PERSPECTIVES ON THE CHANGING ECOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF SUBURBIA

This article examines the history of community investments made by woolen manufacturer Austin Levy in the town of Burrillville, Rhode Island, in the first half of the 20th century. These investments, characteristic of the paternalistic welfare capitalism typical of the era, sustained the town as a vibrant industrial producer at a time when capital was disinvesting from other communities in the region. Levy's investments in the workplace and the community and his interventions in the town's built environment were noteworthy because they were grounded in an attempt to reproduce an imagined history of the town, linking images of pre-industrial Puritan New England with the paternalism of the early-industrial Rhode Island System mill village. Although his attempts to construct new identities for himself, his town, and his workers met with some resistance, the project was generally successful. His result suggests a reconsideration of the viability and desirability of such projects for contemporary communities attempting to stave off industrial decline. [Key words: paternalism, welfare capitalism, textiles, New England.]     

The Legacy of Jedidiah Morse in Early American Geography Education: Forgotten and/or Forgettable Geographer?

Despite numerous and significant writings by historians of geography and biographers from other disciplines, and his authorship of the first geography textbooks written in and for the new American republic, most geographers are largely unaware of the contributions of Jedidiah Morse in academic geography. Writings about Morse suggest that he had alienated himself from many of his contemporaries early in his career through his authoritarian brand of Calvinistic republicanism, a perceived contradiction of that style with his entrepreneurial ambitions, his role in the controversial Bavarian Illuminati, and a dispute with a noted New England historian. But subsequent, broader intellectual movements sealed Morse's fate as a forgotten geographer (to most), including the end of the Second Great Awakening, Transcendentalism, Darwinism, and the “new,” process‐based geographical thinking inspired by Carl Ritter, Alexander von Humboldt, and Arnold Guyot. Regardless of the reasons for Morse's lost legacy, his contributions to geographical education are important and should be remembered.     

“城市区域”主义下的中国区域治理模式重构——珠三角城际铁路的实证

中国的区域治理模式长期以来呈现出阶段性演化的特征。特别是近些年,传统省-市分层设权的权力组织关系被动态的、反复连续性的博弈所取代。本研究借助政治经济学与人文地理学关于“国家空间再中心化”及组织社会学者的“行政发包制”理论,立足区域基础设施项目,即“珠三角城际铁路网”展开实证,系统分析其规划、建设及运营过程。并聚焦其中的事权与财权动态演变过程,解析省政府的角色定位和省市关系的演变等两大关键问题,揭示中国城市区域治理重构的内在逻辑。研究发现：一方面,省政府的角色定位由“分包商”和“协调者”逐渐转变为协调与发展并重的新角色定位;同时,省市关系由结构化的“行政发包”转化为多轮协商的动态博弈连续体。     

近期我国省域经济增长的基本态势分析

本文对1991年～1996年间，我国省域经济增长的区域差异性进行了分析。重点是：揭示国家宏观发展政策对省域经济发展格局的作用效果，总结省域经济发展水平变化及对国家经济总量增长贡献程度分异的规律，以及划分省域经济增长类型、并探讨主要类型形成的内在机制。     

我国省会城市职能类型的分离与职能优化配置

本文分析了省会城市作为省内综合性、单一中心建设的弊端 ,诸如条块分割、资源浪费和产业结构趋同等 ,指出省会城市职能类型分离和转移的方法及步骤 ,并依据一定的指标 ,确定密切联系区和强烈影响区。在我国省会城市职能界定及各省中心城市的判别的基础上 ,提出省会城市职能结构的建设与配置思路 :强化行政文化职能 ;转移省会城市部分职能 ;在城市体系中考察省会城市的职能。     

省级边界区域经济发展的空间分析

省级行政区是我国最高级别的行政区域,在长期的演变过程中,形成具有中国特色的行政-经济区.由于先天和后天的原因,省级边界区域经济发展水平一般处于落后状态.省级经济区空间结构符合弗里德曼的"核心-边缘"理论,省会级中心城市多处于极化阶段,形成核心区;边界地区一般是边缘区.缩小省级边界区域与中心区域经济发展的差距,既要遵循经济区发展的一般规律,又要考虑行政-经济区的特殊情况.作者认为:经济区内部优化、经济区外部竞争与合作两种途径结合是边界区经济发展的必由之路.     

