云南地下水位动态短临标志体系研究

本文以单井剖析为基础，以震兆资料为依据，进行地下水位异常特征与地震三要素异常系列标志的研究及动态系列标志的研究，旨在提高地下水位动态短临预报的科学性，新颖性，实用性，已初步建立的云南地下水位动态短临标志体系，经预报实践的检验，基本可行并取得较好的预报效果。     

北京地下水位趋势下降动态及地震前兆信息识别

对北京地区超采引起的地下水位动态特征与成因作了详细分析,并对超采背景下如何提取地震前兆异常信息的问题作了探讨．北京地区地下水位年动态的主要影响因素是地下水开采和降雨,而地下水位动态的趋势变化则与区域地下水超采量有直接关系．本文用相关分析的方法,分析了北京平原区超采量与水位变化之间的关系,为评价超采区观测井的干扰影响程度、识别地震前兆信息提供依据．研究结果表明,在区域超采不严重的地区引起的水位趋势性变化中,也包含着地震前兆信息;采用消除趋势及年变化影响的数学处理方法,可提取出地震的趋势异常变化．      

太原盆地地面沉降时序InSAR监测与季节性变形小波分析

太原盆地长期过量超采地下水,区域地下水位持续下降,导致了严重的地面沉降. 地面沉降的时空演变特征与地下水位的动态演化具有很强的相关性. 本文使用2015—2020年的Sentinel-1卫星数据进行时序SBAS-InSAR处理,获取了太原盆地地表形变速率和时间序列,并采用季节性形变模型分离形变时间序列中的线性趋势和季节性周期信号. 基于小波变换分析方法,定量分析了地表沉降与地下水位的周期演化特征以及两者之间的时间滞后关系. 研究发现：(1)地面沉降主要发生在太原盆地中部(小店—清徐—交城—祁县—太谷一带,速率达到-70.0 mm·a^-1)、西侧边山(清徐—交城一带,速率达到-63.4 mm·a^-1)和南部(孝义—介休一带,速率达到-72.2 mm·a^-1);(2)由于地下水压采和“引黄入晋”引水工程等一系列水资源管理措施的实施,太原市区地下水位回升,地面由沉降转变为抬升,整体抬升速率约9 mm·a^-1;(3)太原盆地中部(清徐—祁县—太谷一带)地表形变随着地下水位的季节性“开采—补给”作用而呈现出明显的“沉降—反弹”周期变化特征,年周期形变振幅达到26.2 mm;(4)盆地内季节性地表形变和地下水位变化之间的时间滞后关系不明显(仅为22天),说明该区域低渗透粘土对延缓含水层系统压实的影响有限. 本文结果可为太原盆地地面沉降防控和水资源可持续开采利用方案的制定提供科学依据.

     

珠江三角洲地面沉降灾害类型特征与成因

本文根据地面沉降调查过程中的一些经验与体会,概括阐述了珠江三角洲地区地面沉降灾害的类型、分布及其主要特征,对其诱发因素及形成的原因进行分析并提出主要的防治措施。     

长江三角洲(南部)区域地面沉降模拟研究

查明各土层变形特征是建立区域地面沉降模型的关键, 为此对研究区全部12个土层的变形特征进行全面论述, 并对变形特征与5种地下水位变化模式的关系加以讨论. 范围大、地质条件复杂、所经历的水位变化模式多种多样造成不同土层、不同地点的同一土层和不同阶段同一地点的同一土层都有不同的变形特征. 现有模型难以描述复杂的黏弹塑性本构关系, 为此对Merchant模型进行改造, 在此基础上建立相应的三维变系数水流模型和垂向一维沉降模型, 并讨论2个模型的耦合. 模拟结果良好, 显示所建立的模型确能反映长三角地区1.7×10⁴ km²区域上复杂的地面沉降过程, 可用于预测预报和控制地面沉降方案的制订.     

地下水位微动态资料的分析与处理

地下水位动态是各种因素综合作用的结果。研究含水岩体应力-应变造成的地下水动态(即微动态),不能单纯用地下水动力学方法进行分析,我们从其他学科引入一些方法,试图解决这个问题。当分离水位趋势变化和短周期变化时,用别尔采夫滤波方法;当分析并排除影响水位动态的相关因素时,用回归分析方法;分析水位固体潮的若干潮波时,用调和分析方法;综合预测水位动态,寻找异常时段时,用多道维纳滤波方法。最后,通过北京塔院井水位观测的具体震例,来说明资料处理对了解水位的正常动态、异常动态,提取地震前兆信息有实用意义     

19省50多城市发生地面沉降

地下水的分布,就像多层夹心饼干一样,第一层士是第1含水层,下面是·层粘十,粘七之下是第Ⅱ含水层,第二含水层下又是一层粘土,粘土之下是第Ⅲ含水层……过量开采地下水,     

