温度与盐度对华贵栉孔扇贝幼贝存活与生长的互作效应研究

在室内实验条件下,采用二因素五水平的正交实验方案,设置了5个温度梯度（15、19、23、27、31℃）和5个盐度梯度（18、22、26、30、34）,研究了温度与盐度对华贵栉孔扇贝幼贝存活与生长的互作效应。结果表明：（1）华贵栉孔扇贝在最适盐度范围内,幼贝适宜的存活温度为15．0～30．5℃;最适存活温度19．0～27...     

体重和温度对华贵栉孔扇贝(Chlamys nobilis)耗氧率和排氨率的影响

采用室内实验生态学方法对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率进行了研究。旨在为华贵栉孔扇贝养殖容量的调查及生态生理的研究提供参考,并可为海洋生态系统动力学和贝类能量学研究提供科学依据。实验结果表明,在实验温度(13—33℃)范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率(OR)和排氨率(NR)与体重(W)都呈负相关,可以用Y=aW-b表示。华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和温度的关系可以表示为OR=-c+b1T-b2T2。在13—28℃温度范围内,华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,28℃时,耗氧率达到最大值,温度升高到33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。而排氨率与温度的关系可以表示为1NR=c1edT,在实验温度范围内,排氨率随温度的升高则呈持续升高趋势。华贵栉孔扇贝呼吸和排泄Q10值范围分别为0.466—2.471和1.129—2.437。在23—28℃温度范围内,不同规格华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率的比值(原子数O:N)较高。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对华贵栉孔扇贝的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P0.01)。华贵栉孔扇贝的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高29.9%和69.4%。     

基于响应面法分析温度和盐度及其交互作用对大菱鲆幼鱼抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了分析温度和盐度及其交互作用对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)抗氧化酶活性的影响,作者采用中心组合设计和响应曲面法研究温度(17~23℃)和盐度(20~40)对大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的效应。结果表明:温度对大菱鲆幼鱼血清SOD活力的线性效应极显著(P0.01),累积效应不显著(P0.05);盐度对大菱鲆幼鱼肠道SOD活力线性效应显著(P0.05),累积效应极显著(P0.01);温度和盐度对SOD活力的互作效应达到显著水平(P0.05)。响应曲面法分析表明,随着温度和盐度的增大,SOD的活力基本上均呈先降后升的趋势。建立SOD活力与温度、盐度及其温度-盐度互作效应的模型方程Y=74.76–9.53 X1+5.31 X2+1.8 X1 X2+5.31 X12+10.53 X22,并据此预测大菱鲆幼鱼血清SOD的活力。对所建模型进行优化,得到SOD活性最低的理论最佳条件为:温度21.84℃,盐度27.97,在此条件下SOD活性值为70.0463 U/mg。     

硒化卡拉胶和酵母葡聚糖对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中两种水解酶活力的影响

对栉孔扇贝分别注射硒化卡拉胶和酵母葡聚糖后，采用生化方法，于1h,15h和30h分别测定栉孔扇贝血清和血细胞中2种参与免疫防御的水解酶酸性磷酸酶（ACP）和溶菌酶的活力，结果表明，注射硒化卡拉胶后，栉孔扇贝血清和血细胞中ACP活力在1h和30h时均为实验组显著高于对照组，溶菌酶活力也均在1和30h时实验组显著高于对照组，注射酵母葡聚糖后，ACP活力在1h,15h和30h时均为实验组极显著地高于对照组，溶菌酶活力则均为实验组与对照组差异不显著，说明硒化卡拉胶对栉孔扇贝血淋巴中ACP和溶菌酶的活力均有增强作用，而酵母葡聚糖仅对其ACP活力有增强作用。     

壳寡糖对海南热带糙海参免疫相关酶的影响

本研究测定了壳寡糖对海南热带糙海参(Holothuria scabra)体腔液和体壁组织中免疫相关因子,酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、溶菌酶(LSZ)和溶血素活性的影响。结果表明,投喂0.5%壳寡糖对糙海参体腔液中AKP、ACP、LSZ和溶血素活性均有明显增强作用(P0.05),其中对ACP和LSZ活力有极显著的影响(P0.01),且投喂6 d内活性均持续增强;0.5%壳寡糖对体壁组织匀浆液中AKP、ACP活性明显增强(P0.05),但随着时间延长,对体壁组织中LSZ和溶血素作用不明显。壳寡糖可以提高海南热带糙海参(Holothuria scabra)的非特异性免疫力。     