Interplay of eustatic,tectonic and autogenic controls on a Late Devonian carbonate platform,northern Canning Basin,Australia

Frasnian reef complexes along the northern margin of the Canning Basin in northwestern Australia evolved during rifting of the Fitzroy Trough. Geological investigations of the Frasnian Hull platform, which developed on an active tilted fault‐block, reveal significant lateral and vertical facies variations superimposed on prominent metre‐scale cyclicity. This study uses numerical analyses of facies and magnetic susceptibility data from three measured sections along the Hull platform to test whether a tectonic signal can be distinguished from eustatic and other signals. Geostatistical analysis of facies variations reveals an exponential distribution of thin (<3 m) facies, characteristic of stochastic depositional processes. Thick subtidal facies predominate in the Guppy Hills (GH) and southeastern Hull Range (SHR) sections near the hangingwall margin, and thick shallow‐subtidal to intertidal facies dominate the Horse Springs drillcore (HD 14) section near the footwall margin. Power and wavelet spectral analyses indicate a strong periodic component; Average Spectral Misfit and spectral optimisation methods confirm the presence of Milankovitch eccentricity signals and suggest the presence of obliquity and precession signals. However, the results also expose strong temporal and spatial variation providing evidence for tectonic control. Spectral analyses show strongest periodicity is recorded in short intervals that are not correlated across the platform and provide evidence of variations in sedimentation rate and hiatuses. Time series for the neighbouring GH and SHR sections show no overall statistical correlation, and Markov analysis indicates weakly ordered vertical facies transitions that do not correlate across the platform. Subtidal to intertidal facies data from HD 14 core suggest that at least 35% of the section is absent, almost obscuring the Milankovitch signal. The results indicate a complex set of controls on deposition on the Hull platform with local tectonic effects having produced spatio‐temporal moderation of the underlying eustatic signals and autogenic processes adding a localised stochastic response.     

“GEOGRAPHY IS TWINNED WITH DIVINITY”: THE LAUDIAN GEOGRAPHY OF PETER HEYLYN

ABSTRACT. This critical history of geography looks to the political concepts that historical actors held and analyzes the incorporation of these concepts into geography. Peter Heylyn, who politicized his geographical books Microcosmus (1621) and, still more, Cosmographie (1657), followed William Laud's characteristic brand of High Church Anglicanism, avowedly hostile both to Roman Catholicism and to Calvinist forms of Protestantism, while upholding an ideal of the Church of England as both independent and apostolic. Further, Laudians were stalwart defendants of monarchy as a divine institution. This Laudian vision of church and state informed Heylyn's geographical works, which goes against a received wisdom that they are divorced from his polemical historical, political, and theological tracts. We thus recover the politics of early modern geography as contemporaries might have understood them.     

冀豫鄂三省农用地分等成果一致性检验

农用地省级分等成果是国家级成果汇总的基础,省级成果是否具有一致性,省际是否平衡协调是国家级汇总研究的重点内容。以冀豫鄂三省为例,标准样地为样本数据,分析标准粮产量与农用地等别关系,剖析农用地省级分等成果的内部一致性以及省际差异程度。检验结果表明:各省农用地分等结果与标准粮产量间具有相同的变化趋势,但相关程度与变化关系不具有整体一致性。     

A paleolimnological assessment of lake acidification in five Connecticut lakes

New England has received significant amounts of precipitation with a pH between 4.2 and 4.6. Paleolimnological studies based on siliceous microalgal remains support the hypothesis that some lakes in northern New England have acidified as a result of the acidic deposition. However, paleolimnological analyses from five software lakes in southern New England suggest that these lakes have not acidified in recent years. In all of the study lakes the inferred pH has remained relatively stable, and in two lakes the pH has actually increased slightly in recent years. Despite the relatively stable inferred pH reconstructions, significant shifts in species assemblages were observed in each lake, many of which are believed to correlate with land use changes. It is possible that effects of land use changes (e.g. increased urbanization) have masked potential effects of acid deposition.     

