Review of constitutive models for describing the time dependent behaviour of soft clays

Different classes of constitutive models have been proposed to capture the time-dependent behaviour of soft soil (creep, stress relaxation, rate dependency). This paper critically reviews many of the models developed based on understanding of the time dependent stress-strain-stress rate-strain rate behaviour of soils and viscoplasticity in terms of their strengths and weaknesses. Some discussion is also made on the numerical implementation aspects of these models. Typical findings from numerical analyses of geotechnical structures constructed on soft soils are also discussed. The general elastic viscoplastic (EVP) models can roughly be divided into two categories: models based on the concept of overstress and models based on non-stationary flow surface theory. Although general in structure, both categories have their own strengths and shortcomings. This review indicates that EVP analysis is yet to be vastly used by the geotechnical engineers, apparently due to the mathematical complication involved in the formulation of the constitutive models, unconvincing benefit in terms of the accuracy of performance prediction, requirement of additional soil parameter(s), difficulties in determining them, and the necessity of excessive computing resources and time.     

A Breadth Averaged Numerical Model for Suspended Sediment Transport in Hooghly Estuary,East Coast of India

Sedimentation is of vital concern in the conservation, development and utilization ofour soil and water resources. The suspended sediment in estuarine waters is hazardousto navigation in estuaries, which have important ports and harbours. A breadth-averagednumerical model to study circulation and sediment transport is presented in this paper.The model is applied to Hooghly estuary, along the east coast of India. The model is fullynon-linear and uses a semi-explicit finite difference scheme to solve mass, momentum andadvection diffusion equation for suspended sediments in a vertical plane. The erosion anddeposition have been computed by empirically developed source and sink terms in thesuspended sediment equation.     

考虑泥沙冲淤对水流控制方程的改进与模拟

以一维数学模型为例,通过数值实验及渭河实际资料的验证,发现在含沙量较大的情况下,水流连续方程里的浑水与床面的交换项对流量影响是明显的,计算中应予考虑.解释了在像黄河这样的多沙河流中存在的“水变沙”、“沙变水”的现象.由此可见,在模拟含沙量较大河流的水沙数学模型中,应完整考虑水流连续方程的微元河段的水量变化率、进出通量变化及浑水与床面的交换通量这三项.     

达里湖沉积粒度组分-湖面状况定量模型

湖泊碎屑沉积物的粒度分布可以提供与区域气候变化相关的湖泊水文变化信息。然而, 由于湖泊沉积物多峰分布固有的复杂性, 其粒度组分成因的解释仍存在很大的不确定性。本文利用对数正态分布函数对内蒙古达里湖36个表层沉积物样品的粒度组分进行了分离, 并探讨了各组分特性与特定沉积环境(包括每个采样点位的离岸距离和水深)之间的关系。结果表明, 达里湖现代碎屑沉积物包含5个截然不同的单峰粒度分布, 分别代表5个不同的粒度组分。虽然其相对百分含量随湖泊水动力条件而变化, 但每个组分均保留着各自的众数粒径、搬运方式、沉积环境等特性。这些组分自细而粗可分为: 长期悬移粘土组分、离岸带悬移细粉砂组分、离岸带悬移中粗粉砂组分、近岸带悬移细砂组分、近岸带跃移中砂组分。近岸带环境两个组分的百分含量与现今湖泊水深呈负相关, 揭示出沉积岩芯近岸带组分与地质历史时期湖面状况相关联的数值模型。该模型在达里湖沉积岩芯中的应用显示, 近岸带组分百分含量增加与同岩芯孢粉序列重建的区域降水减少相对应。两种独立的代用指标在时间上的一致性, 不仅展示了对数正态分布函数分离多峰沉积物的有效性, 而且揭示出利用粒度组分-湖面状况模型重建湖泊古水文的潜力。     

沉积泥砂非线性大变形固结沉降计算模型

沉积形成的水底黏性泥砂自重固结过程表现出显著非线性大变形固结特征,应采用大变形固结理论进行泥砂沉积固结计算。基于软黏土一维非线性大应变固结理论,应用有效应力、渗透系数与孔隙比间扩展幂次函数固结本构关系,由达西定律、有效应力原理、连续介质方程等建立大变形固结控制方程,根据固结单元孔隙水渗流、单元变形与泥砂沉积层固结沉降耦合关系形成黏性泥砂大变形自重固结数值模型。泥砂自重作为固结荷载,数值模型假定沉积泥砂各向同性且固结沉降应变、孔隙水渗流仅发生于竖直方向,为一维单向沉积固结过程;采用泥砂沉降柱试验确定泥砂非线性扩展幂次函数关系参数。模型应用中,划分竖向固结单元,由沉积泥砂固结本构关系确定各固结单元有效应力及超孔隙水应力,通过超孔隙水应力时间维度上的消散过程及各固结参数间的耦合关系计算泥砂固结沉降。数值模型计算结果表明,沉积黏性泥砂自重固结初期表现为有效应力调整过程,初始有效应力与孔隙比根据固结本构关系匹配调整为扩展幂次函数关系;沉积泥砂应变与应力固结度存在20%左右误差,泥砂固结沉降发展快于超孔隙水应力消散过程,证明沉积泥砂固结沉降变形的发展与超孔隙水应力消散并非同步耦合。计算模型应用于室内沉降柱试验模拟淤积黏性泥砂自重固结沉降预测中,模型输出与试验结果符合良好。     

