Interpretation of torsional shear results for nonlinear stress–strain relationship

Torsional tests are frequently used in material testing to determine shear stress–strain relationships. In the tests, torque is applied to a solid or hollow cylindrical specimen, whose twist angle is recorded as the response. While the raw test results are readily available in terms of torque–twist sets, converting them into intrinsic stress–strain relationships is not always straightforward, owing to the nonlinear stress–strain behavior and the non‐uniform radial distribution of the stress and strain fields. It follows that the approaches currently used to interpret torsional data are essentially empirical based. The present paper addresses this data interpretation issue from a more rigorous perspective. The paper includes two parts: the first part concerns hollow cylindrical specimens under torsion, where an analytical‐based recursive procedure is developed; and the second part deals with solid torsional specimens, for which an analytical solution given by Nadai is directly employed. Examples pertaining to these two cases are examined and the resulting shear stress–strain curves are compared with those based on a number of popular empirical methods. The proposed analytical approaches can serve as a benchmark for checking the accuracy and validity of those empirical propositions. It is worth noting that, for brittle materials exhibiting softening behavior, only the analytical method gives the correct interpretation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电磁类比法在辽宁某地激电异常解释中的应用

本文讨论了激电异常解释中的一些有关问题,主要包括:①电磁类比法在辽宁某矿区激电异常解释中的应用效果;②利用解析计算法求出了矿体的剩余异常。最后,给出了该矿区激电异常解释的有关结果。     

Analysis of the in situ Hydromechanical Behavior of a Fractured Calcareous Rock Mass

Summary. Hydromechanical experiments have been carried out since 1997 within a small fractured calcareous rock mass in southeastern France, at a site called Coaraze. Simultaneous measurements of fluid pressure and joint displacement were performed during these experiments. The interpretation generated has led to characterizing various types of hydromechanical behavior of the jointed rock mass and has provided several lessons. An original analytical interpretation, coupled with a modeling approach, has allowed one to derive the in situ normal joint stiffness, which proves to be highly non-linear. It has been shown that a coefficient able to take into account stiffness contribution from the surrounding rock mass must be included in order to fully interpret the pressure-displacement curves. This analytical interpretation also yields an estimate of the normal stress across the fracture. A comparison between in situ data and laboratory tests is also presented.     

断桩反射波法动测正演理论曲线特征的研究

介绍了反射波法正演问题的数理模型与其解析解的通用性和灵活性.据此计算,得到随断裂深度变化的断桩理论曲线特征,并给予物理解释与实例证实,以说明在采用曲线拟合的反演方法解释反射波法实测资料时,此解析解是十分适用的,且优于各种数值解.     

Three-dimensional poromechanical back analysis of the pulse test accounting for transverse isotropy

The pulse test is usually considered as an efficient test for measuring the permeability of weakly permeable porous media. It is generally interpreted by comparison of experimental and theoretical curves obtained by a simplified 1D analytical solution. In a previous work, we proposed an improvement for test interpretation, through fully coupled numerical modeling in 2D axisymmetric configurations. The numerical modeling took into account the poromechanical coupling and exhibited 2D effects that cannot be assessed with classical interpretation. The modeling was coupled with an inverse method permitting the assessment of intrinsic permeability, mechanical parameters such as Young??s modulus, and poromechanical coupling parameters such as Biot coefficient. The interpretation of the tests on argillites showed anisotropy of the material and revealed the fundamental importance of this anisotropy for further works. The present paper aims at taking into account the transverse isotropy of the rock samples in the poromechanical back analysis of the test. A transverse isotropic poroelastic constitutive law has been developed and implemented in Code_Aster (Edf), and 3D modeling is required to account for all possible orientations of the samples. The poromechanical modeling is still coupled with an inverse method, also implemented in the finite element code. The method was applied to laboratory tests on Meuse/Haute-Marne argillites, on cylindrical samples with axis either parallel or perpendicular to the isotropy planes, and the results were compared with isotropic interpretation. The 3D transverse isotropic modeling provides more consistent values of the parameters than the 2D modeling, particularly for the mechanical parameters.     

