一种基于位移场分析的临界滑动面确定方法研究

安全系数的计算和临界滑动面的确定是边坡稳定性分析的两个组成部分,强度折减法可以得到合理的安全系数,但却不能准确刻画临界滑动面的位置。基于对滑动现象的认识,提出了一种基于位移场分析的临界滑动面确定方法,认为当边坡处于临界状态时,其潜在滑动面附近的位移等值线最为密集,潜在滑动面上的点往往是在深度方向上沿垂直滑面的位移变化率达到最大值的位置。将本文方法与Spencer法、岩质边坡模型试验进行了对比,验证了该方法在曲线和折线滑动面搜索方面的适用性和可靠性。同时,探讨了单元形状、疏密程度、离散点间距等因素对滑动面的影响。     

Experimental and numerical investigation into surface strength of mine tailings after biopolymer stabilization

Penetration test has been a promising technique for characterizing the surface strength of a crusted surface. This paper presents an experimental and numerical investigation of using a flat-ended penetrometer to evaluate the surface strength of mine tailings (MT) treated with biopolymer solutions of different concentrations. The experimental results show that the infiltration depth of biopolymer solution into dry MT decreases with the increase in biopolymer concentration. Biopolymer stabilization effectively increases the surface strength and cracking resistance of MT, and the increase is greater when the biopolymer concentration is higher. To further explore how biopolymer stabilization increases the surface strength and crack resistance of MT, numerical simulations using discrete element method were carried out to study the penetration tests on MT treated with biopolymer solutions of different concentrations. The simulation results show that the inter-particle tensile and shear strengths both increase with higher biopolymer concentration, indicating that more biopolymer induces larger inter-particle bonding and thus increases the surface strength of MT. The simulation results also confirm the delayed formation of cracks on MT after biopolymer stabilization from a microscale perspective, leading to a better understanding of biopolymer stabilization of MT.     

An attempt to use LA-ICP-SMS to quantify enrichment of trace elements on pyrite surfaces in oxidizing mine tailings

Metals released from oxidation and weathering of sulphide minerals in mine tailings are to a high degree retained at deeper levels within the tailings themselves. To be able to predict what could happen in the future with these secondarily retained metals, it is important to understand the retention mechanisms. In this study an attempt to use laser ablation high-resolution ICP-MS (LA-ICP-SMS) to quantify enrichment of trace elements on pyrite surfaces in mine tailings was performed. Pyrite grains were collected from a profile through the pyrite-rich tailings at the Kristineberg mine in northern Sweden. At each spot hit by the laser, the surface layer was analyzed in the first shot, and a second shot on the same spot gave the chemical composition of the pyrite immediately below. The crater diameter for a laser shot was known, and by estimating the crater depth and total pyrite surface, the total enrichment on pyrite grains was calculated. Results are presented for As, Cd, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn. The results clearly show that there was an enrichment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn on the pyrite surfaces below the oxidation front in the tailings, but not of Co and Ni. Arsenic was also enriched on the pyrite grains that survived in the oxidized zone. Copper has been enriched on pyrite surfaces in unoxidized tailings in the largest amount, followed by Zn and As. However, only 1.4 to 3.1% of the Cd and Zn released by sulphide oxidation in the oxidized zone have been enriched on the pyrite surfaces in the unoxidized tailings, but for As and Cu corresponding figures are about 64 and 43%, respectively. There were many uncertainties in these calculations, and the results shall not be taken too literally but allowed the conclusion that enrichment on pyrite surfaces is an important process for retention of As and Cu below the oxidation front in pyrite rich tailings. Laser ablation is not a surface analysis technique, but more of a thin layer method, and gives no information on the type of processes resulting in enrichment on the pyrite surfaces. Although only pyrite grains that appeared to be fresh and without surface coatings were used in this study, the possibility that a thin layer of Fe-hydroxides occurred must be considered. Both adsorption to the pyrite directly or to Fe-oxyhydroxides may explain the enrichment of As, Cd, Cu and Zn on the pyrite surfaces, and, in the case of Cu, also the replacement of Fe(II) by Cu(II) in pyrite.     

