北京首次立法保护湿地

北京有史以来最严格的湿地保护管理制度——《北京市湿地保护条例》将于5月1日正式施行。条例共有46条,包括湿地资源的规划和建设、管理和利用、监督检查、保护措施以及法律责任等内容。据了解,《北京市湿地保护条例》是北京首次从立法角度来保护湿地,也是我国直辖市中出台的第一部湿地保护条例。     

浅谈城市开发建设中湿地的保护与利用

湿地是人类赖以生存的宝贵资源,具有重要的生态和社会价值。但在城市化进程中,由于不合理的开发建设行为,导致大量湿地被破坏,功能退化。因此,必须落实科学发展观,采取切实措施,有效保护和利用城市湿地。要强化全社会的环保意识,增强保护湿地的责任感和使命感,科学地搞好城市土地利用规划及城市湿地景观设计,切实加强对城市湿地的监测评估及湿地保护的法制建设,推动经济社会全面协调可持续发展。     

东北地区湿地及其保护

中国东北地区湿地分布面积约1060.69×10⁴hm²,约占东北地区陆地总面积的8.5%.在分析湿地的类型、分布规律及其所面临问题的基础上,阐述了湿地保护的紧迫性和必要性.指出水是湿地生态环境系统中的重要因子,保护湿地生态环境,首要是加强水资源环境的保护.提出了完善法规,保护湿地资源;开展湿地资源调查,加强综合研究;科学管理湿地,严把开发利用审批关;合理配置水资源,保护湿地生态环境;建立湿地保护和合理利用示范区;实行退牧还泽还草,退耕还沼还泽等保护对策与措施.     

中国湿地资源与开发保护现状及其管理建议

【研究目的】中国作为世界上湿地类型最齐全的国家之一,湿地面积5360.26万hm2,位居世界第四,但近几十年来随着人口迅猛膨胀和经济快速发展,中国面临着湿地保护与经济发展的矛盾冲突,分析中国湿地资源与开发保护现状及其退化原因是研讨湿地管理对策的前提。【研究方法】本文在分析中国湿地资源特征及其开发保护现状的基础上,系统总结了中国湿地损失和退化的驱动因素,由此提出中国湿地管理建议。【研究结果】中国湿地资源丰富,其在发挥水质净化、蓄水防洪、气候调节等功能的同时,为地方经济发展和当地居民提供了丰富的资源保障,并由此发展了一系列具有良好经济效益和社会效益的利用模式。同时中国高度重视湿地保护,颁布和实施了一系列湿地保护政策和工程,湿地保护率达52.65%。然而在人类活动和气候变化双重影响下,中国湿地面积萎缩现象仍然普遍存在,且在湿地保护修复管理实践中仍存在许多科学问题需要解决。【结论】当前中国湿地损失和退化趋势依然严峻,为进一步加强湿地保护,必须强化地球系统多学科的综合研究,同时需考虑经济可行和社会需求问题的约束,从而制订一个能满足社会经济发展要求且生态科学合理的可持续管理方案。     

湿地及其保护

湿地是人类赖以生存的基本生态系统,也是地球上生产力最高的生态系统之一。湿地蕴藏着巨大的经济和社会价值,而它的退化和萎缩是全球面临的问题。湿地是由水、浸泡于水中之土及其中的动植物和各类矿产这三大要素构成。可划分为人工湿地、天然湿地两大类及若干亚类及小类。合理利用并加强湿地的保护刻不容缓。     

岩溶湿地退化评价指标体系构建初探

会仙岩溶湿地是热带和亚热带地区中最大的岩溶湿地之一,由于岩溶湿地脆弱性及人类活动的影响,其湿地面积萎缩,生态功能退化。为了更好保护会仙岩溶湿地,保障湿地的健康和可持续发展,文章探究了造成会仙岩溶湿地退化的关键因子,并结合会仙湿地独特的岩溶特征,筛选出影响会仙湿地健康的指标,利用层次分析法（AHP）对主要指标赋予权重,再通过分析会仙湿地相关资料和标准,构建出一套涵盖3个层次18个评价指标的湿地退化评价指标体系,以此为基础建立了岩溶湿地退化评价方法。      