Modelling thermal transients from magmatic underplating—an example from the Vøring margin (NE Atlantic)

The thermal impact of several kilometre-thick magmatic underplating in the lower continental crust is studied with analytical and numerical methods. Simple analytical solutions are derived for the thermal transient in the case of an infinite depth below the underplate and also for the case of a finite depth (down to the asthenosphere). It is shown that these solutions lead to simple approximations for when the transient surface heat flow is at its maximum, what the maximum is, and for how long the transient lasts. Even though these solutions assume that the underplate is emplaced instantaneously, they are useful in the interpretation of underplating over finite time spans. A numerical scheme is suggested for the modelling of underplating that handles both short time intervals as well as long intervals. The scheme treats magmatic underplating in a mass and energy conservative manner, and it is compared against the analytical solutions. Finally, the analytical and numerical results for thermal transients are applied to a transect from the Vøring margin (NE Atlantic), with respect to various degrees of early Cenozoic magmatic intrusion. It appears that more than half of the lower crustal body (LCB) in the Vøring margin must be magmatic underplating for the vitrinite reflectance to be substantially higher than for the non-magmatic case, where the LCB is assumed to comprise Caledonian crust.     

直方图技术在测井解释中的应用

直方图技术是测井解释小一种简便、直观的分析方法。该技术特别适宜于解释人员用来检查原始测井曲线质量,选择解释模型所需的地层参数。在某些有利情况下,还可以应用该技术进行地层对比,以及沉积环境识别。     

开发尺度的曲流河储层内部结构地震沉积学解释方法

曲流河地层内部结构复杂,岩性界面具有穿时性,传统的地震相分析法不能满足油藏开发地质研究中对储层内部结构精细解释的需要,急需探索有效的地震解释方法。采用基于探地雷达的露头探测、点坝复合体三维正演模拟和实际地震资料相结合的方法,分析了地震资料频率和地层厚度对曲流河内部结构地震反射特征的影响,研究了利用地层切片解释曲流河沉积结构的原理和方法,建立了开发尺度的曲流河内部结构地震沉积学解释技术。研究发现:(1)高频地震资料中地震反射能够反映曲流河侧积复合体边界,而低频地震资料中反射同相轴与岩性界面一致;(2)不同厚度的点坝侧积单元地震反射特征存在差异,造成反射剖面的多解性。同时指出曲流河内部结构地震沉积学解释的技术关键:(1)发挥地震资料平面与剖面信息的相互约束和补充;(2)将地质体作为三维空间发育的成因体,利用其平面与剖面特征的成因联系指导解释;(3)级次化解释方法,在不同级次上采用针对性的解释方法。将该方法应用于墨西哥湾新近系地震沉积学解释,实现了曲流河点坝复合体内部结构的三维刻画。     

Elastic‐plastic solutions for expanding cavities embedded in two different cohesive‐frictional materials

An analytical solution of cavity expansion in two different concentric regions of soil is developed and investigated in this paper. The cavity is embedded within a soil with finite radial dimension and surrounded by a second soil, which extends to infinity. Large‐strain quasi‐static expansion of both spherical and cylindrical cavities in elastic‐plastic soils is considered. A non‐associated Mohr–Coulomb yield criterion is used for both soils. Closed‐form solutions are derived, which provide the stress and strain fields during the expansion of the cavity from an initial to a final radius. The analytical solution is validated against finite element simulations, and the effect of varying geometric and material parameters is studied. The influence of the two different soils during cavity expansion is discussed by using pressure–expansion curves and by studying the development of plastic regions within the soils. The analytical method may be applied to various geotechnical problems, which involve aspects of soil layering, such as cone penetration test interpretation, ground‐freezing around shafts, tunnelling, and mining. © 2014 The Authors. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

瞬变电磁法(TEM)和激发极化法在金矿勘探中的应用

本文简述了脉冲瞬变电磁法(TEM)和激发极化法在贵州×××金矿勘探中的综合应用。介绍了TEM瞬变电磁法、激发极化法原理、工作仪器及工作中所采用参数及资料整理中所有分析解释软件,选择了黄泥堡金矿10线TEM剖面、激电剖面作为实例进行异常解释推断并结合电测深及钻孔资料对异常进行了验证。     

