湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系岩石特征及沉积环境分析

湖北兴山大峡口剖面二叠系自下而上可以分为栖霞组、茅口组、吴家坪组和长兴组,总厚度为43372 m。该剖面岩石以石灰岩为主,含少量的白云岩、硅岩和页岩。石灰岩可进一步分为生屑石灰岩、生屑质石灰岩、含生屑石灰岩、泥（粉）晶石灰岩和眼球状石灰岩。眼球状石灰岩主要分布于栖霞组下部和茅口组中下部,为沉积作用和成岩作用的共同产物。白云岩主要是呈斑块状分布的石灰质白云岩,主要分布于长兴组上部,其可能为石灰岩经埋藏白云化作用而形成。硅岩呈结核状、团块状、条带状,为交代成因。根据岩性、古生物化石、沉积构造等相标志分析,划分出了滨岸、碳酸盐岩台地、盆地边缘和盆地等4种沉积环境,其中碳酸盐岩开阔台地内局部出现浅滩环境。沉积演化表明,该地区二叠纪发生了两次较大规模的海进、海退旋回,第1次海侵始于中二叠世栖霞组沉积初期,结束于茅口组沉积末期;第2次海侵始于吴家坪组沉积初期,直至长兴组沉积期末结束。初步分析表明,研究区二叠系具有良好的烃源岩条件和储集条件。     

内蒙迪彦庙地区寿山沟组地层研究

内蒙迪彦庙地区早二叠世寿山沟组地层发育良好,岩性相对稳定,变质、变形程度较低,是研究区范围内早二叠世地层层序研究的理想地区。该课题逐层实测了寿山沟组剖面,从剖面的岩性地层人手,着重分析了迪彦庙地区早二叠世的岩性组合特征、基本层序、沉积旋回特征;同时根据古生物化石类型和组合,推断该区域形成的地质时代和沉积环境。研究表明：寿山沟组剖面厚度为9598．98m,根据岩性和粒度的大小,可分3个岩段：一段为滨浅海一浅海陆棚沉积;二段、三段为一套浊流沉积岩系,发育特征性浊流沉积构造,为典型的复理石建造。     

辽西义县四合屯义县组中部湖相沉积岩地球化学及物源特征

辽西北票上园镇四合屯地区义县组沉积层是热河生物群珍稀化石的重要产出层位之一, 其中蕴含丰富的地壳演化和古地理环境演化信息.分析了四合屯剖面上12m厚的含鸟化石沉积岩层的50件样品的微量元素组成和其中10件样品的主量元素组成.结合前人已发表数据, 得出以下认识: (1) 该套沉积岩具有与下伏火山岩类似的地球化学特征: Mg#值较高, 大离子亲石元素含量较高.稀土元素的分异程度较高, 在微量元素分布蛛网图中表现为明显的Nb负异常和Pb正异常等.因此我们认为义县组高镁火山岩构成了该沉积岩的主要源区之一; (2) 样品的Eu/Eu*=0.48~1.81, 其中大部分样品具负Eu异常.正的Eu异常(7件样品) 主要由于含有长石造成; (3) 通过微量元素Th-Co-Zr/10沉积构造环境判别图解对区域构造环境进行分析, 结果表明该沉积岩物源区具有大陆岛弧和活动大陆边缘物源特征.      

宁夏牛首山地区中—上泥盆统沉积相组合特征

在阿拉善和华北陆块南缘结合部位的牛首山地区,出露一套连续的中—上泥盆统陆相沉积组合。该套沉积组合的沉积相和沉积物源区的变化特征,可帮助理解阿拉善和华北陆块及相邻地区晚古生代构造演化。根据野外研究结果,该套沉积组合在牛首山南麓石峡沟地区呈现河流相、湖泊相和小型冲积扇相共同发育的沉积面貌,可分为河道、堤岸、河漫平原、滨湖、浅湖、扇根、扇中和扇端共8个沉积亚相。其中,中泥盆统石峡沟组总体呈现由河流沉积向湖泊沉积过渡,而上泥盆统老君山组则呈现下部为扇根、扇中、扇端亚相与河道亚相的粗碎屑沉积,上部由滨湖沉积向浅湖沉积过渡的沉积组合变化特征。牛首山地区老君山组砾岩层数、厚度及砾石砾径分别呈现向南逐渐减少、减薄和减小的特征。古水流分析结果显示,石峡沟组下部碎屑沉积物来自于北东东—东向物源区,上部沉积物主要来自于南东向物源区,而老君山组沉积物主要来自于北东向物源区。结合前人对老君山组古水流的系统测量、石峡沟组和老君山组砂岩碎屑锆石研究结果以及区域地质资料综合分析,认为中—晚泥盆世时期阿拉善地块东南缘总体具有北高南低的古地理格局,且该时期的沉积物为一套具有向南水体逐渐加深的陆相沉积组合,沉积物源区主要位...     