常德市规划区湿地地质环境特征及保护建议

常德市作为全球首批“国际湿地城市”,也是我国首批海绵城市建设试点城市,其湿地保护与修复工作取得了举世瞩目的成就,为全国提供了城市湿地、水系生态修复的成功经验。通过对常德市规划区内花山河湿地、枉水湿地和盘塘湖湿地地层结构、含水层特征、地下水位变化、沅江及柳叶湖地表水位长期监测数据的综合分析,剖析了湿地地下水与沅江、柳叶湖等地表水交互关系,针对各湿地提出了相应的调整建议和保护建议,研究认为：常德市湿地地表水与地下水之间的水量交换和水质变化情况直接影响湿地生态系统的保护;地表水—地下水的相互转化程度主要体现在时间和空间上,影响湿地水文周期的主要因素有气候变化、地表水径流的变化、地下水位变化、地下水开采情况和湿地补水、排水情况变化。加强对区内地表水-地下水相互转化关系的深入研究,可为科学合理保护常德市规划区湿地生态系统和洞庭湖区湿地保护修复提供科学依据。     

浙江：湿地内禁设开发区工业区

本刊讯（李风段金平）近日,浙江省发布的《湿地保护条例》规定,湿地内禁止设立开发区、工业园区,严禁采石、采砂、采矿、开采地下水等。《条例》明确,县级以上人民政府应当采用设立自然保护区、湿地公园、湿地保护小区等方式对湿地进行保护;     

浅谈宿鸭湖湿地管理与保护对策

宿鸭湖湿地是河南省最大的湿地自然保护区,拥有丰富的生物资源,具有巨大的环境功能和效益.因此,加强对湿地的管理与保护势在必行.根据湿地保护区的自然条件,分析保护和管理现状,从而提出了切实有效的管理对策.     

八百里洞庭缘何缺水

保护洞庭湖湿地的本质问题是维护和发挥湿地的“地球之肾”功能。为此，一是湿地要有水；二是湿地植物生态系统不被破坏。     

胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及环境效应

在湿地景观类型分类基础上,利用RS及GIS技术提取了1986、1995和2010年胶州湾滨海湿地的Landsat卫星假彩色合成影像的空间属性数据,利用斑块动态度、斑块密度指数、景观多样性指数、斑块破碎化指数研究了胶州湾滨海湿地的景观格局变化及累积环境效应。结果表明,1986～2010年胶州湾滨海湿地总面积减少,河流与河口湿地面积稍有增大,潮间带滩涂和潮上带湿地面积和斑块数减小;养殖池面积增大、斑块数增多,盐田面积减小、斑块数基本未变,增加了湿地公园这种新的人工湿地景观类型。期间,湿地的景观斑块密度指数、多样性指数和景观斑块破碎化指数增大了。上述湿地面积和景观格局变化是由围垦、城市化、港口和道路建设、河流径流量和输沙量减少、海岸侵蚀、海水入侵、全球变暖、海面上升等因素引起的,并导致湿地生物多样化水平下降、有害植物入侵、环境净化功能降低、污染和赤潮灾害加重、植被退化演替、渔业资源衰退和湿地生态系统服务价值降低等累积环境效应。为减轻这些不利的累积环境效应,应采取建设湿地自然保护区、控制养殖池和盐田规模、发展工业循环经济和生态农业等措施保护胶州湾滨海湿地。     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地生物多样性及生态地质环境变化

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地作为环渤海滨海湿地的一部分,具有海洋与河口交互性、海陆过渡性和生态脆弱性等特点,湿地面积广阔、资源丰富,是东北亚环西太平洋鸟类迁徙的重要“中转站”及越冬、栖息和繁殖地。湿地总面积为1150．079km^2,湿地维管束植物区系包括维管束植物53科144属217种。近年来,在对滨海湿地的开发中,虾池、盐田等人工湿地面积不断扩大,造成自然湿地面积减小、植被退化、地貌和水文条件改变、生物多样性下降,改变了原始的滨海湿地自然景观,破坏了珍稀鸟类的生存环境。     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件评价