On the problem of variability in the chemical composition of mud–volcanic waters: Evidence from the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk mud volcano

The results of hydrogeochemical observations on the Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk mud volcano in 2010–2014 are considered. The chemical analysis of samples of mud–volcanic waters was carried out at various analytical centers, which is similar to the common situation where hydrochemical data for a volcano are obtained by different researchers. It is shown that the chemical composition of the mud–volcanic waters is relatively stable in time and space (for different gryphons of the volcano). This allows us to determine the characteristic range of hydrogeochemical indicators. For each year of observations, the coefficients of variation for the concentrations of Na, Mg, Ca, K, and HCO₃ mostly range from 10 to 30%. However, the concentrations analyzed in individual samples may differ significantly from each other. These natural variations are a likely source of errors in the interpretation of hydrochemical data. In addition, it is necessary to account for the specifics of mud–volcanic waters as an object of analytical chemical investigations.     

Engineering approach to interpretation of oedometer tests performed on collapsible soils

Two mathematical models were selected for describing soil collapsibility. The elastic behavior of quasi-uniform materials was utilized for modeling one-dimensional compression of ‘dry’ soil specimens. Water-saturated soil specimens were modeled as elastic materials where deformation properties ‘improve’ during stress increase. Two simple formulas are offered for the interpretation of the double oedometer tests. The validity of these formulas derived within the common stress domain was demonstrated. The analytical expressions derived from the double oedometer tests may be utilized in the interpretation of the single oedometer tests. The effectiveness of the suggested method in the interpretation of single oedometer test was illustrated using the test results published in the literature.     

多目标地球化学填图中的54种指标配套分析方案和分析质量监控系统

文章介绍了多目标地球化学填图对所选用的分析方法的方法检出限、准确度和精密度的要求和样品分析质量监控系统,提出了以等离子体质谱仪(ICPMS)、等离子体光学发射光谱仪(ICPOES)和X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)等大型分析仪器为主体建立的分析多目标地球化学填图样品中54种指标的配套分析方案,并已应用于大规模土壤样品的分析测试,提供了巨量的基础数据,取得了良好的应用效果。     

金属矿气体地球化学测量技术新进展

气体地球化学测量方法由于气体的强穿透性,可将大量的与深部矿化作用有关的物质携带到地表,可直接或间接指示各种地质成矿过程,而受到勘查地球化学的重视。经历数十年的发展之后,气体地球化学测量在测量指标、方法及影响因素研究方面都取得了长足进展。特别是近年来由于分析技术提高,使得很多超微含量的气体测定成为可能,一些新的气体测量方法相继提出,在寻找隐伏矿或盲矿方面获得了较好的效果。笔者对气体测量发展史、气体测量方法、指标及影响因素进行了简单总结,并重点介绍了一种新的气体测量技术（SDP）的测量原理、使用方法及应用实例。     

电子探针分析锆石Hf和Ti含量的结果意义与技术优势

锆石是一种重要的定年矿物,其微量元素地球化学行为是解释锆石年龄地质意义的重要依据。锆石微量元素分析一般采用的是在大束斑条件下(10~50μm)的质谱仪测试方法,其结果反映的是在该束斑范围内,元素的平均含量信息。相比之下,电子探针显微分析可以在极小微区范围内(< 5μm)进行元素的定量分析,更能有效地揭示元素的地球化学行为,可作为研究锆石微量元素的重要技术补充。本文以锆石定年中常用标准锆石(TEMORA、Qinghu和Plešovice)作为研究对象,在20kV加速电压、50~300nA轰击电流以及2~5μm束斑条件下,对其中的Hf和Ti进行了定量分析,包括常规的点和线分析(Point/Line Analysis)以及网格分析(Grid Analysis),并以此为基础进行了线性拟合并建模,对元素的面分布情况进行了探讨。在较长的计数时间条件下(300s),本文得到了20μg/g(1σ)的Ti含量检测限。实验结果表明：锆石中的Zr与Hf之间具有负相关性,反映了两者的类质同象替代;其次,在概率统计方面,电子探针Hf和Ti的定量分析结果明显高于LA－ICP－MS方法,反映了其在更小微区下的含量信息以及地球化学行为,须在诸如(锆石)Ti温度计的应用中特别注意。再者,测试所用标准锆石样品的Hf含量(和Zr/Hf比值)在微区下具有环带分布特征,表现为从核部到边部具有升高(降低)的趋势,这与锆石结晶生长过程中的熔体分异程度有关。另一方面,标准锆石样品中的Ti并未表现出类似Hf的分布特征,且Hf(和Zr/Hf比值)与Ti含量之间也没有发现明显的相关性。因此,对于前人提出的Hf具有类似Ti一样的温度计指示功能的观点仍有待进一步探讨。     