An evaluation of copper remobilization from mine tailings in sulfidic environments

A laboratory-based assessment of copper remobilization from Cu-rich mine tailings exposed to anoxic, sulfide rich waters was performed. The results from incubation experiments, conducted over a 20 day period, were compared to thermodynamic modelling calculations of copper speciation in sulfidic waters. The tailings materials were observed to react rapidly with added sulfide, consuming 159 μmol HS⁻ g⁻¹ (dry wt) within a 24 h period. The consumption of sulfide was attributed to a two stage process involving the reduction of Fe-hydroxy phases by sulfide followed by reaction with available Fe²⁺ and Cu²⁺ resulting in the formation Fe- and Cu-sulfide phases. During incubation experiments, the dissolved copper concentrations in the absence of sulfide were approximately 0.31 μmol l⁻¹, whereas in the presence of sulfide (0.5–5 mM) concentrations were typically 0.24 μmol l⁻¹. The experiments did not indicate enhanced solubility owing to the formation of soluble copper sulfide species. The predictions (based on the most recent thermodynamic data for aqueous Cu-sulfide and Cu-polysulfide species) did not accurately explain the laboratory observations. Model predictions were greatly influenced by the assumptions made about the oxidation state of copper under anoxic conditions and the solid sulfide phase controlling copper solubility. The study emphasizes the limitations of modelling copper speciation in sulfidic waters and the need for laboratory or field verification of predictions.     

基于GIS和水质水温的矿井突水水源快速判别

针对淮南潘谢矿区新生界下含松散孔隙水与石炭系太原组石灰岩岩溶裂隙水水质接近的特殊情况,提出了基于GIS和水质水温的矿井突水水源快速判别方法。该法是利用测温钻孔的温度-深度拟合结果,构建基于GIS的利用水温识别突水水源的模型,并将其判别结果与基于水质的模糊综合评判计算的结果相结合,综合判别矿井突水水源。本法应用于潘一煤矿86-1号突水判别,实例结果显示,该法可以较好地适用于水质判别效果不佳,而含水层之间存在较大的地温差(埋深差)情况下的突水水源识别。     

Geochemical and mineralogical aspects of sulfide mine tailings

Tailings generated during processing of sulfide ores represent a substantial risk to water resources. The oxidation of sulfide minerals within tailings deposits can generate low-quality water containing elevated concentrations of SO₄, Fe, and associated metal(loid)s. Acid generated during the oxidation of pyrite [FeS₂], pyrrhotite [Fe_(1−x)S] and other sulfide minerals is neutralized to varying degrees by the dissolution of carbonate, (oxy)hydroxide, and silicate minerals. The extent of acid neutralization and, therefore, pore-water pH is a principal control on the mobility of sulfide-oxidation products within tailings deposits. Metals including Fe(III), Cu, Zn, and Ni often occur at high concentrations and exhibit greater mobility at low pH characteristic of acid mine drainage (AMD). In contrast, (hydr)oxyanion-forming elements including As, Sb, Se, and Mo commonly exhibit greater mobility at circumneutral pH associated with neutral mine drainage (NMD). These differences in mobility largely result from the pH-dependence of mineral precipitation–dissolution and sorption–desorption reactions. Cemented layers of secondary (oxy)hydroxide and (hydroxy)sulfate minerals, referred to as hardpans, may promote attenuation of sulfide-mineral oxidation products within and below the oxidation zone. Hardpans may also limit oxygen ingress and pore-water migration within sulfide tailings deposits. Reduction–oxidation (redox) processes are another important control on metal(loid) mobility within sulfide tailings deposits. Reductive dissolution or transformation of secondary (oxy)hydroxide phases can enhance Fe, Mn, and As mobility within sulfide tailings. Production of H₂S via microbial sulfate reduction may promote attenuation of sulfide-oxidation products, including Fe, Zn, Ni, and Tl, via metal-sulfide precipitation. Understanding the dynamics of these interrelated geochemical and mineralogical processes is critical for anticipating and managing water quality associated with sulfide mine tailings.     

吉林红旗岭镍矿区尾矿地球化学特征研究

文章通过对红旗岭矿区尾砂数据的分析研究,对矿产资源的再度利用提出合理有效的方案,为矿产资源的二次开发开辟新的道路.在红旗岭尾矿库进行尾矿取样研究分析,测试尾砂中的元素含量,分析尾砂中元素的分布规律,依据工业品位要求,以及尾矿含水率等数据初步估算红旗岭矿区尾矿镍金属储量;对镍高品位值地段分析以及尾砂抽稀试验,为红旗岭尾矿...     

