西藏班公湖地区侏罗纪-白垩纪沉积及古海洋盆地的演化

在西藏1∶25万喀纳幅、日土县幅地质调查图成果的基础上,重建了班公湖-怒江结合带西段3个地层区的侏罗纪-早白垩世沉积地层序列,对地层纵向、横向序列变化和沉积环境进行对比分析,指出在侏罗纪-早白垩世时,班公湖-怒江中特提斯洋盆沉积与其南、北两侧大陆边缘沉积有明显差异;中特提斯海洋盆地演化经历了早-中侏罗世深海-半深海沉积、晚侏罗世-早白垩世残余海(洋)盆地沉积和晚白垩世残余海盆消亡等3个阶段。     

班公湖—怒江构造带西段三叠纪—侏罗纪构造—沉积演化

班公湖－怒江构造带西段在大地构造位置上处于特提斯构造域东端，横跨班公湖－怒江断裂带。三叠纪－株罗纪期间，其构造－沉积演化经历了大陆初始裂谷（T）、原洋裂谷（J1）、残余弧后盆地（J2－J3）阶段。初始裂谷阶段的拉张是呈南断北超的半地堑式由东向西进行的，逐渐形成地堑式原洋裂谷盆地。中晚侏罗世，南部新特提斯洋壳开始北各俯冲,产生的区域挤压应力使原洋裂谷逐渐封闭，裂谷盆地的小洋壳表现出以南向俯冲为主的双向式腑冲，同时伴生区域热沉降，盆地具残余弧后盆地的性质。该阶段,羌南地区发育碳酸盐岩为主的稳定陆缘沉积，冈度斯－念青唐古拉板片北部则形成广泛南超的近源碎屑沉积。     

羌南盆地地层特征与中特提斯洋盆的演化——以1∶25万兹格塘错幅为例

位于青藏高原中部班公错—怒江一线的中特提斯洋盆从早侏罗世至晚白垩世,经历了从板内裂谷—洋盆扩张—双向俯冲—碰撞闭合—整体造山的全部过程,构成一个完整的威尔逊旋回。作为"活动陆缘"的羌南盆地记载着中特提斯洋盆从形成—消亡的全部沉积历史:包括裂离阶段的陆相碎屑岩、洋盆扩张阶段的稳定型碳酸盐岩、板块俯冲阶段的活动型碎屑岩、火山岩、碰撞闭合阶段的前陆盆地和弧前盆地碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩及整体造山阶段的山间盆地陆相磨拉石建造。     

藏北羌塘盆地与西亚特提斯盆地构造比较及其油气远景

羌塘盆地是中国西部除塔里木、柴达木、准噶尔盆地外，又一大型古生代一中新生代盆地。与其具有相似构造背景的西亚特提斯带盆地群是目前世界上油气最富集的地区。通过对西亚特提斯带含油气盆地的形成、构造演化背景的分析，探讨了盆地油气富集的地质条件，认为羌塘盆地的形成演化与特提斯西段阿富汗地块具有相似性，侏罗纪的沉积演化和构造格局与中亚的长拉库姆油气盆地类似，故具备形成油气的基本条件。然而，羌塘盆地距喜马拉雅褶皱带较近，新近纪以来构造改造十分强烈。逆冲推覆作用一方面可以产生构造圈闭，但也使烃源岩的成熟度偏高，不利于油气的保存，这与中东地区含油气盆地油气大量聚集的油气田具有显著差异。为此羌塘盆地的油气勘探应寻找保存条件与生油条件相匹配的地区。     

Lower Jurassic Sequence Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Facies on the North Slope of Mount Qomolangma

The Lower Jurassic is subdivided in ascending order into the Wulong, Kangdui and Yongjia Formations on the north slope of Mount Qomolangma, with a total thickness of 1362 m. They are thought to have been deposited respectively in the environments of the carbonate ramp fault-bounded basins and carbonate platform, with six sedimentary facies and six sub-facies. During the Early Jurassic, the Qomolangma area experienced strong faulting and subsidence, and was of a matured rift basin. The Lower Jurassic consists of eleven 3rd-order sequences, which can be grouped into three 2nd-order sequences and form a large transgressive-regressive cycle. The 3rd-order sequences and the corresponding sea-level changes recognized in the area can be correlated quite well with those set up in the western Tethys, and may have been caused by the eustatic fluctuations, while the 2nd-order sequences seem to be more closely related to the basement subsidence and the variation in sedimentary influx, indicating the evolution of th     

