大陆科学钻探—固体地球科学新发展的突破口

本文从当代固体地球科学发展所面临的若干关键问题──板块大地构造学说的崛起、地震预测研究、大型隐伏矿床预测和科学钻探结果产生的冲击等出发，提出了大陆科学钻探是固体地球科学新发展的突破口的观点．本文对大陆科学钻探的进展情况做了综述。特别是对在这一领域中有代表性的前苏联、美国、德国大陆科学钻探计划和做法进行了详细分析，并结合我国具体情况，对在我国实施大陆科学钻探计划提出了几点建议。     

苏鲁超高压变质带北部地球物理调查（Ⅱ）—非地震方法

在北苏鲁超高压变质带（ＵＨＰＭ）上开展了深反射地震的同时,进行了大地电磁、地磁、放射性测量和重磁编图。本文介绍用这些方法取得的结果。两条区域性的地球物理剖面总长１２６ｋｍ,经过二维反演取得了电阻率和磁性体剖面。结果表明：（１）大地电磁等综合地球物理资料与深反射地震剖面的推断结果基本一致,同样反映了ＵＨＰＭ岩块的俯冲折返与后期的隆升。（２）非地震地球物理资料不仅为地震解释提供约束,还可以提供地热流上     

大别—苏鲁超高压变质带P-T-t轨迹的动力学模拟

综合现有的地质、地球化学资料以及同位素年龄等研究成果,同时结合新西兰南岛北端陆壳俯冲的最新发现,提出了超高压变质岩的形成四阶段演化模式：板片俯冲形成增生楔、板片俯冲驱动角落流、板片拆离浮力抬升至Moho深度和后期上地壳伸展阶段.以此为定量模拟的出发点,利用二维有限元对大别—苏鲁超高压变质带的形成演化进行了动力学和热演化模拟,追踪超高压变质岩形成演化过程中的质点路径以及对应的P-T-t轨迹.计算的P-T-t轨迹及其空间分布特征均能与实测结果较好吻合.     

大别-苏鲁超高压变质带P-T-t轨迹的动力学模拟

综合现有的地质、地球化学资料以及同位素年龄等研究成果，同时结合新西兰南岛北端陆壳俯冲的最新发现，提出了超高压变质岩的形成四阶段演化模式：板片俯冲形成增生楔、板片俯冲驱动角落流、板片拆离浮力抬升至Moho深度和后期上地壳伸展阶段.以此为定量模拟的出发点，利用二维有限元对大别-苏鲁超高压变质带的形成演化进行了动力学和热演化模拟，追踪超高压变质岩形成演化过程中的质点路径以及对应的P-T-t轨迹.计算的P-T-t轨迹及其空间分布特征均能与实测结果较好吻合.     

地震层析成像对地球科学的影响

地震层析成像预示着地球科学的一场革命。它在地质界已有深远的影响，且将继续影响地球科学将来的发展。本文回顾了层析成像研究的最新成果，其中包括了层析方法的进展。层析成像在认识板块俯冲和岩浆弧机理、强震震源区的结构和过程以及地球深部构造和动力学方面都极为成功。     

地球科学的机遇与挑战

第３０届国际地质在会是全世界地球科学家的一次大聚会，该会主题是大陆地质学，旨在探讨地球内部各圈层以及它们之间的相互作用，面临全球人口急增，资源短缺和环境污染等，指明了地学在２１世纪面临的严峻挑战和发展新机遇。     

地球深部研究—地球科学发展的挑战与机遇

本文扼要地介绍了国际地球深部研究的发展及现状，简要地讨论了地球深部研究与地球科学相关学科的关系，力图说明及时地组织和开展地球深部研究是发展我国地球科学的新机遇，是迎接未来世纪挑战的正确选择。     

根据地球物理资料分析大别——苏鲁超高压变质带演化的运动学与动力学

中国中央造山带东部的大别—苏鲁是全球最大的超高压变质带,本文基于地球物理资料的分析和综合研究,进一步指出这一超高压变质带演化的复杂性.在扬子与中朝克拉通碰撞后大别—苏鲁地体的俯冲产生超高压变质作用.之后由于两个克拉通之间的倾斜碰撞,产生旋转与局部的拉张为岩石折返造成了良好条件.扬子的旋转也形成一对剪切力使俯冲海洋岩石圈断开和陆块反弹.然而由于南北压挤力的继续作用与大别—苏鲁地体的折返,扬子克拉通继续向大别苏鲁地体下方俯冲.这种陆-陆俯冲携带了大量大陆物质进入上地幔,诱发部分熔融和后期的地幔上隆.本文给出了大别—苏鲁演化动力学的修正模型.     