Common analytical errors in the radiodating of recent sediments

Four possible sources of analytical error in the measurement of unsupported²¹⁰Pb and/or nuclear fallout radionuclide (such as¹³⁷Cs) profiles in sediment cores are pointed out. Each of these errors, if present, can significantly alter the true profile of the radionuclide under consideration. It is shown that simple procedural modifications can substantially improve the quality of analytical data that are subsequently used to develop intricate mathematical models to aid the interpretation of observed radionuclide profiles.     

Teacher''s Aide Variogram Interpretation and Modeling

The variogram is a critical input to geostatistical studies: (1) it is a tool to investigate and quantify the spatial variability of the phenomenon under study, and (2) most geostatistical estimation or simulation algorithms require an analytical variogram model, which they will reproduce with statistical fluctuations. In the construction of numerical models, the variogram reflects some of our understanding of the geometry and continuity of the variable, and can have a very important impact on predictions from such numerical models. The principles of variogram modeling are developed and illustrated with a number of practical examples. A three-dimensional interpretation of the variogram is necessary to fully describe geologic continuity. Directional continuity must be described simultaneously to be consistent with principles of geological deposition and for a legitimate measure of spatial variability for geostatistical modeling algorithms. Interpretation principles are discussed in detail. Variograms are modeled with particular functions for reasons of mathematical consistency. Used correctly, such variogram models account for the experimental data, geological interpretation, and analogue information. The steps in this essential data integration exercise are described in detail through the introduction of a rigorous methodology.     

Teacher's Aide Variogram Interpretation and Modeling

The variogram is a critical input to geostatistical studies: (1) it is a tool to investigate and quantify the spatial variability of the phenomenon under study, and (2) most geostatistical estimation or simulation algorithms require an analytical variogram model, which they will reproduce with statistical fluctuations. In the construction of numerical models, the variogram reflects some of our understanding of the geometry and continuity of the variable, and can have a very important impact on predictions from such numerical models. The principles of variogram modeling are developed and illustrated with a number of practical examples. A three-dimensional interpretation of the variogram is necessary to fully describe geologic continuity. Directional continuity must be described simultaneously to be consistent with principles of geological deposition and for a legitimate measure of spatial variability for geostatistical modeling algorithms. Interpretation principles are discussed in detail. Variograms are modeled with particular functions for reasons of mathematical consistency. Used correctly, such variogram models account for the experimental data, geological interpretation, and analogue information. The steps in this essential data integration exercise are described in detail through the introduction of a rigorous methodology.     

GGR Biennial Critical Review: Analytical Developments Since 2012

Advances in the chemical, crystallographic and isotopic characterisation of geological and environmental materials can often be ascribed to technological improvements in analytical hardware or to innovative approaches to data acquisition and/or its interpretation. This biennial review addresses key laboratory methods that form much of the foundation for analytical geochemistry; again, this contribution is presented as a compendium of laboratory techniques. We highlight advances that have appeared since January 2012 and that are of particular significance for the chemical and isotopic characterisation of geomaterials. Prominent scientists from the selected analytical fields present publications they judge to be particular noteworthy, providing background information about the method and assessing where further opportunities might be anticipated. In addition to the well‐established technologies such as thermal ionisation mass spectrometry and plasma emission spectroscopy, this publication also presents new or rapidly growing methods such as electron backscattered diffraction analysis and atom probe tomography – a very sensitive method providing atomic scale information.