Some string cosmological models in Bianchi Type I space-time

We obtain some cosmological models that are exact solutions of Einstein's field equations. The metric utilized is Marder's metric which is Bianchi Type I and the curvature source is a cloud of strings which are one dimensional objects. Bianchi type cosmological models play an important role in the study of the universe on a scale which anisotropy is not ignored. In this paper we have investigated the effect of cosmic strings on the cosmic microwave background anisotropy. Various physical and geometrical properties of the model are also discussed. The solutions have reported that the cosmic microwave background anisotropy may due to the cosmic strings.     

Variable relation between string densities

In this work we have proposed a variable relation between densities of cosmic string. Bianchi type II,VIII and IX space time is explored in the context of general relativity. The field equations are solved by assuming that the shear scalar is proportional to expansion scalar. Three different cases are investigated. It is observed that strings contribute significantly in isotropy and acceleration of the universe.     

Higher Dimensional String Cosmologies in Scale-Covariant theory of Gravitation

Field equations are obtained with the aid of higher dimensional Bianchi type-I cosmological model in scale covariant theory of gravitation in the context of cosmic strings. We present here isotropic and anisotropic solutions of the field equations and some physical implications of these solutions are briefly discussed.     

String cloud cosmologies for Bianchi type-III models with electromagnetic field

The Saez-Ballester field equations for spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-III cosmological models have been solved for pure geometric cosmic string cloud pervading the universe either in the absence or in presence of electromagnetic field. It has been established here that the model does not survive for geometric cosmic string cloud pervading the universe when there is no electromagnetic field. But in presence of electromagnetic field the model can have plausible solutions fostering the idea that strings forming the surface of the world sheet have to co-exist with electromagnetic field.     

LRS Bianchi type-II Universe with cosmic strings and bulk viscosity in a scalar tensor theory of gravitation

A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-II cosmological model is obtained in a scalar tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Saez and Ballester (Phys. Lett. A 130:467, 1986) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one-dimensional cosmic strings. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.     

Anisotropic bulk viscous cosmological models in a modified gravity

A spatially homogeneous Bianchi type-VI₀ space-time is considered in the frame work of f(R,T) gravity proposed by Harko et al. (Phys. Rev. D 84:024020, 2011) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. Exact solutions of the field equations are obtained both in the absence and in the presence of cosmic strings under some specific plausible physical conditions. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are, also, studied.     

Bianchi type-V bulk viscous string cosmological model in scale-covariant theory of gravitation

A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-V space–time is considered in the frame work of a scale covariant theory of gravitation proposed by Canuto et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:429, 1977) when the matter sources is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. Using some physically plausible conditions, we have obtained a determinate solution of the field equations of the theory which represents a Bianchi type-V bulk viscous string cosmological model in this theory. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.     

Bianchi type-V bulk viscous string cosmological model in Saez-Ballester scalar-tensor theory of gravitation

In this paper, a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-V cosmological model is considered in a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Saez and Ballester (in Phys. Lett. A 113:467, 1986) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. The field equations being highly non-linear, we obtain a determinate solution using the plausible physical conditions (i) the scalar of expansion of the space-time is proportional to shear scalar (ii) the baratropic equation of state for pressure and density and (iii) the bulk viscous pressure is proportional to the energy density. It is interesting to observe that cosmic strings do not survive in this model. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.     

Anisotropic universe with cosmic strings and bulk viscosity in a scalar–tensor theory of gravitation

A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-I cosmological model is obtained in a scalar–tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Saez and Ballester (Phys. Lett. A 113:467, 1986) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are discussed. It is observed that the bulk viscosity has a greater role in getting an accelerated expansion of the universe in this theory.     

LRS Bianchi type-II universe with cosmic strings and bulk viscosity in a modified theory of gravity

A locally rotationally symmetric (LRS) Bianchi type-II space-time is considered in the frame work of a modified theory of gravitation proposed by Harko et al. (Phys. Rev. D 84:024020, 2011) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. A barotropic equation of state is assumed to get a determinate solution of the field equations. Also, the bulk viscous pressure is assumed to be proportional to the energy density. The physical behavior of the model is also discussed.     

Non-existence of Bianchi type-III bulk viscous string cosmological model in f(R,T) gravity

A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-III space-time is considered in the presence of bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings in the frame work of f(R,T) gravity proposed by Harko et al. (Phys. Rev. D 84:024020, 2011). To get a determinate solution of the field equations of this theory, we have used (i) a barotropic equation of state for the pressure and density and (ii) the bulk viscous pressure is proportional to the energy density. It is interesting to observe that, in this case, Bianchi type-III bulk viscous string cosmological model does not exist and degenerates into vacuum model of general relativity.     