以黄河三角洲滨海湿地系统为研究对象,基于描述滨海湿地健康条件的4项功能,充分考虑滨海湿地生态地质环境系统的特征及其健康响应因素,建立了黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件评价的概念模型和指标体系。以统计监测和遥感数据为基础,采用RS和GIS技术,通过栅格化实现分区评价及其结果的优化整合,探讨了黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康的时空分布规律。结果显示：黄河三角洲滨海湿地现状健康条件处于健康的占14.2%,亚健康的占61.9%,一般病态的占23.9%;近期（2010－2015年）,河口三角洲湿地生境质量会逐步改善,向健康方向发展,而北部和南部部分滩涂区及神仙沟流路等局部地区在自然和人为因素的共同作用下,环境质量会有一定的降低;影响黄河三角洲滨海湿地健康条件的主要因素是全球气候变化背景下的区域水循环关键过程及其时空变化、湿地开发等人类负面干扰和黄河下游生态调度。应继续加大黄河下游生态调度的力度、积极实施生态修复工程,以促进黄河三角洲滨海湿地持续健康发展。     

黄河三角洲进积与滨海湿地地质环境演替模式

本文通过对黄河三角洲5个钻孔岩芯的沉积学观测、微古分析、14C测年,同时结合历史记录及遥感资料,分析了本区末次冰后期以来的沉积序列,重建了近10ka以来古环境演变过程,分析了古环境演化对滨海湿地演替的控制作用。本文着重讨论了黄河三角洲进积与湿地形成演替规律,总结了从水生系统、浅海湿地系统、潮滩湿地直至上三角洲平原湿地向陆地生态系统的演替模式。同时通过对现代黄河三角洲与老黄河三角洲演化模式进行对比,提出气候变化、人类活动会加速和改变湿地地质环境演替进程和方向的一般规律。笔者等还进一步提出,由于人类活动的影响,1855年之后湿地演替速率明显加快,约达8~33倍。古环境的重建与滨海湿地响应机制研究可更清楚地理解湿地如何对未来环境变化进行响应,包括海平面上升,从而为滨海湿地保护与管理实践活动提供科学导向。     

Geoheritage values of consanguineous wetland suites on the Swan Coastal Plain,Western Australia

A wide range of wetland types occur on the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. They vary from basins, and flats, to slopes and channels, and vary in size, shape, water characteristics, sediment types, stratigraphy, vegetation, origin, and maintenance processes. The wetlands range from large linear lakes to small round or irregular seasonally damp wetland basins to seasonally flooded flats, to seasonally flooded or permanently flowing channels. Salinity ranges from fresh to saline to hyposaline; and recharge mechanisms from perching of surface-water to wetting and inundation by groundwater, as determined by regional features such as geology, geomorphology, soils, climate and hydrology, and local physical/chemical processes. The Swan Coastal Plain presents a bewildering array, diversity, and complexity of wetlands, but patterns and ordering can be recognised if the wetlands are aggregated into natural groups. The wetlands, in fact, have been aggregated into natural groupings termed ‘consanguineous suites’, resulting in some 30 different formally named wetland suites related to geomorphic setting varying, for instance, from interdune depressions on a beach-ridge plain (the Becher Suite), to karst-formed linear lakes in limestone-ridge country (the Yanchep Suite), to irregular to round, semi-interconnected basins on a quartz sand subdued dune system (the Jandakot Suite), to linear and round basins formed along the hydrological contact between limestone and quartz sand (the Bibra Suite), among others. The variety of wetland types on the Swan Coastal Plain represents geodiversity that needs to be addressed in geoheritage assessments of the State of Western Australia. Further, as repositories of Holocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequences, the wetlands present significant reservoirs of information on wetland history, climate changes, and hydrochemical history, and are templates on wetland maintenance and functioning, diagnostic for their geologic/geomorphic setting useful for management of wetlands in Western Australia, nationally, and globally. From a global perspective, the diversity and array of consanguineous suites of the Swan Coastal Plain is unique. An understated aspect of the approach in identifying consanguineous suites of wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain is that in their geological, geomorphological, and hydrological/hydrochemical setting they provide profound insights into gradual and uninterrupted wetland development, sedimentary filling and ecological functioning because, for a given east–west transect, they are located in the same climate setting but in different geologic/geomorphic and hydrochemical settings. They appear to be unrepresented globally, and therefore, in terms of geoheritage, are internationally significant.     

