侧扫声呐在富钴结壳探测中的应用前景

随着富钴结壳勘查工作的深入和我国深水调查设备的快速发展,侧扫声呐将会广泛应用于结壳区的调查中。介绍了声学遥测方法侧扫声呐的工作原理,分析了已经在结壳区获取的侧扫声呐数据,列举了在将来的勘查中可能用到的新的侧扫声呐技术和数据解释技术。认为传统的调查手段存在一定的局限性,侧扫声呐的使用将会丰富结壳区的勘查手段,促进富钴结壳区的资源评价和圈矿工作。     

据地貌声图判读研究海底地貌和底质类型

侧向扫描声呐这项新技术方法及其在海洋地质调查中的应用问题,最近作者已作过介绍。1975年,我们应用侧向扫描声呐(侧扫声呐)、精密回声探测、海底采样等方法,对中国南海某浅海区进行了海底地质调查,了解海底地貌和底质类型及其包括砂矿等的分布。     

海洋物探方法在海上风电场勘察中的应用

海洋物探方法是海洋调查的主要方法,在海上风电地质勘察中得到了广泛的应用。在广东阳江沙扒海上风电场勘察中,通过浅地层剖面结合单道地震,查明了场区覆盖层厚度,绘制了基岩埋深图;采用多波束测深和侧扫声呐,并结合浅地层剖面探测和钻探取样成果查明了海底障碍物分布;通过浅地层剖面,初步查明了研究区浅层气分布范围;将海洋磁法成果绘制成研究区磁场等值线图。根据多波束测深、侧扫声呐、海洋磁法、浅地层剖面和单道地震等海洋物探方法特点,通过广东阳江沙扒海上风电项目,展示了应用海洋物探技术在海上风电勘察领域取得的成果。     

侧扫声纳在琼州海峡跨海通道地壳稳定性调查中的应用

为开展琼州海峡跨海通道地壳稳定性评价,利用Sonar Beam S-150D侧扫声纳系统在琼州海峡海底开展了地形地貌调查,获得了琼州海峡跨海通道工程区的侧扫声纳影像。通过数据分析、图像判读,分析了地质灾害类型及其可能的危害。在琼州海峡海底发现软土、活动沙波、岸坡及活动构造等微地貌单元,跨海通道工程施工、运行阶段都将遭受相关地质灾害的危害。这些资料和分析为跨海通道工程地壳稳定性评价提供了基础资料,为工程规划线路优选、建设实施提供了技术支撑。研究表明侧扫声纳技术可应用于海底地壳稳定性调查与评价工作中。      

天然气水合物调查区微地貌特征探测成果

本文介绍了利用近海底探测设备声学深拖和ROV遥控潜水器在天然气水合物调查区进行的微地貌探测成果。结合前期地震调查成果,在地震剖面上显示的三个贯穿海底的气烟囱区域对应的海底探测到麻坑、海底丘状体。另外,在水合物喷发的冷泉区,首先使用搭载在声学深拖上的侧扫声呐对目标区进行较大范围的调查,利用声呐图像上的"亮斑异常"确定冷泉喷口的位置,再利用ROV遥控潜水器开展精准下潜探测,在冷泉区识别出碳酸盐岩结壳、泥火山特征地貌、羽状流现象和一些典型的生物特征。     

基于水下文物控制实验的海洋地球物理声学研究进展

海洋地球物理声学方法是进行高分辨率、大范围水下考古调查与研究的利器。由于海洋环境与水下文物的保存状态、埋藏状况之间存在着复杂的耦合关系,导致仅根据地球物理声学探测数据推断水下文物是否存在以及分布情况具有较大的不确定性。近30年来基于水下文物声学探测方法的可控实验研究表明,不同侧扫声呐系统对出露于海底的水下文物遗址探测有不同的声学响应,而多波束声呐技术可用于水下文物遗址的时移变化研究,浅地层剖面探测对部分或全部嵌入海底沉积物中的遗址探测效果更为明显。水下文物的控制实验研究能提升对不同水下文物声学特征响应的认识,可以为探测成果与解译精度之间的关联研究提供借鉴,并有望为高效、大范围的水下文物探测与资源调查提供系统解决方案,从而更好地服务于水下文物保护与管理。     

福建宁德近岸海域海底浅层气分布特征及成因分析

近年来,在海岸带区域的开发利用过程中,遇到了一系列海岸带地质灾害问题,其中海底浅层气影响尤为严重,严重破坏海底沉积层结构的稳定性,已成为影响近岸海域工程建设施工安全的重要因素.为查明宁德近岸海域浅层气的分布特征及成因,通过单道地震、浅地层剖面、侧扫声呐等工作手段,在宁德近岸海域发现了多处呈层状、团块状分布的浅层气,分布...     