改革开放以来中国省际边缘区研究历程及展望

省际边缘区由于自身的优势和劣势,在区域经济格局中,既面临着新的发展机遇,又面临着被边缘化的危险,成为统筹发展的热点区域。在对1978年以来各个时期代表性的省际边缘区研究成果进行梳理、归纳和分析的基础上,结合社会经济发展的阶段特征和不同时期研究的价值取向,认为我国省际边缘区的研究历程经历了问题导向型、理论导向型和功能导向型3个研究阶段,并对研究内容和现状进行了述评。结合当前省际边缘区发展所面临的新问题,对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

多尺度视角下技术转移网络对城市创新能力的影响

在多尺度视角下探讨技术转移网络对城市创新能力的影响及机制。结果表明：(1)中国城市技术转移强度空间分布不均衡,技术转移网络等级分布明显。(2)中国技术转移网络全行业网络集中度较高,不同尺度分网络差异显著。(3)不同尺度的技术转移均有助于提升城市创新能力,但存在尺度差异。城市尺度作用最强,国家尺度次之,省域尺度影响最小。说明地理邻近对创新有显著促进作用,同时,知识的复杂程度影响创新,获取知识的复杂程度越高,越有利于提升城市创新能力。     

Zachris Topelius

Zachris Topelius was born 150 years ago: he died at the age of eighty in 1898. He was a man of many parts and few Finns have lived a fuller or more varied intellectual life.¹ As a university historian, Topelius was remarkable for his imaginative lectures; at the same time, he created in Tales of a Surgeon² an outstanding volume of Northern Europe's historical fiction. He was a topographer with an eye for the essentials of the landscape; a poet, quick to observe symbolic meanings in natural phenomena; a patriot, sensitive to the nature and significance of Finnish nationality. Zachris Topelius was also a self-appointed geographer.     

近期中国省际经济社会要素流动的空间特征

本文运用GIS空间分析和图形技术 ,就中国省 (区 )际人口迁移、铁路客流、航空客流、铁路货流、信件流等经济社会要素流动的空间特征进行综合分析。结果表明 :地区经济水平对要素流的形成与分布影响较大 ,京津唐、沪苏浙和广东构成了要素流的三大核心 ;要素流呈现为 4种基本空间型态和两类空间模式 ;各要素流的空间分布很不均衡 ,流量重心大幅偏离我国国土几何重心 ,但与人口和经济分布重心吻合度较高。     

村镇建设类型划分的理论与方法研究——以江苏省为例

村镇地区是多要素组合的地域单元,由于区位条件复杂多样,资源禀赋差异明显,村镇建设具有多元发展路径。基于资源环境承载力视角,构建了“压力-状态-响应”框架下的村镇建设分类指标体系,采用单向优势指标和复合指标相对优势判断相结合的划定方法,综合考虑国家和省级功能区划、协调乡镇周边区域功能并衔接省国土空间发展战略,以乡镇为分析单元,建立了省级村镇建设分类综合方案,并以江苏省为案例进行村镇建设类型划分研究。研究结果发现,江苏省仅有29.61%的乡镇为明显的单一建设类型,村镇建设的综合性发展态势明显;村镇建设类型具有明显的地域差异,苏北地区主要以居住类乡镇和生态类乡镇为主,苏中地区种植类乡镇和养殖类乡镇居多,苏南地区则集聚了商旅类和工业类乡镇。以此为基础提出不同村镇建设类型的资源环境承载力提升策略。     

中国省域人口空间结构特征及其对经济绩效的影响——基于实体城市的空间识别

基于LandScan全球人口和ESA全球土地利用数据,构建2000—2015年中国省域人口空间结构数据库,刻画省域人口空间结构的时空格局,进而运用面板固定效应法、两阶段最小二乘法和差分GMM法探索空间结构对省域经济绩效的影响及这种影响对不同规模省域的差异,最后从省会城市集聚（不）经济的角度分析其内在机制。结果发现：① 2000—2015年,中国所有省会城市的人口规模都得到了显著增加,省域人口空间结构存在单中心化的演变趋势,且中西部地区省域人口空间结构相对偏单中心化;② 对所有省份尤其是人口规模相对较小的省份而言,人口空间结构单中心化倾向于提高省域经济效率,而对人口规模相对大的省份,人口空间结构单中心化很可能不利于省域经济效率的提高;③ 省会城市自身已经初显集聚不经济的迹象。     

中国省域创业生态系统动态协同效应研究

以中国28个省(市、自治区)创业生态系统为研究单位,利用复合系统协同度模型定量评价2010-2017年省域创业生态系统动态协同效应.在此基础上,基于泰尔系数和差异系数法分析了省域间创业生态系统协同水平差异,并划分各省协同类型,揭示其时空演变特征,最后考察了省域创业生态系统协同对经济增长的影响.研究表明:①研究期内中国省...     