黄河下游限制弯曲段河道冲淤数学模型

模型对黄河下游特有的来水来沙条件及河床边界条件下的河道冲淤规律进行了模拟。根据不平衡输沙理论,结合天然河道实际情况,将河道断面进行滩槽划分,采用综合阻力公式反映水沙条件变化,沉速计算考虑了含沙量特别是细颗粒影响,模型可应用于高含沙水流。验证结果与实测资料基本符合。     

一个描述软黏土时效特性的一维弹黏塑性模型

为了描述软黏土一维应力-应变关系的时效特性,基于Bjerrum的等时间线体系,提出等黏塑性应变率线概念,推导了黏塑性应变率与黏塑性应变增量的关系,建立了软黏土的一维弹黏塑性模型;从理论上分析了新建模型与3种典型的一维弹黏塑性时效本构模型的内在联系,表明新建模型与其他3种模型在本质上是等效的,且形式更简洁,物理意义更明确;利用新建模型对软黏土的固结-蠕变耦合效应、应变率效应、应力松弛效应等时效特性进行了理论分析,并得到了相应的解析解;结合宁波软黏土的一维固结试验,阐述了模型参数的确定方法,并用新建模型对宁波软黏土的固结-蠕变试验、温州软黏土的一维多级等应变率试验、香港海相软黏土的一维应力松弛试验进行模拟,验证了新建模型的有效性。研究结果表明,新建模型能很好地模拟软黏土的一维时效特性。     

On the determination of a set of material constants for a high‐cycle accumulation model for non‐cohesive soils

The paper discusses the determination of a set of constants for the high‐cycle accumulation model (HCA) proposed by the authors. The HCA model predicts permanent strains or excess pore water pressures in non‐cohesive soils due to a cyclic loading with a large number of cycles and with small to intermediate strain amplitudes. The laboratory tests necessary for the determination of the material constants and their analysis are explained in detail in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

WEPP模型(坡面版)在贵州石漠化地区土壤侵蚀模拟的适用性评价

文章以贵州花江喀斯特石漠化地区为研究区域,利用WEPP模型(坡面版)分别模拟2006年、2010年土壤侵蚀模数,并将实测数据与WEPP模型模拟值作比较,探讨WEPP软件在喀斯特石漠化地区的适用性。研究表明：WEPP模型对于模拟喀斯特石漠化地区土壤侵蚀有较大误差,对土壤侵蚀模数模拟的有效性系数均为负值,不适用于直接计算该区域土壤侵蚀模数。WEPP模型对微度侵蚀模拟精度不够,但能大体反映不同径流小区之间土壤侵蚀强弱的关系和生态修复过程土壤侵蚀的变化趋势。若要应用WEPP模型对喀斯特地区土壤侵蚀模数模拟计算,必须考虑水土的地下漏失、地表裸岩率、地形高度破碎等环境条件。裸岩率、土壤漏失、地形条件等都是WEPP模型修正所必须注意的内容。     

软黏土蠕变模型参数的确定方法研究

土的蠕变问题进行数值分析一般都需要用黏弹塑性有限元的方法来求解,如何取参数是关键性的问题。软黏土的蠕变过程可能持续几十年甚至上百年的时间,而实验室中的实验一般只进行几个小时或者几天最多几个月的时间,因次,用短时间的实验数据来外推长时间范围的结果就显得非常重要。提出了利用实验数据估算软黏土蠕变模型有限元参数的方法,并利用黏弹塑性有限元程序计算天津港突堤蠕变问题的计算结果来分析模型参数的变动对蠕变问题的计算结果的影响。采用了所提出的参数分析和评价方法的黏弹塑性有限元系统被运用于多项工程计算中,取得了良好的效果。     

流滑型崩岸河岸侧蚀模式初探

流滑型崩岸是冲积河流河岸常见的一种崩塌形式,其发展速度快、破坏力强;该类崩岸主要取决于水流的直接冲刷,河岸崩退过程中水面与岸顶高差较小.依据此类崩岸的特征,基于水流冲刷分析,在基础层面上初步探讨并建立了流滑型崩岸的河岸侧蚀模式.结合水槽试验与土工离心模拟试验,对该模式进行了分析研究,初步率定了模式中的河岸侧蚀系数,计算...     