Mercury speciation in tailings of the Idrija mercury mine

Five hundred years of mercury (Hg) mining activity in Idrija, Slovenia caused widespread Hg contamination. Besides Hg emissions from the ore smelter, tailings have been found to be the major source of river sediment contamination. In the present study, solid phase binding forms and the aqueous mobility of Hg have been investigated in tailings of the Idrija Hg mine by means of a pyrolysis technique and aqueous Hg speciation. Results show that Hg binding forms differ with the age of the tailings due to the processing of different ores with different roasting techniques. In older tailings, the predominant Hg species is cinnabar (HgS), due to incomplete roasting, whereas in tailings of the 20th century the amount of cinnabar in the material decreased due to a higher efficiency of the roasting process and the increasing use of ores bearing native Hg. In younger tailings, metallic Hg (Hg⁰) sorbed to mineral matrix components such as dolomite and Fe-oxyhydroxides became the predominant Hg binding form in addition to unbound Hg⁰ and traces of HgO. Leaching tests show that in younger tailings high amounts of soluble Hg exist in reactive form. In older tailings most of the soluble Hg occurs bound to soluble complexes. It might be assumed that in the long term, matrix-bound Hg⁰ could be bound to humic acids derived from soils covering the tailings. This means that, despite the lower total Hg concentrations found in the younger tailings, the long-term risk potential of its mobile matrix-bound Hg⁰ is higher than that of older tailings bearing mostly immobile cinnabar.     

Speciation and colloid transport of arsenic from mine tailings

In addition to affecting biogeochemical transformations, the speciation of As also influences its transport from tailings at inoperative mines. The speciation of As in tailings from the Sulfur Bank Mercury Mine site in Clear Lake, California (USA) (a hot-spring Hg deposit) and particles mobilized from these tailings have been examined during laboratory-column experiments. Solutions containing two common, plant-derived organic acids (oxalic and citric acid) were pumped at 13 pore volumes d⁻¹ through 25 by 500 mm columns of calcined Hg ore, analogous to the pedogenesis of tailings. Chemical analysis of column effluent indicated that all of the As mobilized was particulate (1.5 mg, or 6% of the total As in the column through 255 pore volumes of leaching). Arsenic speciation was evaluated using X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), indicating the dominance of arsenate [As(V)] sorbed to poorly crystalline Fe(III)-(hydr)oxides and coprecipitated with jarosite [KFe₃(SO₄, AsO₄)₂(OH)₆] with no detectable primary or secondary minerals in the tailings and mobilized particles. Sequential chemical extractions (SCE) of <45 μm mine tailings fractions also suggest that As occurs adsorbed to Fe (hydr)oxides (35%) and coprecipitated within poorly crystalline phases (45%). In addition, SCEs suggest that As is associated with 1 N acid-soluble phases such as carbonate minerals (20%) and within crystalline Fe-(hydr)oxides (10%). The finding that As is transported from these mine tailings dominantly as As(V) adsorbed to Fe (hydr)oxides or coprecipitated within hydroxysulfates such as jarosite suggests that As release from soils and sediments contaminated with tailings will be controlled by either organic acid-promoted dissolution or reductive dissolution of host phases.     

尾矿中硫化物风化氧化模拟实验研究

为防治矿山尾矿造成环境污染，对方铅矿，闪锌矿，磁黄铁矿、黄铜矿，黄铁矿进行了风化氧化实验研究，结果显示，硫化物的氧化速率顺序为：方铅矿＞闪锌矿＞磁黄铁矿＞黄铜矿＞黄铁矿，侵蚀液pH值越低，硫化物氧化速率越大，有机物存在对硫化物氧化起缓冲和抑制作用。     

基于GIS的煤矿地质测量信息分类编码技术

综合煤矿地质测量信息的专业特性及信息表示的几何特征(主要包括点、线、面等),按专题图层对煤矿地质测量的实体对象进行分类与编码,形成了一套基于GIS的煤矿地质测量信息分类编码体系。该体系具有遵循矿山基础信息的相关国家标准,兼顾数字绘图和空间分析原则,便于面向对象的程序设计等特点。     

井上下联合处理矿井水中污染物效果研究

为了去除矿井水中多种污染物,建立了\     

Modeling the effect of stratification on cemented layer formation in sulfide-bearing mine tailings