Berriasian drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform at the type-locality and its bearing on the early Eoalpine orogenic dynamics in the Northern Calcareous Alps (Austria)

The Plassen carbonate platform (Kimmeridgian to Early Berriasian) developed above the Callovian to Tithonian carbonate clastic radiolaritic flysch basins of the Northern Calcareous Alps during a tectonically active period in a convergent regime. Remnants of the drowning sequence of the Plassen Formation have been discovered at Mount Plassen in the Austrian Salzkammergut. It is represented by calpionellid-radiolaria wacke- to packstones that, due to the occurrence of Calpionellopsis oblonga (Cadisch), are of Late Berriasian age (oblonga Subzone). Thus, the Plassen Formation at its type-locality shows the most complete profile presently known, documenting the carbonate platform evolution from the initial shallowing upward evolution in the Kimmeridgian until the final Berriasian drowning. The shift from neritic to pelagic sedimentation took place during Berriasian times. A siliciclastic-influenced drowning sequence sealed the highly differentiated Plassen carbonate platform. The former interpretation of a Late Jurassic carbonate platform formed under conditions of tectonic quiescence cannot be confirmed. The onset, evolution and drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform took place at an active continental margin. The tectonic evolution of the Northern Calcareous Alps during the Kimmeridgian to Berriasian time span and the reasons for the final drowning of the Plassen carbonate platform are to be seen in connection with further tectonic shortening after the closure of the Tethys Ocean.     

Middle-Late Jurassic syndepositional tectonics recorded in the Ligurian Briançonnais succession (Marguareis–Mongioie area,Ligurian Alps,NW Italy)

The Middle–Upper Jurassic succession of the Marguareis–Mongioie area (Ligurian Briançonnais Domain), developed in a protected shelf environment evolving into a pelagic plateau, bears clear evidence of synsedimentary tectonics such as: growth fault-related structures; neptunian dykes; marked lateral variations in stratigraphic thicknesses testifying to the juxtaposition of sectors characterized by different sedimentation and subsidence rates; discordant, anomalous stratigraphic contacts corresponding to paleoescarpments; nodular beds showing evidence of fluidification interpreted as seismites; and the occurrence of sand-sized quartz grains pointing to denudation of Permo-Triassic quartz-rich rocks. Such evidence documents an important Middle-Late Jurassic post-breakup tectonic activity, which was more effective in controlling the basin topography than the Early Jurassic syn-rift tectonic phase. Two main tectono-sedimentary stages, one occurring during the Bathonian, the other falling within the Callovian–Kimmeridgian interval, were reconstructed. The first stage can be referred to a fault-related activity occurring shortly after the initial stages of oceanic spreading of the Ligurian Tethys; the second can be genetically related to the far effects of the first rifting stage of the Bay of Biscay and the Valais basin.     

青藏高原北羌塘盆地中部发现晚巴通期—早卡洛夫期菊石

最近在北羌塘盆地中部半岛湖地区索瓦组下段中发现了丰富的中侏罗世晚巴通期—早卡洛夫期菊石。这些菊石保存好,特征明显,可以与西特提斯地中海区菊石带进行精细对比。根据区域菊石化石群的对比,含菊石的地层可能不是索瓦组下段,而是夏里组。早卡洛夫期大头菊石的出现与同期全球海平面的上升同步,而地方性的含大头菊石的层序通常也指示了区域性的海侵。羌塘盆地早卡洛夫期大头菊石生物群的发现,证明羌塘盆地在早卡洛夫期还存在区域性的海侵,北羌塘盆地中部的半岛湖地区处于相对较深的广海碳酸盐台地环境,而不是前人所认为的羌塘盆地在卡洛夫期即发生大规模的海退,发生海退的时间应该在早卡洛夫期之后。晚巴通期—早卡洛夫期菊石生物群的发现对于重新认识羌塘盆地沉积构造演化历史具有重要意义。     