Bianchi type-III bulk viscous cosmic string model in a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation

A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-III space-time is considered in the presence of bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings in the frame work of a scalar-tensor theory of gravity proposed by Saez and Ballester (in Phys. Lett. A 113:467, 1986). We have obtained a determinate solution of the field equations of this theory, using (i) a barotropic equation of state for the pressure and density and (ii) the bulk viscous pressure is proportional to the energy density. Some physical properties of the model are also discussed.     

Generation of Bianchi Type V Universes Filled with A Perfect Fluid

Assuming a perfect fluid distribution of matter Bianchi type Vspace-time is considered and using a new generation techniqueit is shown that the field equations are solvable for anyarbitrary cosmic scale function. Solutions for particularforms of cosmic scale functions are obtained, and thegeometrical and physical properties of these solutions discussed.     

Bianchi type-V bulk viscous string cosmological model in f(R,T) gravity

In this paper, we investigate a spatially homogeneous and anisotropic Bianchi type-V cosmological model in a scalar-tensor theory of gravitation proposed by Harko et al. (Phys. Rev. D 84:024020, 2011) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. To obtain a determinate solution, a special law of variation proposed by Berman (Nuovo Cimento B 74:182, 1983) is used. We have also used the barotropic equation of state for the pressure and density and bulk viscous pressure is assumed to be proportional to energy density. It is interesting to note that the strings in this model do not survive. Also the model does not remain anisotropic throughout the evolution of the universe. Some physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.     

Anisotropic expansion of the universe and the anisotropy and linear polarisation of the cosmic microwave background

The relativistic transfer equation for polarised radiation is solved in an axisymmetric Bianchi type I universe. Previous results concerning the linear polarisation induced in the cosmic microwave background radiation by Thomson scattering in an anisotropically expanding universe are confirmed. Work partly done at the Osservatorio Astrofisico, Catania (Italia).     

Bianchi type-II Bulk viscous string cosmological model in self-creation theory of gravitation

A spatially homogeneous and anisotropic LRS Bianchi type-II space-time is considered in the frame work of second self-creation theory of gravitation proposed by Barber (Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 14:117, 1982) in the presence of bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. A determinate solution of the field equations is presented using special variation for Hubble’s parameter given by Berman (Nuovo Cimento B 74:182, 1983) and some physically plausible conditions. The solution represents a bulk viscous string model in the second self-creation cosmology. We have also discussed some physical and kinematical properties of the model.     

String cosmological models of Bianchi type-III

A technique to generate new exact Bianchi type-III cosmological solutions of massive strings in the presence of magnetic field is presented. Starting from Tikekar and Patel's strings models in the absence and presence of the magnetic field, new solutions are obtained. Some of their physical features are discussed.     

LRS Bianchi type-II bulk viscous cosmic string model in a scale covariant theory of gravitation

A locally rotationally symmetric(LRS) Bianchi type-II space-time is considered in the frame work of a modified theory of gravitation proposed by Canuto et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:429, 1977) when the source for energy momentum tensor is a bulk viscous fluid containing one dimensional cosmic strings. A special law of variation for Hubble’s parameter proposed by Bermann (Nuovo Cimento B 74:182, 1983) is used to obtain determinate solution of the field equations. We have also used the barotropic equation of state and the bulk viscous pressure is assumed to be proportional to the energy density. The physical and kinematical properties of the model are also discussed.     

The microwave background and (m,Z) relations in a tilted cosmological model

The structure of the cosmic microwave background temperature is studied in the context of a Bianchi type-V tilted cosmological model. First integrals of the equations for the null geodesics are found by use of the symmetries of the model, enabling the celestial temperature distribution to be found. The quadrupole and dipole moments are calculated for some models, suggesting that the observed anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background can be understood in the context of a Bianchi type-V model of the Universe. The apparent magnitude-redshift relations are also calculated for these models.     

Bianchi type I cosmological model with variable Λ-term

Bianchi type I perfect fluid cosmological model is investigated with a variable cosmological term. Einstein’s field equations are solved for any arbitrary cosmic scale factor. The main result of the study is the expression for cosmological term as a power law of scale factor. The age of the universe can also be readily calculated.