日极差法在识别地下水位异常动态中的应用

针对新疆呼图壁２１号泉地下水位动态特征,提出新的识别异常方法－日极差法,在分析天山中段５段地震和新疆境内大于６．０级地震前后２１号泉地下水位动态异常变化时,发现用日极差法消除水动态随机变化,突出,识别异常,效果显著,震例验证结果及地震预报效能评价证明：日极差法具有操作性能强,简便,快速,有效的特点。     

位错理论在西安地面沉降模拟中的应用

介绍了用位错理论研究地面变形的基本理论和方法.根据西安地面变形的地质模型,利用位错理论对西安市11条地裂缝活动与地面垂直变形的综合影响进行了数值模拟计算,并将计算结果与精密水准实测结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:位错理论模型数值模拟结果与实测的水准结果在空间分布具有很好的一致性.从理论上分析了西安地区的地面地面沉降除与抽取地下水,地面负荷等有关外,还与西安地区的地质构造特征有密切的关系.     

由地下水位变化反演大同—阳离6.1级地震前后应力场的动态图像

分析研究了承压含水层应力应变与井水位变化之间的定量关系,得出了井水位变化与含水层应力应变之间的定量关系公式,给出了利用承压井水位变化反演含水层应力变化的两种新方法。利用大同地震前后井水位变化资料,反演了该地震前后大区域应力场的动态调整变化,并形成了时间与空间的演化图像。利用这些图像分析了大同地震前后大区域应力场的动态调整变化特征与可能的机制。     

Simulation of regional land subsidence in the southern Yangtze Delta

Investigation of the deformation characteristics of individual hydrostratigraphic units is the key to construct a regional land subsidence model. All of 12 hydrostratigraphic units in the study area were discussed throughout. On the basis of the measured data of groundwater level, five kinds of changing patterns of groundwater level were deduced and the relationship between the deformation characteris-tics of aquifer units and the corresponding changing patterns of groundwater level was discussed. The study area is 1.7×104 km2, where the geological condition is complex. The changing patterns of groundwater level the hydrostratigraphic units have experienced vary from site to site and from time to time. Consequently, the deformation characteristics of units are sophisticated. An identical hydros-tratigraphic unit may exhibit different deformation characteristics, such as elasticity, elasto-plasticity, visco-elasticity, and visco-elasto-plasticity, at different sites or during different periods, not to mention the different units. The existing models are difficult to describe the complex visco-elasto-plastic con-stitutive law under the condition of land subsidence. So the Merchant’s model was modified to depict the visco-elasto-plastic behavior of units. Then a three-dimensional flow model with variable parame-ters and a vertical one-dimensional subsidence model were constructed and coupled. The coupled model was applied in simulating land subsidence in the southern Yangtze Delta and a satisfactory re-sult was obtained. The simulation results show that the new coupled model can depict the complex geological conditions and describe the developing process of land subsidence very well in the south-ern Yangtze Delta. The new model can surely be used to predict land subsidence in the future, which is very helpful to taking measurements to control land subsidence.     

Variation in the rate of land subsidence induced by groundwater extraction and its effect on the response pattern of soil microbial communities

Excessive extraction of groundwater leads to (irreversible) changes in the physical soil properties, causing land subsidence associated with soil compaction to occur. Using a combined image processing and field approach, we examined: (1) how variation in the land subsidence rate induces different soil compaction degrees; and (2) the response patterns of microbial communities to such variations. By using Sentinel Synthetic Aperture Radar image processing, we selected three locations that exhibited different land subsidence rates, including high (HSR), moderate (MSR), and low (LSR). Then, soil sampling was undertaken within these representative locations. Indicators of soil compaction, including total porosity, air-filled porosity, water-filled porosity, and bulk density, were measured. The soil microbial community was determined using qPCR and sequencing. The highest and lowest values for bulk density were observed in the HSR–MSR and LSR zones, respectively. The greatest values of total porosity and macropore volume were displayed in the LSR zone compared to other zones. Bacterial abundance in the LSR zone was significantly greater than that in the HSR and MSR zones. The relative abundances of bacterial taxa indirectly demonstrated that the anaerobic phyla were significantly increased (by 10–13%), and the aerobic phyla decreased (by 30–40%) in the HSR zone compared to the LSR zone. This result demonstrates that the aerobes declined as larger volumes of the soil became more anaerobic. Indeed, the increased abundance of anaerobes was not able to compensate for the larger decrease in the abundance of aerobes. Our work showed that at the increased rates of land subsidence, the abundance distribution of the microbial community critically declined. These findings highlight the critical impacts of increasing the land subsidence rate on the emergence of high soil compaction degrees, which can significantly affect the resilience thresholds of the microbial communities in dryland soils.     