4种养殖扇贝的群体遗传多样性及特异性AFLP标记研究

应用AFLP技术对我国4种主要养殖扇贝进行了遗传分析.虾夷扇贝、海湾扇贝、华贵栉孔扇贝、栉孔扇贝4种养殖扇贝群体中,种内遗传相似度依次分别为0.841 5,0.786 3,0.719 0和0.673 1,香侬氏指数分别为43.52,58.87,80.16和92.83,栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传多样性水平明显高于海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝;AFLP标记共享位点分布表明,在4种扇贝中栉孔扇贝与华贵栉孔扇贝之间的共享位点最多,同时4种扇贝的种间遗传相似度也以栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝之间为最高(0.769 5),海湾扇贝和虾夷扇贝之间为最低(0.662 6),揭示所研究的几种扇贝中栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的遗传关系最近(遗传距离为0.262 1);找到了21个种内特异性AFLP标记和种间共享标记,可用于种质鉴定和分子辅助分类.     

不同盐度下半滑舌鳎幼鱼非特异性免疫酶活力分析

让半滑舌鳎幼鱼(Cynoglossus semilaevis)在淡水、盐度5、10、20和30条件下适应60d,研究幼鱼不同组织(肌肉、肝脏、鳃、肾脏)中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活力。结果表明:半滑舌鳎幼鱼在淡水中生长受到了明显的抑制(P0.05),末体重在盐度10和20时较高;半滑舌鳎幼鱼肌肉中SOD活力在淡水条件下显著高于其它各处理(P0.05),肝脏中SOD的活力在盐度20时活力出现最大值(P0.05),在盐度30时,鳃和肾脏中SOD活力显著高于盐度5和10时(P0.05);肝脏中CAT活力随实验盐度的升高而降低,在淡水条件下要显著高于其它盐度(P0.05);肌肉和肾脏中AKP活力随实验盐度的升高而逐渐升高,其中肌肉组织中AKP活力在盐度20和30时显著高于淡水处理(P0.05);在淡水和盐度5时,肝脏中ACP活力显著高于盐度20和30时(P0.05),鳃和肾脏ACP活力则在盐度5时较低。综上表明,本研究规格下半滑舌鳎幼鱼不适宜在淡水条件下养殖,但盐度5以上的低盐度则不影响其正常生长;不同盐度对半滑舌鳎幼鱼的非特异性免疫酶活力影响显著,且盐度对不同组织中非特异性免疫酶活力影响存在一定的组织特异性。     

贻贝(Mytilus edulis)发育早期酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性

采用组织化学和分光光度技术对贻贝卵、胚胎和早期幼虫酸性磷酸酶(ACP)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性进行了定位和定量研究,以探讨贝类早期发育过程中的免疫防御机制。组织化学显示,从卵细胞到D型面盘幼虫各个时期都呈ACP和AKP阳性,卵细胞中阳性颗粒较大且分布比较均匀,受精卵中央着色较深,卵裂期核区呈强阳性且大分裂球内阳性颗粒较多,原肠胚和担轮幼虫外层细胞阳性较强,面盘幼虫外套膜边缘膜、内脏团和面盘基部呈强阳性。生化测定ACP和AKP活力,均是卵细胞最低,随着发育酶活力逐步提高,其中ACP活力在受精后和囊胚期明显提高,囊胚期达到最高峰,其后又略有下降;AKP活力在卵裂期、担轮幼虫和面盘幼虫提高较大,面盘幼虫期酶活力最高。ACP和AKP可能在贻贝的发育早期抵抗病原生物侵染方面发挥重要作用。     

栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)与华贵栉孔扇贝(C.nobilis)远缘杂交子代的胚胎发生及幼虫生长发育的初步研究

采用单一自由度独立比较的方法,研究了两个栉-华杂交组合HCH(栉孔扇贝长岛群体×华贵栉孔扇贝)和HJH(栉孔扇贝胶南群体×华贵栉孔扇贝)以及栉孔扇贝种内交配组合ZZ的胚胎发生及幼虫生长发育过程。结果表明,栉孔扇贝和华贵栉孔扇贝的种间杂交F1在生长和发育的两个环节上是不一致的,在涉及器官及其功能形成的发育环节上,杂交表现负效应;而在涉及形态变化和增大的生长环节上,杂交表现正效应,存在杂种优势现象。两个杂交组合中,HJH综合效果较好,授精22h平均孵化率达到95.8%,与ZZ基本接近;30日龄平均变态率达61.5%,明显好于组合HCH的42.0%;8日龄幼虫平均大小达143.4μm×123.2μm,表现出更强的生长优势。这些结果为全面评价栉孔扇贝与华贵栉孔扇贝杂交体系应用价值和选配优良杂交组合提供了理论依据。     