Contribution of Mangroves and Salt Marshes to Nature-Based Mitigation of Coastal Flood Risks in Major Deltas of the World

Nature-based solutions are rapidly gaining interest in the face of global change and increasing flood risks. While assessments of flood risk mitigation by coastal ecosystems are mainly restricted to local scales, our study assesses the contribution of salt marshes and mangroves to nature-based storm surge mitigation in 11 large deltas around the world. We present a relatively simple GIS model that, based on globally available input data, provides an estimation of the tidal wetland’s capacity of risk mitigation at a regional scale. It shows the high potential of nature-based solutions, as tidal wetlands, to provide storm surge mitigation to more than 80% of the flood-exposed land area for 4 of the 11 deltas and to more than 70% of the flood-exposed population for 3 deltas. The magnitude of the nature-based mitigation, estimated as the length of the storm surge pathway crossing through tidal wetlands, was found to be significantly correlated to the total wetland area within a delta. This highlights the importance of conserving extensive continuous tidal wetlands as a nature-based approach to mitigate flood risks. Our analysis further reveals that deltas with limited historical wetland reclamation and therefore large remaining wetlands, such as the Mississippi, the Niger, and part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra deltas, benefit from investing in the conservation of their vast wetlands, while deltas with extensive historical wetland reclamation, such as the Yangtze and Rhine deltas, may improve the sustainability of flood protection programs by combining existing hard engineering with new nature-based solutions through restoration of former wetlands.     

Nekton Communities in Hawaiian Coastal Wetlands: The Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Fish Species

Nekton communities were sampled from 38 Hawaiian coastal wetlands from 2007 to 2009 using lift nets, seines, and throw nets in an attempt to increase our understanding of the nekton assemblages that utilize these poorly studied ecosystems. Nekton were dominated by exotic species, primarily poeciliids (Gambusia affinis, Poecilia spp.) and tilapia. These fish were present in 50–85% of wetlands sampled; densities were up to 15 times greater than native species. High densities of exotic fish were generally found in isolated wetlands with no connection to the ocean, were often the only nekton present, were positively correlated with surface water total dissolved nitrogen, and were negatively correlated with native species richness. Native species were present in wetlands with complete or partial connection to the ocean. Additional studies are needed to document exotic fish impacts on native fish and bird habitat and whether native fish communities can contribute to invasion resistance of coastal wetlands. Future wetland restoration should include exotic fish eradication, maintenance of hydrological connection to the ocean, or programs to prevent future introductions in order to create wetlands that support native-dominated nekton communities.     

Tampa Bay Coastal Wetlands: Nineteenth to Twentieth Century Tidal Marsh-to-Mangrove Conversion

Currently, mangroves dominate the tidal wetlands of Tampa Bay, Florida, but an examination of historic navigation charts revealed dominance of tidal marshes with a mangrove fringe in the 1870s. This study's objective was to conduct a new assessment of wetland change in Tampa Bay by digitizing nineteenth century topographic and public land surveys and comparing these to modern coastal features at four locations. We differentiate between wetland loss, wetland gain through marine transgression, and a wetland conversion from marsh to mangrove. Wetland loss was greatest at study sites to the east and north. Expansion of the intertidal zone through marine transgression, across adjacent low-lying land, was documented primarily near the mouth of the bay. Generally, the bay-wide marsh-to-mangrove ratio reversed from 86:14 to 25:75 in 125?years. Conversion of marsh to mangrove wetlands averaged 72?% at the four sites, ranging from 52?% at Old Tampa Bay to 95?% at Feather Sound. In addition to latitudinal influences, intact wetlands and areas with greater freshwater influence exhibited a lower rate of marsh-to-mangrove conversion. Two sources for nineteenth century coastal landscape were in close agreement, providing an unprecedented view of historic conditions in Tampa Bay.     