班公湖-怒江结合带西段多岛弧盆系时空结构初步分析

笔者依据班公湖地区1：25万喀纳幅、日土县幅、羌多幅地质填图和专题研究工作取得的阶段性成果,将班公湖带的多岛弧盆系时空结构厘定为3条蛇绿混杂岩亚带。该3条亚带为盆地所隔,从北而南依次为班公湖带北亚带、班摩掌侏罗纪弧间盆地、班公湖带中亚带、日土-巴尔穷侏罗纪—早白垩世复合弧后盆地和班公湖带南亚带等。初步认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋经历了晚三叠—早侏罗世往北俯冲、中晚侏罗世早期向北、往南双向俯冲、早白垩世往南俯冲等3次俯冲消亡阶段;同时,讨论了在班公湖带研究中存在的问题及其在反演班公湖-怒江结合带西段构造演化和在找矿方面的意义,以及进一步研究方向。     

东海盆地中、新生代盆架结构与构造演化

基于地貌、钻井、岩石测年和地震等资料,分析盆地地层分布、盆架结构、构造单元划分和裂陷迁移规律,结果表明东海盆地由台北坳陷、舟山隆起、浙东坳陷、钓鱼岛隆褶带和冲绳坳陷构成,是以新生代沉积为主、中生代沉积为辅的大型中、新生代叠合含油气盆地;古元古代变质岩系构成了盆地的基底。该盆地不仅是印度-太平洋前后相继的动力体系作用下形成的西太平洋沟-弧-盆构造体系域一部分,而且也是古亚洲洋动力体系作用下形成的古亚洲洋构造域和特提斯洋动力体系作用下形成的特提斯洋构造域一部分,晚侏罗世至早白垩世经历了构造体制转换,盆地格局发生重大变革,早白垩世以前主要受古亚洲-特提斯洋构造体制影响的强烈挤压造山和地壳增厚作用演变为早白垩世以来主要受太平洋构造体制控制的陆缘伸展裂陷和岩石圈减薄作用,经历侏罗纪古亚洲-特提斯构造体制大陆边缘拗陷和白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制弧后裂陷两大演化阶段。白垩纪以来太平洋构造体制的弧后裂陷演化阶段可细分为早白垩世至始新世裂陷期、渐新世至晚中新世拗陷期和中新世末至全新世裂陷期。     

The Middle Jurassic radiolarites and pelagic limestones of the Nieves unit (Rondaide Complex, Betic Cordillera): basin starvation in a rifted marginal slope of the western Tethys

Middle Jurassic radiolarites and associated pelagic limestones occur in the Rondaide Nieves unit of the Betic Cordillera, southern Spain. The Rondaide Mesozoic includes: (a) a thick succession of Triassic platform carbonates, comparable to the Alpine Hauptdolomit and Kössen facies; (b) Lower Jurassic pelagic limestones comparable to the Alpine Hierlatz and Adnet facies; (c) the Middle Jurassic Parauta Radiolarite Formation, described herein; and (d) a thin Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous condensed limestone succession. The Parauta Radiolarite Formation and associated limestones were studied with respect to stratigraphy, petrography, micropalaeontology (radiolarians, calcareous nanno- and microfossils) and facies. Radiolarite sedimentation occurred in the Middle Bathonian in a restricted and dysoxic deep Nieves basin, perched in the distal zone of a continental margin fringing the Tethyan ocean. This margin was adjacent to a young narrow oceanic basin between the South-Iberian margin and a continental block called Mesomediterranean Terrane. The Nieves basin was part of a marine corridor between the Proto-Atlantic and Piedmont-Ligurian basins of the Alpine Tethys. The regional tectonic position, the stratigraphical evolution since the Triassic, the age and the nature of the Mesozoic facies and the palaeogeographic relations to adjacent domains show striking analogies between the Betic Rondaide margin and coeval units of the Alps.     