栉孔扇贝血淋巴中谷胱甘肽还原酶的活性研究

用酶标仪采用DTNB比色法测定栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)血淋巴中谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并研究pH值、温度、激活剂和抑制剂对血清中该酶活性的影响及酶的热稳定性。结果表明,栉孔扇贝血细胞中GR比活力明显高于血清。血清中GR的最适pH值因缓冲液的不同而稍有差异:用PBS为缓冲液时,最适pH值为7.0;Tris-HCl为缓冲液时,最适pH值为7.5。酶的最适温度为60℃。将血清在20℃,30℃,40℃,50℃,60℃,70℃和80℃温度的水浴中放置30min后于20℃,pH7.5条件下测定该酶的热稳定性,结果显示50℃时酶的比活力最高,低于或高于此温度的酶比活力均下降,80℃时酶活性完全丧失。栉孔扇贝血淋巴中GR属中温型中性酶类,低温下较稳定。EDTA对该酶活性有促进作用,硫酸铜有抑制作用。     

免疫多糖对中国对虾血清溶菌酶、磷酸酶和过氧化物酶的作用

于１９９７年９月在青岛红鸟养殖场采集中国对虾,给对虾腹腔注射不同剂量的海藻多糖和北虫草我糖后,用生化法测定其血清中的溶菌酶,碱性磷酸酶,酸性磷酸酶和过氧化物酶活性的动力学变化。结果表明,注射１．０％北虫草多糖及１．０％海藻多糖４８ｈ后,对虾血清中的ＬＳＺ活性由对照组的０．２５Ｕ／ｍｌ分别增至０．８８Ｕ／ｍｌ和０．７５Ｕ／ｍｌＰＯＤ活性由对照组的０．１１Ｕ／ｍｇ分别增至２．２Ｕ／ｍｇ和１．９６Ｕ／ｍ     

Origin and characteristics of the zooplankton phosphatase activity in a coastal ecosystem of the Mediterranean sea (Toulon Bay)

In Toulon Bay (France), very high phosphatase activities have been found in the zooplankton fraction>90 microm. This work was intended to specify their origin. For that purpose, larvae, juvenile and adult Crustacea (Copepods: Calanoids, Cyclopoids, Branchiopods: Cladocera, and Cirripeds) were isolated. Their activities were measured using paranitrophenyl phosphate dissolved in sea water in order to calculate Km (the enzyme half saturation concentration) and Vmax (the reaction rate when the enzyme is saturated with substrate). Vmax were referred to protein contents of the isolated organisms to calculate specific activities. For all zooplankton groups high and low affinity phosphatase activities were found. The low affinity enzyme was responsible for at least 70% of the total phosphatase activity. Its specific activity was higher for larvae than for copepodites and adults. In Cirriped nauplii this activity was particularly high with values which were several hundred times higher than that in other Crustacea. These enzymes had optimum pH close to 8.4, magnesium requirement and were competitively inhibited by orthophosphate. Experiments with intact and lysed Cirriped nauplii confirmed that living organisms had only a weak external activity and showed that most of the activity of these larvae was primarily intracellular.     

四种重金属对刺参幼参的急性致毒效应

采用静水试验法,在水温18.5℃~20℃的条件下,用Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 和Cr6 四种重金属对刺参幼参进行了单一急性毒性试验。结果表明:Cu2 对刺参幼参的24h,48h,72h和96hLC50分别为0.299,0.176,0.133和0.120mg/L;Zn2 的24h,48h,72h和96hLC50分别为6.700,3.624,2.577和1.951mg/L;Cd2 的24h,48h和72hLC50分别为4.246,2.588和2.137mg/L;Cr6 的24h,48h和72hLC50分别为31.974,7.499和3.808mg/L;Cu2 ,Zn2 ,Cd2 和Cr6 对刺参幼参的安全浓度分别为0.018,0.362,0.259和0.750mg/L。四种重金属对刺参幼参的毒性大小依次为Cu2 >Cd2 >Zn2 >Cr6 。     