四川龙门山地区中泥盆统金宝石组混合沉积特征

四川龙门山地区是中国泥盆系出露较好、研究程度较高的地区。中泥盆统金宝石组发育由碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、混积岩组成的混积沉积。本研究以平武县平驿铺剖面和北川县甘溪剖面为切入点,基于实测资料和薄片观察对金宝石组沉积相开展详细研究,认为龙门山地区中泥盆统金宝石组发育河流、碎屑滨岸、陆棚和碳酸盐岩缓坡4种沉积相,沉积演化经历了2个沉积旋回。金宝石组以相混合和原地混合2种方式形成混合沉积。相对海平面的变化、陆源碎屑的供应、碳酸盐生产速率和古气候是引起相混合的主要控制因素,波浪和风暴浪则是引起陆源碎屑和碳酸盐组分混合沉积的主要作用方式。对金宝石组沉积序列、沉积特征及沉积演化过程的研究,有利于增进对龙门山地区泥盆系沉积古环境的认识。     

第四纪磨拉石组分与青藏高原隆升的关系——对新疆叶城柯克亚剖面第四系砾石成分测量结果的认识

青藏高原北缘的第四纪磨拉石沉积反映了高原所经历的隆升和剥蚀过程。本次工作对新疆西昆仑山前柯克亚剖面第四系磨拉石进行了砾石测量和统计。其结果为:砾石成分主要是沉积岩类,尤其在下部,以砂岩等碎屑岩为主;向上有较多的碳酸盐岩砾石,其中变质岩砾石较少,基本未见片麻岩砾石。这一结果表明当时的物源区主要是由中、新元古界、古生界和中生界的沉积岩系组成的,与现代地表在铁克里克及西昆仑出露的大套变质岩系明显不一致。由此可见,该地区在第四纪早期尚未具有现代地表的地质构造面貌特征,或者说尚未达到现今的隆起高度。现在铁克里克和西昆仑地区出露的大面积古老变质岩系是2.4Ma以后的构造隆升造成的。     

吉木萨尔凹陷二叠统芦草沟组地层与沉积环境特征研究

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组是我国近些年致密油气勘探开发的热点地区之一。本文利用岩心、岩石薄片、测井和地震等资料,在识别和分析芦草沟组主要岩石类型的基础上,对芦草沟组的沉积演化特征、层序地层格架和沉积环境的变迁等方面进行了综合研究。研究表明,芦草沟组岩性主要为碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两个大类,其中碎屑岩以泥页岩和粉（细）砂岩为主,碳酸盐岩主要为白云岩和灰岩。沉积特征表现为：下部（F 段）、中部（C+D段）和上部（A 段）的泥页岩层段,发育于湖进时期的深湖至半深湖相沉积,为烃源岩层段;下部致密储集层段（E 段）和上部致密储集层段（B 段）,发育于湖退期的浅湖相、三角洲前缘相沉积。由于后期的构造隆升,芦草沟组的沉积环境由早期的开阔湖盆逐渐向后期封闭的局限湖盆转变,沉积水体也逐渐向咸化和还原环境转变。     

Preventing and analysis of falling rocks: A case of Sarica village (Gürün,Turkey)

Rock fall is a common natural hazard causing significant damage to infrastructure and loss of life and property. This paper describes selection of prevention method, construction processes and the results of a rockfall hazard assessment for the village of Sarica (Gürün region, Turkey) based on an engineering-geological model. The study area is located on the lower parts of an area with very steep cliffs and 40-50⁰ slopes with fractured sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Detailed studies have been conducted in the region to prevent the risk of any rockfalls. Maps and charts are prepared including the rock blocks that are likely to fall and the related housing area under the risk. It was found that block sizes reached 3 m³. Rockfall analyses were performed along the selected profiles using the Rocfall V.5.0 software. Kinetic energy, bounce height, horizontal location of rock end-points and velocity of the rocks along each section were evaluated separately for each profile. This data was used to select design and construction of rockfall preventing system. In this study professional type rock fall barrier (catchment fence) was used. This method was chosen because it was cheaper, more practical and reliable than others.     