大洋岩石层拖曳窄条陆壳俯冲的极限尺度分析——以新西兰南岛和大别山超高压变质带为例

超高压变质研究涉及的一个基本力学问题是为什么低密度的大陆地壳岩石能克服浮力俯冲到高密度地幔100多公里的深度.本文的三维有限单元法计算表明:俯冲海洋板块可以拖曳侧面相邻宽度不超过150km的一窄条大陆板块,俯冲到超高压变质深度,形成少见的大规模超高压变质带.十几公里乃至几十公里尺度的陆壳块体,可能被俯冲地幔裹挟至超高压变质深度,在造山带内形成零星出露的超高压变质岩.成熟的陆-陆碰撞带则不可能使陆壳俯冲到超高压变质深度.     

水平电偶源频率测深中全区视电阻率定义的新方法

从电磁场的统一性出发,分析了水平电偶源频率测深中等效电阻率的算法原理和具体定义．分析表明,等效电阻率可明显地改善波区视电阻率在非波区场的畸变,较为形象、直观地反映出地电断面的电性变化．数值计算、三维模型计算和实际数据处理表明,等效电阻率具有良好的特性和应用前景．     

大洋岩石层拖曳窄条陆壳俯冲的极限尺度分析--以新西兰南岛和大别山超高压变质带为例

超高压变质研究涉及的一个基本力学问题是为什么低密度的大陆地壳岩石能克服浮力俯冲到高密度地幔100多公里的深度.本文的三维有限单元法计算表明:俯冲海洋板块可以拖曳侧面相邻宽度不超过150km的一窄条大陆板块,俯冲到超高压变质深度,形成少见的大规模超高压变质带.十几公里乃至几十公里尺度的陆壳块体,可能被俯冲地幔裹挟至超高压变质深度,在造山带内形成零星出露的超高压变质岩.成熟的陆-陆碰撞带则不可能使陆壳俯冲到超高压变质深度.     

球体内点位错产生的球型位移场：II．位错Love数

本文进一步研究了ＳＮＲＥＩ地球模型内位错所产生的球型位移场问题．作为特例,讨论了位错位于地表时的解和计算技巧．对于１０６６Ａ地球模型进行了具体计算．给出了深度分别为５,１０,３２,１００,３００和６３７ｋｍ的４种类型位错的位错Ｌｏｖｅ数的结果．     

利用多通道瞬变电磁法识别深部矿体——以内蒙兴安盟铅锌银矿为例

多通道瞬变电磁法由于采用伪随机编码发射、最佳匹配相干解码技术,所以相比于传统时间域电磁方法勘探深度大且抗干扰能力强,是目前地面资源勘查领域的研究热点.针对内蒙兴安盟某铅锌银矿埋藏深度大等特点,首先根据矿区资料建立一维以及二维模型,数值计算脉冲响应并分析其特征,说明多通道瞬变电磁对于大埋深低阻异常体有良好的反映,随后通过多通道瞬变电磁技术对矿区进行实例勘查,数据处理过程中利用了反卷积的方法提取大地脉冲响应,根据轴向大地脉冲响应的峰值时刻计算视电阻率,通过对视电阻率进行全波形反演得到解释剖面,与测区钻孔资料对比分析证明,多通道瞬变电磁法是反映深部低阻异常体的有效手段.

     

利用地面激光与地质雷达综合探测活断层浅层三维结构——以川西理塘毛垭坝盆地北缘正断层为例

快速获取活断层的高精度微地貌形态和对应的浅层三维结构是揭示活断层浅地表形迹与活动特征的关键。文中综合利用地面三维激光扫描仪和地质雷达技术,以川西理塘地区毛垭坝盆地北缘主边界断裂禾尼段的正断层崖为研究对象,获取了该处正断层错动2期最新地貌面的精确地表垂直位移量和浅层二维地质雷达图像,并初步建立了基于地面三维激光与地质雷达的活断层微地貌精细化三维测量方法,构建了断层崖微地貌的精细三维模型和浅表三维图像,揭示了正断层崖处发育的伸展地堑结构,同时初步实现了断层微地貌地表地下三维数据的一体化融合显示及相互解译。应用结果表明,该方法可以同时快速、高效、无损地获取大范围内的活断层微地貌及浅层结构的多层次、多视觉的空间数据,极大地提高了对活动断层微地貌形态与浅层结构进行快速调查与研究的精度和认识水平,也为更全面地认识和理解活断层的空间分布与变形特征、活动习性和多期古地震遗迹等提供重要的数据和方法支持。因此,对该方法的继续探索和完善,将显著提升和扩展其在活断层定量化和精细化研究中的实用性及应用前景。     