Reactive transport simulations have been applied to investigate possible effects of stratification on the potential of sulfide-bearing mine tailings to form protective cemented layers. The simulations are based on characteristic strata found at a German tailings site, including sulfide-enriched heavy mineral layers, mica-enriched silt layers, and homogeneously mixed layers. The simulated secondary phases (jarosite, gypsum, amorphous ferric arsenate, amorphous Fe hydroxide, alunite, amorphous silica, and kaolinite) are similar to those observed in the field. Using scanning electron microscope analyses of cemented layers, it has been observed that the pore area becomes disconnected if the porosity is decreased to values below 15%, which would indicate a strong decrease in permeability. Stratification was found to play a crucial role in cemented layer formation. Cemented layers are absent or insignificant in systems with a homogeneous distribution of Fe-bearing sulfides. They are extensively developed in systems with (a) an arsenopyrite-rich layer or (b) a mica-enriched layer situated immediately below an Fe-sulfide enriched layer. The modeling results have clearly demonstrated that the key processes operating in scenario (a) are very different from the key processes in scenario (b). In scenario (a), the oxidation of arsenopyrite is followed by the precipitation of amorphous ferric arsenate, which can be solely responsible for significant pore reduction. In scenario (b), the presence of a large amount of reactive aluminosilicates (e.g. biotite and Ca-bearing plagioclase) immediately below the Fe-sulfide rich layer appears to be crucial. Key processes are extensive formation of Acid Rock Drainage (ARD) followed by enhanced (pH-driven) weathering of aluminosilicates, resulting in the accumulation of secondary phases directly below the Fe-sulfide rich layer. In both scenarios, a cemented layer is formed that effectively retards the further downward movement of the oxidation front. The presented details on the role of stratification in the formation of cemented layers could be considered in the construction of mining heaps as a possible measure to stimulate natural attenuation.     

Comparison of laboratory testing protocols to field observations of the weathering of sulfide-bearing mine tailings

A laboratory weathering study using a humidity cell procedure was conducted on two sulfide-bearing tailing samples from a metallurgical site in Ontario (Canada). The test was accompanied by microbiological studies to enumerate the major groups of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and determine their potential role at different stages during the oxidation process. To evaluate the utility of this method, results were compared with those of previous laboratory and field studies on the same materials. The mineralogy of the laboratory samples differs only by the addition of a small amount of hydronium-bearing natrojarosite [(Na,H₃O)Fe₃(SO₄)₂(OH)₆] to one sample. The progress of sulfide oxidation and the rates of solute release were determined to evaluate the extent of mineral dissolution. These processes were influenced strongly by the capacity of the material to generate acidity, which was enhanced by the presence of hydronium-bearing natrojarosite. Acid-neutralization processes occurring during the laboratory tests were affected by reaction kinetics, consistent with field observations. In particular, the extent of carbonate-mineral dissolution appears to be different in the laboratory than in the field, where more prolonged rock–water interaction allowed more complete chemical equilibration. As a consequence, the capacity of this test procedure to predict weathering reactions in mine tailings is limited by its inability to reproduce the weathering sequence observed in the field. The results of the microbiological study showed that distinct groups of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria operate at different stages of the oxidative process, as was observed in field studies where tailings oxidation occurred under natural conditions, suggesting that microbiological tests performed for laboratory studies are reflective of field conditions.     

Chemical characteristics and acid drainage assessment of mine tailings from Akara Gold mine in Thailand

Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) is a great concern in many abandoned mines because of its adverse effect on the environment. In mining processes, many kinds of wastes are produced. These wastes may become eventually sources of environmental degradation. The focus of this study is the geochemical characterization of the end-processed tailings generated by Akara Gold Mine, the biggest gold mine in Thailand. Tailing samples were systematically collected for analyses of chemical and mineralogical compositions. As a result, their quantitative chemical analyses are slightly different from place to place, but mineral components cannot be clearly differentiated. For instance, it may be assumed that the end-processed tailings, which were a mixture between high and low grade concentrates, would have similar mineral components. However, the little variation of chemical composition may be caused by the ore refining processes that are somehow varied in proportion to chemical additives, alkali cyanide and quick lime in particular. In addition, clay composition in ore-bearing layers may also influence alumina content of tailings, accordingly. Distribution of the tailings is not related to depth and distance of the tailing storage pond because the disposal has sped them over the pond during operation. Total heavy metals of the tailing samples were analyzed on the basis of the EPA 3052 method. Consequently, the most toxic elements (e.g., Co, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Zn) were found falling within the standard of Thailand Soil Quality Standards for Habitat and Agriculture. Only Mn appears to have higher content than the standard. In addition, leaching tests proved that these tailings contain low metal concentrations. As a result, at pH 2, Mn can leach out exceeding the Thailand Surface Water Quality Standard for Agricultural (Mn <1 ppm) and the Thailand Industrial Effluent Standard (<5 ppm). Although leachate at pH 4 and neutral conditions contains lower Mn than the Industrial Effluent Standard it still exceeds the surface water quality standard. Interestingly, Pb can be leached out exceeding both standards (0.2 ppm for the industrial effluent standard and 0.05 ppm for the surface water quality standard). For Ni leaching, its concentration is lower than the Industrial Effluent Standard at all pH conditions but still exceeds the Surface Water Standard at pH 2 and 4. This information should be taken into consideration for further environmental monitoring. Acid generating potential of the tailings was estimated using acid–base accounting (ABA) and net acid generation (NAG) tests. The results of ABA and NAG tests show that the tailing samples contain a high amount of sulfur. However, they also contain high acid neutralization capacity. Consequently, these tailings may not have potential to generate acid drainage; in the other words, they can be classified as a non-acid forming (NAF) material. However, since these tailings contain some heavy metals (e.g., Ni, Mn and Pb) that are observed in leachates exceeding the standards at low pH, the AMD conditions may lead to heavy metal release. Therefore, prevention of oxidizing process and dissolution should be considered with great care. In addition, Mn and Pb can also be leached at neutral conditions. Barrier of air and water, clay layer for example, should be placed over the tailings pound before covering by topsoil for re-vegetation. Growing native grass is recommended for stabilization of the surface and reducing erosion rate. Monitoring of water quality should also be carried out annually.     

Arsenic mobilization from mine tailings in the presence of a biosurfactant

Batch experiments were conducted to investigate As mobilization from mine tailings in the presence of a biosurfactant (JBR425, mixed rhamnolipids) and to evaluate the feasibility of using biosurfactant in remediating As contaminated mine tailings/soils. Introduction of the biosurfactant increased As mobilization greatly. When the mass ratio was 10 mg biosurfactant/g mine tailings at pH 11, As mobilization by the biosurfactant was greatest after 24 h, with a corresponding concentration ratio (the ratio of As mobilization by the biosurfactant to that by distilled water at same adjusted pH, wt/wt) of 21.6. Selective sequential extraction indicated that As was easily mobilized from the weakly bound and relatively more mobile fractions by washing with the biosurfactant. A mobilization isotherm was developed to predict As mobilization from the mine tailings in the presence of biosurfactant. It was shown that biosurfactant sorption to the mine tailings is essential for As mobilization. Arsenic mobilization was found to be positively correlated with the mobilization of Fe and other metals (i.e., Cu, Pb and Zn), which might further enhance As mobilization by helping incorporate it into soluble complexes or micelles. Capillary electrophoresis analyses indicated that As redox or methylation reactions had insignificant effect on As mobilization. Biosurfactants might be used potentially to remove bulk As from mine tailings or contaminated soils under alkaline conditions.     

岩石表层光释光测年技术再优化以获得岩石实际侵蚀速率

近年来新提出的岩石表层光释光测年技术为研究基岩在十年-万年时间尺度上的侵蚀速率提供了一种可能。该方法基本原理是暴露于太阳光下的岩石表层光释光信号会被逐渐晒退,其信号晒退的深度与岩石暴露时间以及岩石的侵蚀速率相关。因此,利用岩石表层残留光释光信号与信号深度、暴露时间以及侵蚀速率的定量关系,可以推算出该岩石的暴露年龄或者侵蚀速率。虽然前人已通过理论公式推导,为获取漂砾或基岩的稳态侵蚀速率提供了一种途径,但是该途径获得的稳态侵蚀速率为岩石的最大可达侵蚀速率,不一定是实际侵蚀速率。本次研究对前人的方法提出了两项优化和改进：第一,在岩石表层光释光测年技术中,对半饱和深度的误差提出了一种量化方式,而半饱和深度误差的量化为进一步比较不同岩石的光释光信号晒退程度提供了便利;第二,通过将样品的半饱和深度、误差和宇宙成因核素¹⁰Be年龄投影到不同侵蚀速率下半饱和深度与时间的关系模拟图中,进而获得样品的实际侵蚀速率。因此,优化后的方法可以有效地避免侵蚀速率的高估,为获得岩石十年-万年时间尺度上的实际侵蚀速率提供了一种新的可行途径。