2004–2011年中国省域生态补偿差异分析（英文）

In this study, we developed a theoretical framework to analyze the provincial differences in eco-compensation and selected appropriate measurement methods to investigate these differences in the operation of the eco-compensation framework. Via the use of the coefficient of variation, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient, we investigated the overall differences in Chinese provincial eco-compensation time series data from 2004 to 2014 and studied the driving mechanism underlying these differences. The results showed that:(1) The provincial eco-compensation standard has geographical features. For example, the provinces crossed by the "HU Huanyong Line", or located to its northwestern side, have obtained extensive eco-compensation.(2) There was a trend for differences in eco-compensation to increase over time, but with some fluctuations in 2006, 2009, and 2014 as shown by the coefficient of variation, in 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, and 2014 as shown by the Gini coefficient, and in 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012 as shown by the Atkinson index.(3) Time series curves indicated that while the signals from the three metrics(coefficient of variation, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient) differ in a short-term analysis, they show the same tendency in the longer term. The results indicate that it is necessary to evaluate the differences in eco-compensation at the provincial level over a long period of time.(4) Via the calculation of the virtual Gini coefficient, we found that among the factors that influence provincial differences in eco-compensation, the economic value of eco-resources played the decisive role, explaining more than 73% of the difference. The cost of environmental pollution abatement was the second most important factor, accounting for more than 19% of the difference. The input to environmental pollution abatement had the least influence, accounting for less than 8% of the difference. The results agreed with those obtained from other studies, and could be used as a reference by policy makers.     

A study of provincial differences in China’s eco-compensation framework

In this study, we developed a theoretical framework to analyze the provincial differences in eco-compensation and selected appropriate measurement methods to investigate these differences in the operation of the eco-compensation framework. Via the use of the coefficient of variation, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient, we investigated the overall differences in Chinese provincial eco-compensation time series data from 2004 to 2014 and studied the driving mechanism underlying these differences. The results showed that: (1) The provincial eco-compensation standard has geographical features. For example, the provinces crossed by the “HU Huanyong Line”, or located to its northwestern side, have obtained extensive eco-compensation. (2) There was a trend for differences in eco-compensation to increase over time, but with some fluctuations in 2006, 2009, and 2014 as shown by the coefficient of variation, in 2005, 2007, 2011, 2013, and 2014 as shown by the Gini coefficient, and in 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012 as shown by the Atkinson index. (3) Time series curves indicated that while the signals from the three metrics (coefficient of variation, Atkinson index, and Gini coefficient) differ in a short-term analysis, they show the same tendency in the longer term. The results indicate that it is necessary to evaluate the differences in eco-compensation at the provincial level over a long period of time. (4) Via the calculation of the virtual Gini coefficient, we found that among the factors that influence provincial differences in eco-compensation, the economic value of eco-resources played the decisive role, explaining more than 73% of the difference. The cost of environmental pollution abatement was the second most important factor, accounting for more than 19% of the difference. The input to environmental pollution abatement had the least influence, accounting for less than 8% of the difference. The results agreed with those obtained from other studies, and could be used as a reference by policy makers.     

Research on the suitability of population distribution at the provincial scale in China

The relationship between population distribution and resources, environment and social-economic development has a significant influence on the human development. This paper set up a set of index system and model methods for the assessment of the coordination between population and resources, environment and social-economic development, and it quantitatively evaluated this coordination at the provincial scale in 2000 and 2010 respectively Based on this set of index system, the suitability degree and the spatial-temporal pattern of population distribution at the provincial scale were carefully characterized. The restriction of population distribution at the provincial scale was graded and classified, and the coordinated development strategy of population, resources, environment and social economy was finally put forward. The results showed that： （1） The environmental suitability of population distribu- tion at the provincial scale was generally high in China, which tended to be stable from 2000 to 2010. （2） The restriction of water and land resources at the provincial scale was generally strong in China, but it tended to be weak from 2000 to 2010. （3） The coordination degree between the social-economic development and population distribution at the provincial scale was mostly at a middle level, which was in the positive upward path from 2000 to 2010. （4） The suitability of population distribution at the provincial scale was mostly at a middle level, all of which was rising from 2000 to 2010. （5） The coordination degree between population dis- tribution and resources, environment and social-economic development at the provincial scale was divided into four grades, including basic coordination, relative coordination, awaited coordination and urgent-needed coordination. （6） The basic ways to promote the coordinated development of population, resources and environment in different regions in China can be summarized as： implementing the strategy of population agglomeration and evacuation, guiding the orderly flow of population, optimizing the spatial distribution of popu- lation and drawing up the spatial planning of population development.