A Simplified Numerical Approach for the Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Retrogressive Landslides

Retrogressive landslides are common geological phenomena in mountainous areas and on onshore and offshore slopes. The impact of retrogressive landslides is different from that of other landslide types due to the phenomenon of retrogression. The hazards caused by retrogressive landslides may be increased because retrogressive landslides usually affect housing, facilities, and infrastructure located far from the original slopes. Additionally, substantial geomorphic evidence shows that the abundant supply of loose sediment in the source area of a debris flow is usually provided by retrogressive landslides that are triggered by the undercutting of water. Moreover, according to historic case studies, some large landslides are the evolution result of retrogressive landslides. Hence the ability to understand and predict the evolution of retrogressive landslides is crucial for the purpose of hazard mitigation. This paper discusses the phenomenon of a retrogressive landslide by using a model experiment and suggests a reasonably simplified numerical approach for the prediction of rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides. The simplified numerical approach, which combines the finite element method for seepage analysis, the shear strength reduction finite element method, and the analysis criterion for the retrogression and accumulation effect, is presented and used to predict the characteristics of a retrogressive landslide. The results show that this numerical approach is capable of reasonably predicting the characteristics of retrogressive landslides under rainfall infiltration, particularly the magnitude of each landslide, the position of the slip surface, and the development processes of the retrogressive landslide. Therefore, this approach is expected to be a practical method for the mitigation of damage caused by rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides.     

A coupled discrete element model for the simulation of soil and water flow through an orifice

Soil erosion around defective underground pipes can cause ground collapses and sinkholes in urban areas. Most of these soil erosion events are caused by fluidization of the surrounding soil with subsequent washing into defective sewer pipes. In this study, this soil erosion process is simplified as the gradual washout of sand particles mixed with water through an orifice. The discrete element method is used to simulate the large deformation behavior of the sand particles, and the Darcy fluid model is coupled with this approach to simulate fluid flow through porous sand media. A coupled 3D discrete element model is developed and implemented based on this scheme. To simulate previous experiments using this coupled model considering the current computing capacity, we incorporated a ‘supply layer’ to study the continuous erosion process. The coupled model can predict the erosion flow rates of sand and water and the shape of erosion void. Thus, the model can be used as an effective and efficient tool to investigate the soil erosion process around defective pipes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Generalized Backward Euler algorithm for the numerical integration of a viscous breakage model

This paper discusses the formulation and the numerical performance of a fully implicit algorithm used to integrate a rate-dependent model defined within a breakage mechanics framework. For this purpose, a Generalized Backward Euler (GBE) algorithm has been implemented according to two different linearization strategies: The former is derived by a direct linearization of the constitutive equations, while the latter introduces rate effects through a consistency parameter. The accuracy and efficiency of the GBE algorithm have been investigated by (1) performing material point analyses and (2) solving initial boundary value problems. In both cases, the overall performance of the underlying algorithm is inspected for a range of loading rates, thus simulating comminution from slow to fast dynamic problems. As the viscous response of the breakage model can be recast through a viscous nucleus function, the presented algorithm can be considered as a general framework to integrate constitutive equations relying on the overstress approach typical of Perzyna-like viscoplastic models.     

渭南市潜水水流数值模型参数识别中几个关键问题的处理方法

本文着重介绍渭南市潜水水流数值模型参数识别中所遇到的三个关键问题的处理方法,这对平原区潜水水流数值模型的建立具有较普遍的实践意义。     

黄河头道拐水沙变化多元驱动因子贡献率分析

根据1950—2010年水沙实测资料,采用统计分析方法,通过构建非线性响应模型,辨识了水沙变化主导驱动因子,定量评估了多因子对黄河上游头道拐水沙变化的贡献率.结果表明:头道拐1950—2010年多年平均径流量减少速率为2.23亿m3/a,多年平均输沙量减少速率为0.027亿t/a,1987—2010年径流泥沙减少趋势更为明显,同期输沙量减幅明显大于径流量减幅;1969—2010年气候因子和下垫面因子对头道拐站年径流模数和年输沙模数变化的贡献率均约为2:8,下垫面因子明显占主导地位,其中宁蒙灌区年引水量对年径流模数变化的贡献率最大,达到42%,龙羊峡和刘家峡等水库运用对年输沙模数变化的贡献率最大,达到34%.预计今后兰州以上径流变化和兰州至头道拐区间主要支流来沙变化两大自然因素将是头道拐水沙变化的主导因子;灌区引水和支流水土保持综合治理减沙对头道拐水沙变化的贡献率将居主导地位.     

Elastoplastic multiphase model for simulating the response of piled raft foundations subject to combined loadings

A multiphase model and corresponding computational time‐saving finite element code is proposed in this paper for predicting the settlements experienced by a piled raft foundation when subject to the combined action of vertical and lateral loadings. This model, which is formulated in the framework of an elastoplastic behaviour for the soil and the reinforcing piles as well, explicitly accounts for the shear and flexural behaviour of the latter. Starting from a simple analytical example where all the concepts attached to this model are clearly illustrated, the main stages leading to its finite element implementation are then presented. The numerical tool thus elaborated, is applied to the simulation of a pile‐reinforced strip foundation submitted to a horizontally applied seismic load in addition to a permanent vertical load. One of the key results of such a simulation in terms of design recommendation, lies in the conclusion that, while the shear and flexural contributions of the reinforcement play quite a negligible role in the case of a vertical load (as compared with their axial resistance), they remain absolutely essential for withstanding the seismic lateral loading. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.