THE DELINEATION OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHALLOW GEOMETRY OF ACTIVE FAULT BASED ON TLS AND GPR: A CASE STUDY OF AN NORMAL FAULT ON THE NORTH MARGIN OF MAOYABA BASIN IN LITANG,WESTERN SICHUAN PROVINCE

It is crucial to reveal the surface traces and activity of active faults by obtaining high-precision microtopography and three-dimensional shallow geometry. However, limited by the traditional geological investigation methods in the field and geological condition factors, the measurement method on microtopography and shallow geometry of active fault is badly insufficient. In this study, the TLS and GPR are firstly used comprehensively to delineate the microtopography and shallow geometry of the normal fault scarp on the north margin of Maoyaba Basin in Litang. Firstly, the vertical displacements of two landforms produced by the latest two periods of normal faulting and the two-dimensional GPR profiles are obtained separately. Secondly, the three-dimensional measurement method of active fault based on TLS and GPR is preliminarily established. On this basis, three-dimensional model of fault scarp and three-dimensional images of subsurface geometry are also obtained. These data all reveal a graben structure at normal fault scarps. Thirdly, the fusion and interpretation of three-dimensional data from the surface and subsurface are realized. The study results show:1)the vertical displacements of the T₁ and T₂ terraces by the normal fault movement is 1.4m and 5.7m, the GPR profile shows a typical fault structure and indicates the existence of small graben structure with a maximum width of about 40m in the shallow layer, which further proves that it is a normal fault. 2)the shallow geometry of the normal fault scarp can be more graphically displayed by the three-dimensional radar images, and it also makes the geometry structure of the fault more comprehensive. The precise location and strike of faults F₁ and F₂ on the horizontal surface are also determined in the three-dimensional radar images, which further proves the existence of small graben structure, indicating the extensional deformation characteristics in the subsurface of the fault scarps. Furthermore, the distribution of small graben structure on the surface and subsurface is defined more precisely. 3)the integrated display of microgeomorphology and shallow geometry of normal fault scarp is realized based on the three-dimensional point cloud and GPR data. The fusion of the point cloud and GPR data has obvious advantages, for the spatial structure, morphological and spectral features from the point cloud can improve the recognition and interpretation accuracy of GPR images. The interpreted results of the GPR profiles could minimize the transformation of the surface topography by the external environment at the most extent, restore the original geomorphology, relocate the position and trend of faults on the surface and constrain the width of deformation zones under the surface, the geological structure, and the fault dislocation, etc. In a word, the TLS and GPR can quickly and efficiently provide the spatial data with multi-level and multi-visual for non-destructive inspection of the microgeomorphology and shallow structure for the active fault in a wide range, and for the detection of active fault in the complex geological environments, and it is helpful to improve the accuracy and understanding of the investigation and research on microtopography and shallow geometry of active faults. What's more, it also offers important data and method for more comprehensive identification and understanding of the distribution, deformation features, the behaviors of active faults and multi-period paleoseismicity. Therefore, to continuously explore and improve this method will significantly enhance and expand the practicability and application prospects of the method in the quantitative and elaborate studies of active faults.     

DOWNVALLEY GRADIENTS IN FLOW PATTERNS,SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND CHANNEL MORPHOLOGY IN A SMALL MACROTIDAL ESTUARY: DIPPER HARBOUR CREEK,NEW BRUNSWICK,CANADA

Dipper Harbour Creek's lower reaches run through a narrow salt marsh on the Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick, Canada. This 2 km long section of the creek constitutes an extreme example of a tide-dominated estuary exhibiting strong downvalley morphology and sedimentology gradients. Dipper Harbour Creek drains a basin of roughly 8.8 km², but except during the spring snowmelt freshet, tidal flow so overshadows freshwater flow within the salt marsh reach that the system essentially functions as a tidal creek. To identify and explain the main geomorphic processes controlling the creek system, records were collected in summer 1993 of tidal stage and velocity fluctuations, sand dune migration rates, bed material composition, channel cross-sectional geometry and channel sinuosity. Bed materials become progressively finer upvalley, with deposits of medium to coarse sands concentrated in the highly sinuous central reach of the creek during the summer. Current velocities within the creek are strongly flood-dominant, featuring a consistent low-stage peak in flood velocity, a secondary high-stage flood surge, and a weaker ebb peak occurring around bankfull stage. Under summer low freshwater discharge conditions, the predominant direction of bed sand transport is upvalley. The spring freshet, however, causes a major downvalley shift of sand deposits, suggesting a seasonal cycling of medium to coarse sands within Dipper Harbour Creek.