基于RS、GIS技术对贵州土地利用/覆被演化信息图谱研究

自陈述彭先生提出地学信息图谱后,许多学者探讨了地学信息图谱的理论、方法和应用。近年来我国许多学者运用地学信息图谱进行了各方面的地学研究,但是利用遥感影像进行岩溶地区的研究是一个新的探讨。本文主要利用TM遥感影像解译的数据和地理信息系统(GIS)建立岩溶地区(贵州省)的土地利用／覆被演化的信息图谱。     

海底浅表层信息声探测技术研究现状及发展

回顾了我国海洋仪器研发的历史,综述并对比了多波束测深、侧扫声呐和浅层剖面仪等海底浅表层信息声呐探测技术的国内外研究现状:经过数十年的海洋技术研发,国内在设备研发、数据资料处理方法研究和探测数据资料应用研究等方面已取得了较丰硕的研究成果,但同时也发现在当前国内海洋技术研发中仍存在一些潜在的问题,与国外相关海洋技术尚存在一定差距。以维护海洋权益为目标的系列重大海洋基础勘测项目的启动和深海资源勘查及研究的纵深发展是近年海洋技术得以快速发展的源动力。声学底质分类、声学海底原位测试、动力地貌和构造地貌等是目前海底浅表层声探测信息资料应用于海底科学研究的热点。对海洋技术的可持续发展提出了几点建议：①提高理论研究水平;②加快仪器设备研制的国产化进程;③加强自主知识产权数据处理软件的研发;④进行探测数据资料的深层次利用研究。     

侧扫声呐在人工鱼礁跟踪监测中的应用

随着海洋渔业资源的衰退和海洋生态环境的破坏,人工鱼礁技术得到迅速发展,成为海洋牧场建设的重要组成部分。虽然在人工鱼礁的设计时已考虑了防沉降、防倾覆等因素,但在建设过程中仍会面临上述问题,影响礁区的建设效果。利用侧扫声呐对连云港海州湾海洋牧场示范区进行鱼礁数据采集,根据阴影长度计算目标物高度的原理计算目标鱼礁的高度,分析对比鱼礁沉降量,结果表明个别礁体存在破损、倾斜,实际礁体布局与预设布局有一定的偏差,方形礁体抗沉降能力优于“十”字形礁体。     

Comparative urbanization project for the Asian pacific region

This short article outlines the objectives, organization, research frame and content areas of a comparative urbanization project which will start in 1981. The project involves a total of nine national teams each of which is composed of three or more experts from the fields of urban geography, city and regional planning, demography, development economics and other related disciplines. One unique feature of the project is that each of the countries covered will be researched on by its own local researchers. And, the organizer tries to get at least one government official involved, in his personal capacity, as a team member, to get better insight and interpretation of official policies and objectives regarding urbanization. The responsible persons of the national teams and the time table of the project have also been included in this article.     

Impact assessment due to rural electrification in hill tract of Bangladesh for sustainable development

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of any project is essential for understanding the sustainability of the project. For sustainable development of hill tracts, electricity is inseparable. Like other parts of Bangladesh hill tracts districts felt increasing demand of electricity. In this paper an attempt has been taken to present the existing environmental condition and analysis the future environmental condition after implementation of project. Electrification will extend the length of the active day. Electrification will improve security (people’s perception of safety and security) at the region. The elements of the project identified as components for analysis are chosen based on DOE’s guideline. The study showed that 87% people say that they feel safer at night since being electrified. Impacts are classified on the basis of EPA’s scaling and DOE, university’s teachers, NGOs expert’s opinions. Value more than 10 is classified significantly affected element of the project. In this paper advantages and disadvantages of the Electrification Project has been presented.     