华南泥盆纪沉积盆地类型和主要特征

泥盆纪时期,随着古特提斯洋的开启,于华南板块南、西、北缘形成被动陆缘构造背景.根据地壳性质,同沉积断裂活动,沉积作用和火山作用等特点,将区内沉积盆地分为八种类型,即陆内走滑盆地、陆内凹陷盆地、陆内断陷盆地、陆缘断拗盆地、陆缘断陷盆地、陆缘裂谷盆地、陆缘走滑盆地和陆河洋盆、盆地的演化受到构造活动、海水进退规程和沉积作用控制。开始阶段的构造活动不强烈,以滨岸陆源碎屑沉积为主。海盆扩大分异阶段的构造活动明显,有海底火山活动,海侵范围扩大,深水盆地开始发育,但以陆棚碎屑岩和碳酸盐缓坡沉积为主。强烈裂陷-走滑阶段是构造活动高潮期,火山活动强烈,海侵范围最大,深水盆地最发育,沉积相分异十分显著。右江地区和南岭地区同样位于扬子古陆的被动陆缘,但岩相构造格局显著不同,右江地区以北西向断裂拉张裂陷作用为主,而南岭地区则多表现为北东向基底断裂的走滑活动。笔者认为这种特点是古特提斯洋扩张作用和基底构造性质影响所致。     

The facies properties and depositional environments of nodular limestones and red marly limestones (Ammonitico Rosso) in the Ankara Jurassic sequence, central Turkey

The nodular limestones and red marls of the Ankara region, deposited during the early to middle Jurassic, show similar palaeontological and sedimentological characteristics to those of the red nodular limestones form the Northern Alps (Adnet limestones) and from the Southern Alps (Ammonitico Rosso).
The nodular limestones appear to be hardground breccias drowned into the red marly limestones due to the instability of the bottom. The association of sponge spicules, crinoid fragments, small ostracods, benthic foraminifers, shell debris and common micrite matrix suggests a subtidal environment. The subsequent formation of red marly limestones consists of the partial dissolution of the shells; this suggests that a low sedimentation rate and/or sedimentological breaks took place during the precipitation of the ammonite-bearing marls.
The nodular limestones (hardground breccias) and the Ammonitico Rosso-type facies of the Ankara Jurassic succession were formed in a deeper subtidal environment and/or deeper shelf extending into the basin. The hardground layers drowned into the Ammonitico rosso were likely formed on a local carbonate shelf, that deepened increasingly through the early to middle Jurassic. Development of a local submarine clastic fan within the carbonate succession of the Ankara Jurassic basin indicates an irregular bottom topography induced by the syn-sedimentary faults.     

Tectonics and sedimentation of SW Sarawak basin,Malaysia, NW Borneo

Structurally SW Sarawak basin is a southward sloping basement characterized by passive margin tectonic that has undergone through varioius tectonic phases viz., Triassic extension, Cretaceous transpression and Oligo-Miocene compression. Rock types and sedimentation of deeper basin zone situated between Schwaner mountains block to the south and SW Sarawak basin to the north suggest progressive marine sedimentation. E-W trending Cretaceous carbonate platform (CCP) occurs in the SW Sarawak basin signify a shelf zone where shallow marine sedimentation progressed during Cretaceous transpression. Oligo-Miocene volcanics from subduction melts intercepted basin profusely forming northwest-southeast trending continental arc zone derived from partial melting of subducting slab underneath SW Sarawak basin. Back-arc extension prevailed during Oligo-Miocene and formed several extensional features. Oligo-Miocene subduction also resulted in closure and exhumation of Sri Aman marginal sea-basin to the east. SW Sarawak basin is further divided in two sub-basins viz., Senibong to the west and Kuching to the east separated by a northeast trending morphotectonic ridge that signify structural element formed due to shearing. Marine sedimentation progressed in these sub-basins mainly during Triassic–Jurassic while tidal and fluviatile sedimentation progressed during early to mid-Tertiary having total thickness of sediments about 9 km. Basin closure and exhumation is marked mainly by the formation of Cretaceous carbonate build-up that has been intruded and dissected by the Oligo-Miocene volcanics. Senibong and Kuching sub-basins are characterized by wide range of transpressive features, while, Sri Aman marginal sea-basin is characterized by oceanic assemblages, ophiolite, serpentinite and pillow basalt.     