Agricultural and forested land use impacts on floodplain shallow groundwater temperature regime

Given the importance of groundwater temperature to the biogeochemical health of aquatic ecosystems, a floodplain study was implemented to improve understanding of rural land use impacts on shallow groundwater (SGW) temperature. Study sites included a historic agricultural field (Ag) and bottomland hardwood forest (BHF), each with nine piezometers in an 80 × 80 m grid. Piezometers were equipped with pressure transducers to monitor SGW temperature and level at 30 min intervals during the 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014 water years. The study is one of the first to utilize long‐term, continuous, automated, in situ monitoring to investigate rural land use impacts on shallow groundwater temperatures. Average SGW temperature during the study period was 11.1 and 11.2 °C at the Ag and BHF sites, respectively. However, temperature range at the Ag site was 72% greater than at the BHF site. Results indicate a greater responsiveness to seasonal climate fluctuations in Ag site SGW temperature related to absence of forest canopy. Patterns of intra‐site groundwater temperature differences at both study sites illustrate the influence of stream–aquifer thermal conduction and occasional baseflow reversals. Considering similar surface soil temperature amplitudes and low average groundwater flow values at both sites, results suggest that contrasting rates of plant water use, groundwater recharge, and subsurface hydraulic conductivity are likely mechanistic causes for the observed SGW temperature differences. Results highlight the long‐term impact of forest removal on subsurface hydrology and groundwater temperature regime. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Lithological control of land subsidence induced by groundwater withdrawal in new urban AREAS (Granada Basin,SE Spain). Multiband DInSAR monitoring

Ground subsidence in the southeastern border of the Granada Basin (SE Spain) has been studied using remote sensing techniques. Over the last decades, the region has experienced a huge urban expansion, which has caused a substantial increase in water supply requirements. Water needs are exclusively met by groundwater by means of numerous pumping wells, which exploit a confined detrital aquifer of alluvial fan deposits with a heterogeneous facies distribution. A general piezometric level decline (up to 50 m) has been recorded in the aquifer during the past 30 years that has induced the generation of a subsiding area with oval shape oriented WNW‐ESE just where the new urban areas and pumping wells are located. Subsidence has been monitored by exploiting synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images from ENVISAT (2003–2009) and Cosmo‐SkyMed (2011–2014). A new approach, which combines A‐DInSAR and small‐area persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI) analysis, has been applied obtaining a good accuracy regarding temporal and spatial dimension of the subsidence. ENVISAT data (2003–2009) reveal subsidence rates up to 10–15 mm/year, and Cosmo‐SkyMed (2011–2014) values slightly lower; up to 10 mm/year. Temporal variations in the subsidence velocity are in accordance with the rainfall pattern and piezometric fluctuations in the aquifer. The sector with highest rates of subsidence does not correspond to the area with more intense groundwater exploitation but to the area with greater presence of clays in the confining layer of the aquifer. There is a clear lithological control in the spatial distribution of the ground subsidence. This work integrates detailed geological and hydrogeological data with differential SAR interferometry monitoring with the aim to better understand subsidence processes in detrital aquifers with small‐scale heterogeneity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

GPS技术在上海市地面沉降研究中的应用

上海市自1998年开始开展了利用GPS技术监测地面沉降的研究,先后进行了可行性论证、GPS基准网建设、数据处理和平差方法的探索等一系列课题的研究,并布设了由34点组成的覆盖整个上海市的地面沉降监测基准网.为了进一步提高基准网的监测精度和沉降监测的时空分辨率,于2004年又布设了4个24小时连续运行的GPS固定站,对上海市地面沉降实施连续监测.为了考查GPS沉降监测的大地高可能达到的精度,研究合理的观测纲要与数据处理方案,本文在介绍并总结了上海市地面沉降GPS监测工作的同时,分析了GPS沉降监测基准网前后6期的观测数据.数据分析采用GAMIT/GLOBK软件包和GPS_NET软件,计算结果表明,在基线边长达到30～40km时,GPS在大地高方向上的中误差仍可控制在2mm左右,由此推算GPS监测地面沉降的分辨率在3mm左右,完全能够满足上海市地面沉降监测的需要.     

Agricultural land use and hydrology affect variability of shallow groundwater nitrate concentration in South Florida