思茅地块西缘龙洞河组放射虫动物群及其地质意义

思茅地块西缘的龙洞河组为一套火山—沉积岩系 ,原定时代为晚石炭世 ,被认为属南澜沧江洋弧后盆地沉积。现在龙洞河组层状硅质岩断片中发现了晚泥盆世放射虫化石 ,在细碧角斑岩之硅质岩夹层中发现了早石炭世放射虫动物群 ,表明龙洞河组不全是晚石炭世地层 ,而是由晚古生代的一些地层断片组成。思茅地块西缘深水沉积盆地的演化始于泥盆纪 ,应为滇西南古特提斯多岛洋的一个分支 ,向南可能与泰国难河带对比。     

Petroleum Habitat of East Siberia,Russia

East Siberia comprises three petroleum provinces—Lena-Tunguska, Lena-Vilyuy, and Yenisey-Anabar—that occupy the area of the Siberian craton. Petroleum has been generated and has accumulated in Precambrian rifts beneath the sedimentary basins and, more importantly, within the section of the basin itself. The platformal deposits of the basins extend beneath overthrusts on the east and south and are covered by sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian overthrusts on the east and south and are covered by sedimentary rocks of the West Siberian province on the west. Permafrost and gas hydrate deposits are present throughout most of East Siberia.

In the Lena-Tunguska province, rifts that developed during Riphean time are filled by thick sedimentary rocks, in which petroleum deposits have formed. In Early Cambrian time a barrier reef extended across the East Siberian craton from southeast to northwest. A lagoon to the west of this reef was the site of thick rhythmic salt deposits, which are the main seal for petroleum in the province. The sedimentary section of the platform cover ranges in age from Late Proterozoic to Permian. More than 25 oil and gas fields have been discovered in the province, all in Riphean through Lower Cambrian rocks.

The Lena-Vilyuy province includes the Vilyuy basin and the Cis-Verkhoyansk foredeep. During Middle Devonian time, a rift formed along the axis of what was to become the Vilyuy basin. This rift is filled by Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous basalt, elastics, carbonates, and evaporites. During this rift stage the region that was to become the Cis-Verkhoyansk foredeep was an open geosynclinal sea. The sedimentary cover consists of Permian, coal-bearing sedimentary rocks as well as elastics from the Lower Triassic, Lower Jurassic, Lower Cretaceous, and Upper Cretaceous, the latter only in the Vilyuy basin. In the Lena-Vilyuy petroleum province as many as nine gas and gas-condensate fields have been discovered.

The Yenisey-Anabar province is largely an extension of the West Siberian petroleum province. Permian sedimentary rocks are present only in the east, where they consist of elastics and some salt. The Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous each are represented by thick clastic deposits. Total thickness of the sedimentary cover is up to 15 km on the west and 8 km on the east. Twelve gas and gas-condensate fields have been discovered in the western part of the province.     

Depositional environment and provenance of Middle Siwalik sediments in Tista valley,Darjiling District,Eastern Himalaya,India

The frontal part of the active, wedge-shaped Indo-Eurasian collision boundary is defined by the Himalayan fold-and-thrust belt whose foreland basin accumulated sediments that eventually became part of the thrust belt and is presently exposed as the sedimentary rocks of the Siwalik Group. The rocks of the Siwalik Group have been extensively studied in the western and Nepal Himalaya and have been divided into the Lower, Middle and Upper Subgroups. In the Darjiling–Sikkim Himalaya, the Upper Siwalik sequence is not exposed and the Middle Siwalik Subgroup exposed in the Tista river valley of Darjiling Himalaya preserves a ~325 m thick sequence of sandstone, conglomerate and shale. The Middle Siwalik section has been repeated by a number of north dipping thrusts. The sedimentary facies and facies associations within the lithostratigraphic column of the Middle Siwalik rocks show temporal repetition of sedimentary facies associations suggesting oscillation between proximal-, mid- and distal fan setups within a palaeo-alluvial fan depositional environment similar to the depositional setup of the Siwalik sediments in other parts of the Himalaya. These oscillations are probably due to a combination of foreland-ward movement of Himalayan thrusts, climatic variations and mountain-ward shift of fan-apex due to erosion. The Middle Siwalik sediments were derived from Higher- and Lesser Himalayan rocks. Mineral characteristics and modal analysis suggest that sedimentation occurred in humid climatic conditions similar to the moist humid climate of the present day Eastern Himalaya.     