Consequences of Climate Change on the Ecogeomorphology of Coastal Wetlands

Climate impacts on coastal and estuarine systems take many forms and are dependent on the local conditions, including those set by humans. We use a biocomplexity framework to provide a perspective of the consequences of climate change for coastal wetland ecogeomorphology. We concentrate on three dimensions of climate change affects on ecogeomorphology: sea level rise, changes in storm frequency and intensity, and changes in freshwater, sediment, and nutrient inputs. While sea level rise, storms, sedimentation, and changing freshwater input can directly impact coastal and estuarine wetlands, biological processes can modify these physical impacts. Geomorphological changes to coastal and estuarine ecosystems can induce complex outcomes for the biota that are not themselves intuitively obvious because they are mediated by networks of biological interactions. Human impacts on wetlands occur at all scales. At the global scale, humans are altering climate at rapid rates compared to the historical and recent geological record. Climate change can disrupt ecological systems if it occurs at characteristic time scales shorter than ecological system response and causes alterations in ecological function that foster changes in structure or alter functional interactions. Many coastal wetlands can adjust to predicted climate change, but human impacts, in combination with climate change, will significantly affect coastal wetland ecosystems. Management for climate change must strike a balance between that which allows pulsing of materials and energy to the ecosystems and promotes ecosystem goods and services, while protecting human structures and activities. Science-based management depends on a multi-scale understanding of these biocomplex wetland systems. Causation is often associated with multiple factors, considerable variability, feedbacks, and interferences. The impacts of climate change can be detected through monitoring and assessment of historical or geological records. Attribution can be inferred through these in conjunction with experimentation and modeling. A significant challenge to allow wise management of coastal wetlands is to develop observing systems that act at appropriate scales to detect global climate change and its effects in the context of the various local and smaller scale effects.     

A Landscape-Scale Assessment of Above- and Belowground Primary Production in Coastal Wetlands: Implications for Climate Change-Induced Community Shifts

Above- and belowground production in coastal wetlands are important contributors to carbon accumulation and ecosystem sustainability. As sea level rises, we can expect shifts to more salt-tolerant communities, which may alter these ecosystem functions and services. Although the direct influence of salinity on species-level primary production has been documented, we lack an understanding of the landscape-level response of coastal wetlands to increasing salinity. What are the indirect effects of sea-level rise, i.e., how does primary production vary across a landscape gradient of increasing salinity that incorporates changes in wetland type? This is the first study to measure both above- and belowground production in four wetland types that span an entire coastal gradient from fresh to saline wetlands. We hypothesized that increasing salinity would limit rates of primary production, and saline marshes would have lower rates of above- and belowground production than fresher marshes. However, along the Northern Gulf of Mexico Coast in Louisiana, USA, we found that aboveground production was highest in brackish marshes, compared with fresh, intermediate, and saline marshes, and belowground production was similar among all wetland types along the salinity gradient. Multiple regression analysis indicated that salinity was the only significant predictor of production, and its influence was dependent upon wetland type. We concluded that (1) salinity had a negative effect on production within wetland type, and this relationship was strongest in the fresh marsh (0–2 PSU) and (2) along the overall landscape gradient, production was maintained by mechanisms at the scale of wetland type, which were likely related to plant energetics. Regardless of wetland type, we found that belowground production was significantly greater than aboveground production. Additionally, inter-annual variation, associated with severe drought conditions, was observed exclusively for belowground production, which may be a more sensitive indicator of ecosystem health than aboveground production.