South Florida's Miami‐Dade agricultural area is located between two protected natural areas, the Biscayne and Everglades National Parks, subject to the costliest environmental restoration project in history. Agriculture, an important economic activity in the region, competes for land and water resources with the restoration efforts and Miami's urban sprawl. The objective of this study, understanding water quality interactions between agricultural land use and the shallow regional aquifer, is critical to the reduction of agriculture's potentially negative impacts. A study was conducted in a 4‐ha square field containing 0·9 ha of corn surrounded by fallow land. The crop rows were oriented NW–SE along the dominant groundwater flow in the area. A network of 18 monitoring wells was distributed across the field. Shallow groundwater nitrate–nitrogen concentration [N‐NO₃^?] was analyzed on samples collected from the wells biweekly for 3 years. Detailed hydrological (water table elevation [WTE] at each well, groundwater flow direction [GwFD], rainfall) and crop (irrigation, fertilization, calendar) data were also recorded in situ. Flow direction is locally affected by seasonal regional drainage through canal management exercised by the local water authority. The data set was analyzed by dynamic factor analysis (DFA), a specialized time series statistical technique only recently applied in hydrology. In a first step, the observed nitrate variation was successfully described by five common trends representing the unexplained variability. By including the measured hydrological series as explanatory variables the trends were reduced to only three. The analysis yields a quantification of the effects of hydrological factors over local groundwater nitrate concentration. Furthermore, a spatial structure across the field, matching land use, was found in the five remaining common trends whereby the groundwater [N‐NO₃^?] in wells within the corn rows could be generally separated from those in fallow land NW and SE of the crop strip. Fertilization, masked by soil/water/plant‐delayed processes, had no discernible effect on groundwater nitrate levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

宁波月湖水体中抗生素的分布与生态风险评价

为探讨城市湖泊中抗生素的污染分布特征和生态风险,以宁波月湖为研究对象,利用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）对月湖水体抗生素进行分析,并采用生态风险熵值法（RQ）和混合抗生素的风险法（MRQ）评价磺胺类、大环内酯类、喹诺酮类、β-内酰胺类、林可霉素（LIN）等10种抗生素的生态风险情况.结果表明：氨苄西林（AMS）的检出浓度最高,浓度变化范围在ND~382.0 ng/L;其次为头孢氨苄（LEX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）、LIN、阿奇霉素（AZM）、磺胺噻唑（STZ）、磺胺甲恶唑（SMX）、泰乐菌素（TYL）和磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）,浓度范围分别为ND~283.0、ND~267.0、ND~219.0、31.50~209.0、ND~147.0、7.34~109.0、ND~104.0、ND~80.50和20.40~57.30 ng/L.月湖水体中10种目标抗生素的水平总体上高于自然湖泊,尤其β-内酰胺类和LIN在城市湖泊中广泛存在.生态风险评估的结果表明,LIN、TYL、SMX、NOR、AMS的生态风险值（RQ）值均大于1,具有高的生态风险;其余5种抗生素处于中或低的生态风险水平.本研究为城市湖泊抗生素生态风险问题的深入研究提供了一定的科学依据和基础.     

Characterization of groundwater quality in Kinmen Island using multivariate analysis and geochemical modelling

Kinmen is located in the south‐west of Mainland China and mainly has two islands, Large Kinmen and Leiyu. Residents in Kinmen have drunk groundwater over several decades. This work characterized the quality of groundwater in Kinmen using factor analysis (FA), cluster analysis (CA) and geochemical simulation. The factor scores were plotted spatially to illustrate the groundwater quality and were used to discuss the grouped relationship using CA. Salinization, redox and organic matter factors are identified from 17 hydrochemical measurements in 18 wells. Acidic and oxidizing groundwater with nitrate‐N pollution is distributed mainly in the west of Large Kinmen. Saline groundwater is distributed to the north‐east of Large Kinmen and in the south of Leiyu. Groundwater with organic matter is present throughout Leiyu. Five groups of the groundwater quality divided by CA can be interpreted according to one to three factors. The grouped characteristics of the groundwater quality help the local government and industries to plan the use and protection of groundwater resources. Furthermore, a geochemical simulation was used to demonstrate the formation processes of the acidic and oxidizing groundwater properties in granitic sediments. A large amount of the precipitation of the kaolinite and magnetite releases concentrations of hydrogen ion and raises the redox potential in the aquifers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

淮北临涣矿采煤沉陷区不同水体水化学特征及其影响因素

为研究淮北临涣矿采煤沉陷区不同水体的补给水源及溶质来源,在现场调查的基础上,系统采集丰水期、平水期、枯水期沉陷区积水、地表河水和浅层地下水样进行测试分析,采用Piper三线图、Gibbs图和因子分析方法,对不同水体水化学特征及其影响因素进行讨论.结果表明:地表水水体总溶解性固体(TDS)质量浓度表现为枯水期丰水期平水期,浅层地下水表现为枯水期平水期丰水期,地表水TDS质量浓度明显高于浅层地下水.地表水中主要阴阳离子为Na~+、Cl~-和SO_4~(2-),水化学类型主要为SO_4~(2-)-Cl~--Na~+型;浅层地下水离子以HCO_3~-、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)为主,表现为HCO_3~--Ca~(2+)-Mg~(2+)型.结合Gibbs图和因子分析可知,地表水受蒸发作用、地表径流以及采煤活动等因素影响,浅层地下水在一定程度上体现出大气降水和地表水补给的特点,受岩石风化作用影响较为明显.