海洋中β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐降解过程的研究进展

二甲基硫(DMS)是海水中一种最重要的、含量最丰富的还原态挥发性生源有机硫化物,前体β-二甲基巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP)的降解过程受各种因素影响。其中主要包括温度、DMSP的浓度、氧气、盐度、酸度、颗粒粒度、藻类生长期、季节变化、氧化压力、抑制剂等。它们均与DMSP降解速率呈一定的函数关系,并对DMSP的降解产物产生影响。藻类是DMSP的主要来源,因此着重讨论了温度、盐度、酸度等对不同浮游植物细胞内DMSP与DMS生物生产和转化过程的影响。结合海洋硫循环的研究现状和海洋化学发展的趋势,探究了用颗粒态DMSP与Chla的比率来量化碳和硫通量的方法及DMSP裂解酶活性的检验技术。大气中CO2压力持续增加导致的海洋酸化对藻类中DMSP降解过程的影响也是进一步研究的重点。     

Tracing dissolved organic matter cycling in the eastern boundary of the temperate North Atlantic using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy

Apparent oxygen utilization (AOU), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), coloured dissolved organic matter (CDOM) absorption spectra, and CDOM fluorescence characteristic of aromatic amino acids (excitation/emission 280 nm/320 nm; F(280/320)) and marine-humic like substances (320 nm/410 nm; F(320/410)) were measured in full depth during a cruise in the temperate Eastern North Atlantic (ENA). An optimum multi-parameter (OMP) inverse method was run to calculate water mass proportion-weighted average (archetypal) concentrations of these chemical parameters for all water masses and samples. Archetypal concentrations retain the variability due to water mass mixing and basin scale mineralization from the water mass formation sites to the study area. Conversely, the difference between measured and archetypal concentrations, retain the variability due to dissimilarities in mineralization processes within the study area. Our analysis indicates that DOC supported 26±3% of the AOU in the dark temperate ENA and that basin scale processes occurring at and from the formation area of the water masses explained 63% of the total DOC variability. Our data also suggests that DOC remineralized at the basin scale was of lower molecular weight, and with a lower proportion of fluorescent aromatic amino acids than found within the study area. The relationship between the absorption coefficient at 254 nm (a_CDOM(254)) and AOU indicates that a_CDOM(254) was consumed during organic matter remineralization in the dark ocean, with 55% of the variability being explained by basin scale processes. The relationships of F(320/410) with AOU and DOC confirmed that marine humic-like substances are produced by microbial degradation processes, at a rate of 6.1±0.9×10⁻³ mg equivalents of QS mol AOU⁻¹. Our results also indicate that basin-scale remineralization processes account for 85% of the total variability of F(320/410), emphasizing that large scale processes control the formation of humic-like substance in the dark ENA.     

莱州湾海域水体中有机氯农药和多氯联苯的浓度水平和分布特征

以固相萃取/气相色谱法测定了莱州湾海域水体中22种有机氯农药和多氯联苯类化合物的浓度水平和分布特征。结果表明,莱州湾海域表层水体中有机氯农药浓度范围为N.D.~32.7ng/L,底层水中的浓度范围为N.D.~11.7ng/L。在该海域水体中共检出有机氯农药3种,β-666是水体中主要的有机氯农药污染物。多氯联苯类在底层水样中检出2种,总浓度范围在4.5~27.7ng/L之间。该海域有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分布特征是近岸高,离岸低,由近岸向湾外延伸方向依次递减。并对莱州湾表层水中总有机氯农药与海水盐度、氯度、溶解氧和pH间的关系作了初步探讨,得出总有机氯农药与盐度、氯度间有一定的相关关系,相关系数均为0.59。方法测定5种有机氯农药化合物的空白加标回收率为97.3%~126.0%,相对标准偏差为2.8%~8.6%;测定5种多氯联苯类化合物的空白加标回收率为88.6%~151.8%,相对标准偏差为6.7%~10.4%。     

Dissolved organic matter cycling in the confluence of the Atlantic and Indian oceans south of Africa