关于尤卡山项目的一些思考

简要论述了美国尤卡山项目研发的历史进程,讨论了该项目目前的进展状态,以及由此引出可供我国高放废物地质处置研发工作值得思考的若干问题。笔者认为,目前尤卡山项目进展受阻的主要原因是政治因素,而不是场址的自然条件和科学技术因素。关于该项目的不同意见之争还将会继续下去,最后可能只有通过进一步的科学论证和法律途径得以解决。     

汤河水库水源扩建供水工程细河可引水量分析

依据汤河水库水源扩建供水工程实际情况,本文分析了细河流域的用水现状,对细河流域2010年和2020年的需水量进行了预测,并得出汤河水源扩建供水工程中细河可引水量,为汤河水库水源扩建工程提供了有力的理论依据。     

Developing new equations for TBM performance prediction in carbonate-argillaceous rocks: a case history of Nowsood water conveyance tunnel

Nowsood water conveyance tunnel is 49 km long and has been designed for transferring 70 m³/s water from Sirvan river southward to Dashte Zahab plain in the west of Iran. This long tunnel has been divided into three sections, namely 1A, 1B and 2. By April 2008, about 5.3 km of the lot 2 of this project, with a total length of 26 km, were excavated by a double-shield TBM. The bored section of tunnel passed through different geological units of three main formations of the Zagross mountain ranges which mainly consist of weak to moderately strong argillaceous-carbonate rocks. This paper will offer an overview of the project, concentrating on the TBM operation, and review the results of the field performance of the machine. Also results of statistical analyses to evaluate correlation of TBM performance parameters with rock mass characteristics will be discussed. The results of machine performance analysis indicated that there are strong relationships between geomechanical parameters and TBM performance parameters in this particular project. In this research some empirical equations and a chart have been developed to estimate TBM performance parameters in similar cases based on common rock mass properties.     

Coupling Earth System Model and Integrated Assessment Model

According to the guideline of National Key Research and Development Project, this project aims at developing a world-class Integrated Assessment Model (IAM) in China, which will be used to assess the impacts of climate change on economy system. The objects of this project are to ① Improve the spatial resolution of Earth System Model (ESM); ② Modify the Integrated Assessment Model; ③ Couple the ESM and IAM; ④ Evaluate the impacts of climate change on society and economy. This project will solve two key scientific questions: how to identify the impacts of climate change in the IAM; How much the impacts of climate change on economy in China. Meanwhile, two techniques will be developed to complete the mission of this project: Simulate of small-scale human activities in the EAM and spatial and temporal resolution match of ESM and IAM.     

临沂市玉平沂河特大桥及接线工程地质灾害危险性评估分析

通过对临沂市玉平沂河特大桥及接线工程所处区域的地质环境条件分析,对地质灾害危险性进行了现状评估;在计算量化或定性分析的基础上,对该项目可能引发的地质灾害进行了评估和预测,为工程地质环境的可行性提供科学依据。     

莱芜市用地瓶颈措施问题解析

当前,国家收紧地根,从严控制新增建设用地指标成为各地建设项目顺利落地的制约瓶颈。为破解这一难题,结合莱芜实际,分析了规划修编、指标利用、挖潜存量、加快供地等做法,对保障项目用地提出了建议和对策。     

A Decision Support System for the Evaluation of Eco-engineering Strategies for Slope Protection

A decision support system (DSS) has been developed to assist expert and non-expert users in the evaluation and selection of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection. This DSS combines a qualitative hazard assessment of erosion and mass movements with a detailed catalogue of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection of which the suitability is evaluated in relation to the data entered. The slope decision support system (SDSS) is a knowledge based DSS in which knowledge is stored in frames containing rules that can evaluate the available information for a project, stored as project specific information (PSI) in a data file. The advantages of such a system are that it accepts incomplete information and that the qualitative nature of the information does not instil the user with a sense of unjustified exactitude. By its multidisciplinary and progressive nature, the DSS will be of value during the initial stages of an eco-engineering project when data collection and the potential of different eco-engineering strategies are considered. The accent of the output of the DSS is on the application of eco-engineering strategies for slope protection as an environmentally-friendly solution aiding sustainable development. For its acceptance within the engineering community, the DSS needs to prove its predictive capacity. Therefore, its performance has been benchmarked against successful and unsuccessful cases of slope stabilisation using eco-engineering. The target audience and the areas of application of this DSS are reviewed and the strategies for further development in this area suggested.     

Luna-Glob project in the context of the past and present lunar exploration in Russia

The Russian Luna-Glob project has been conceived with a view to understand the origin of the Earth-Moon system. The objectives and main features of the Luna-Glob mission, which will mainly study the internal structure of the Moon by seismic instruments, are described in the context of the past and current program of lunar exploration in Russia.