefficient is found to be of the order of 5.43 × 10⁻³. The estimated value ofC _D is validated with a set of independent observations and found to be quite satisfactory. The recomputed momentum fluxes by bulk aerodynamic method using the estimated drag coefficient are in close agreement with the directly estimated fluxes.