The boundary between the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean is a key spot of the thermohaline circulation, where the following water masses mix up: Indian Central water (ICW), South Atlantic Central Water (SACW), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW), North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), Weddell Sea Deep Water (WSDW) and Antarctic Winter Water (WW). An optimum multiparameter analysis based on the distributions of potential temperature, salinity, NO (=O₂+9.3×NO₃) and silicate during the GoodHope 2004 (GH04) cruise allowed us to (i) define the realms of these water masses; (ii) obtain the water mass proportion weighted-average (archetypal) apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations of each water mass; and (iii) estimate the contribution of DOC to the oxygen demand of the study area. WW represented only 5.2% of the water volume sampled during GH04, followed by WSDW with 10.8%, NADW with 12.7%, SACW with 15.3%, AAIW with 23.1% and CDW with 32.8%. The distributions of DOC and AOU were mainly explained by the mixing of archetypal concentrations of these variables, 75±5% and 65±3% respectively, which retained the variability due to the basin-scale mineralization from the formation area to the barycentre of each water mass along the GH04 line. DOC accounted for 26±2% and 12±5% of the oxygen demand of the meso- and bathypelagic ocean, respectively. Conversely, local mineralization processes, retained by the residuals of the archetypal concentrations of DOC and AOU, did not contribute to improve significantly the mixing model of DOC.     

光子晶体光纤带隙及模场的一种综合模拟分析方法

提出直接由MATLAB读入光纤端面图实现复杂结构光子晶体光纤(PCF)模型的快速建立,并综合平面波法(PWM)和频域有限差分(FDFD)法,模拟分析带隙型光子晶体光纤(PBG-PCF)的带隙和模场分布.利用PWM计算得到了在PBG-PCF中传输的光波频率及模式有效折射率范围;基于FDFD法在给定波长及模式有效折射率范围情况下,模拟得到了PBG-PCF中可能存在的模场分布及其他特性.以市售的PBG-PCF为例,验证了数值模拟的正确性,随后系统地分析了结构参数(晶格结构、"原子"占有率、背景材料折射率及"原子     

Material selection for the gas containment system of a compressed natural gas carrier fleet

In this work, the possible exploitation of fiber-reinforced composites in the context of maritime transportation of compressed natural gas (CNG) is investigated. In addition to a more conventional steel configuration, two different fiber materials, carbon and glass, are considered as construction materials for pressure vessels (PVs) to be stored on board ships, with thickness optimized by FEM analysis.The considered scenario is represented by the transportation of CNG from an offshore well to a terminal on shore. Fleets of ships carrying CNG in pressure vessels manufactured with the investigated materials are generated by means of a ship synthesis model (SSM) software and compared on the basis of technical and economical indicators.The choice of the construction material influences considerably the weight of the PVs, which represent a major item of total ship weight and reflects directly on the general transport performances in terms of resistance, seakeeping and reliability in the service. On the other hand, capital as well as operating expenditures are considerably affected by the choice. When exploring the design space, the ship synthesis model is able, at a preliminary stage of the design, to account for the various technical and economical aspects, their implications and relationships. Results are presented of computations carried out in a specific case, identified by the annual gas production and other characteristics of the well terminal and a cruising route for the ships. The comparison is carried out on the basis of the cost per transported unit of gas and of the percentage of success in the transportation process. The computations show that the choice of the PV material has a key influence on the results in terms of optimal number, dimensions and speed of the ships.     

VE对河蟹血清和组织中超氧化物歧化酶及磷酸酶活性的影响

通过投喂添加VE 量分别为 0、0 .1× 1 0 - 3 、0 .2× 1 0 - 3 、0 .4× 1 0 - 3 、0 .6× 1 0 - 3(m m)的 5种实验饲料饲养河蟹 6 0d ,以探讨VE 对其体内SOD、ALP和ACP等酶活性的影响 .结果表明 ,饲料中未添加VE 时 ,河蟹血清、肝胰腺、卵巢和肌肉各组织中SOD、ALP和ACP活性各异 ,其中SOD的活性从高到低依次为肝胰腺 >卵巢 >血清 >肌肉 ,ALP活性的为肝胰腺 >血清 >卵巢 >肌肉 ,而ACP活性则是肝胰腺 >血清 >肌肉 >卵巢 .饲料中添加VE 时 ,与对照组相比 ,各组织中SOD活性随着VE添加量的升高而显著降低 ( p <0 .0 5或 p <0 .0 1 ) ;ALP和ACP活性则随着VE 添加量的增加而显著升高 ( p <0 .0 5或 p <0 .0 1 ) .这表明VE 作为天然抗氧化剂在河蟹体内发挥了很大的作用 ,并促进机体的新陈代谢 ,从而增强机体的非特异性免疫力 .VE 作为免疫刺激剂能有效地增强河蟹的非特异性免疫能力 ,能有效发挥其增强河蟹免疫功能的VE 适宜添加量为 ( 0 .2～ 0 .4)× 1 0 - 3(m m) .