中亚地区阿拉伊盆地构造地质特征与油气条件分析

阿拉伊盆地位于特提斯构造带北缘,是在古生界基底之上发展起来的山间盆地,紧邻我国西部塔里木盆地。自中生代至新生代经历了陆表海沉积期、类前陆盆地期、山间盆地发育期、拗陷期、定形期等5个演化阶段,具有海陆交互、沉积多变、多期叠加、断-拗转换的性质。生储盖匹配良好;烃源岩为古近系、白垩系和中—下侏罗统的海相与潟湖相泥岩、石灰岩和泥灰岩;主要油气储集层为碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层和砂砾岩储层;多套泥岩、膏岩和泥灰岩为区域性和局部盖层;褶皱构造发育,以背斜、断块、断鼻等构造为主。盆地具有一定的油气勘探前景。     

班公湖-怒江洋形成演化新视角:兼论西藏中部古-新特提斯转换

班公湖-怒江洋的形成演化是认识班公湖-怒江成矿带成矿地质背景的关键,近几年中国地质调查局在青藏高原部署了大量1∶50000区域地质调查工作,取得了很多重要发现。对班公湖-怒江结合带两侧关键性海陆沉积地层对比研究,认为南羌塘地块与拉萨地块晚古生代-晚三叠世地层沉积特征及岩石组合基本一致,二者在班公湖-怒江中生代洋盆形成以前是一个整体,为冈瓦纳大陆北缘被动陆缘环境。班公湖-怒江洋在早中侏罗世裂解形成,至中侏罗世趋于稳定且范围最大;向北俯冲消减作用始于中晚侏罗世,晚侏罗世-早白垩世演化为残留海,早白垩世中晚期出现短暂的裂解,致使海水重新灌入;晚白垩世班公湖-怒江洋盆进入闭合后的隆升造山阶段,发生了残留盆地迁移,形成了磨拉石建造。班公湖-怒江洋类似古加勒比海(现今墨西哥湾地区)的形成机制,并与大西洋、太平洋的形成过程关系密切。对于班公湖-怒江洋的闭合和冈底斯弧的形成,本文提出了另一种可能解释,即,新特提斯洋向北俯冲下,岩浆弧逐步南迁,在弧后形成了一系列伸展性质的弧后盆地,两者组成微陆块由北向南逐渐增生形成了现今的拉萨地体,持续向北俯冲也导致了班公湖-怒江洋最终闭合。     

滇黔桂地区中古生界油气地质条件及勘探选区

滇黔桂大部分地区属中国板块,在哀牢山—藤条河缝合带及昌宁—双江缝合带以西属青藏板块。前者自震旦纪至中三叠世沉积了一套海相台、盆序列的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩;后者在二叠纪至侏罗纪早中期沉积了一套深海、半深海槽盆相地层。在海相沉积之后接受了陆相沉积,中生代盆地环特提斯洋分布,属南前陆盆地带。全区发育了众多的中—新生代盆地,对其中七个盆地进行了油气地质条件综合分析,提出了有利选区依次为:楚雄盆地、十万大山盆地、南盘江盆地、思茅盆地、绥江地区。     

Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the southwest continental Iberian Margin

An extensional event affected the southwest Margin of Iberia during Late Triassic to Early Cretaceous times, giving place to the Algarve basin. This basin was subjected to tectonic instability and it became infilled with siliciclastic and carbonate sequences with abundant interspersed volcanic rocks. Normal and strike-slip faults accommodated the deformation in the Algarve basin. The presence of a single flat or listric detachment surface is inferred from the study of hanging-wall structures. The dynamic and kinematic analyses of fault systems in the Spanish exposure of the Algarve basin allow us to establish three extensional phases. 1) A Late Triassic to Hettangian NE-SW directed extension associated with the initial breaking of Pangea and the opening of the Tethys in the eastern Mediterranean. 2) NW-SE extension from the Sinemurian to the Callovian, interpreted as a result of the activity as a sinistral fault of the Azores-Gibraltar transform boundary. 3) Finally, E-W extension during the Late Jurassic and Cretaceous, related to the North Atlantic rifting process.