兴蒙造山带中部晚古生代构造格局:来自晚泥盆-早石炭世色日巴彦敖包组碎屑锆石和火山岩岩浆锆石年代学的制约

内蒙古苏尼特左旗地区位于兴蒙造山带中段,是研究古生代俯冲-增生造山作用和地壳生长的关键地区。在苏尼特左旗南部,晚泥盆-早石炭世色日巴彦敖包组角度不整合在早古生代增生楔之上,已有研究对于其沉积环境、盆地属性及区域构造意义一直存在较大分歧。本文对色日巴彦敖包组敖木根呼都格剖面和阿拉塔特剖面碎屑岩和火山岩夹层开展锆石UPb测年及Hf同位素分析,并进行了沉积相分析进一步查明了地层层序、时代及物源特征,并对沉积环境和盆地属性进行了探讨。研究表明,敖木根呼都格剖面色日巴彦敖包组底部含砾粗砂岩最小谐和碎屑锆石年龄为391±5Ma,中下部凝灰质砂岩最小谐和碎屑锆石年龄为338.2±4.3Ma,凝灰岩锆石年龄为336±2Ma、333±3.5Ma,结合古生物化石,表明底部形成于晚泥盆世,中上部地层形成于早石炭世晚期。阿拉塔特剖面中上部安山质火山碎屑岩最小谐和碎屑锆石年龄加权平均值为320.4±6.2Ma,表明其形成于晚石炭世。碎屑锆石年龄谱及Hf同位素组成表明底部及中部砂岩碎屑物主要来自近源的早古生代白音宝力道和二连东乌旗地区弧岩浆岩,少量来自北侧南蒙古弧。结合沉积相分析,推测苏尼特左旗南部色日巴彦敖包组下部为一套形成于弧陆碰撞后被动陆缘滨浅海相沉积建造,中上部为形成于弧前盆地的一套杂砂岩夹火山岩建造。以上资料表明,该区从早石炭世开始转为活动陆缘背景,暗示古亚洲洋中东段在晚古生代仍未封闭。     

Seismic reflection and refraction investigations of Lake Kinneret - central Jordan Valley, Israel

Seismic reflection and refraction studies in Lake Kinneret, which is located in the northern part of the Dead Sea Rift have been carried out. In the seismic reflection work several instruments including sparker, boomer and air guns were used. The acoustic penetration was limited, giving information on the uppermost sediments only. In the seismic refraction study the energy source was seismic explosives charges placed below the water table in shotholes located onshore at either end of two lines. The seismic signals were picked up by hydrophones and transmitted to the shore-based recording stations by special radio transmitters.

The seismic refraction profiles show different sedimentary structures at various parts of the lake. The layer underlying the top sedimentary sequence is of higher seismic velocity in the northern section than in the southern section. This suggests a difference in the stratigraphic section between the two parts. Unconformities and faults which account for the structures observed here probably exist under the lake.

The shallow reflection data indicate active tectonic processes in this area. Folds and faults have been observed in the uppermost sediments. The most deformed areas are along the margins but some deformation also occurs at the center of the lake in its deepest portion. The area is also seismically active.     

膏盐岩对异常高压形成与分布的控制--以柴达木盆地狮子沟地区为例

异常高压在一定程度上影响和控制油气藏的分布,膏盐岩的发育与异常高压的分布存在明显的对应关系。通过对柴达木盆地狮子沟地区膏盐岩发育特征的详细研究,结合实测和计算地层压力资料对该区地层压力分布规律进行分析,探讨膏盐岩和地层压力的关系。研究表明,狮子沟地区膏盐岩纵向上具有四种沉积序列,横向上与砂岩呈“此消彼长”的关系,与泥岩呈“同增同涨”的关系。该区地层压力纵向上表现出分段特征:常压段、增压段和强压段。这种分段性在膏盐岩不发育的区域没有发现。狮子沟地区异常高压横向范围覆盖了膏盐岩的发育范围,地层压力系数随着膏盐岩厚度的变薄而减小。因此,膏盐岩对异常高压的分布具有明显的控制作用,其沉积脱水、致密性、塑性、流动性、高热导率等性质是促使异常高压形成的根本原因。     

Adakitic火成岩对大陆地壳增厚过程的指示:以青藏北部火山岩为例

Adakitic火成岩可以通过几种不同的岩浆作用方式产生,其中下地壳镁铁质岩石的直接部分熔融和拆沉下地壳的部分熔融可能是两种重要的adakitic火成岩形成方式。在一个大陆厚地壳背景,adakitic火成岩的产生指示了它们的岩浆源区位于大于40 km的下地壳之中,因此,暗示该大陆地壳的最小厚度超过40 km。青藏高原腹地的羌塘地区分布有40 Ma左右的“低镁”和“高镁”adakitic安山岩-英安岩-流纹岩,它们应分别是青藏高原厚大陆地壳下部镁铁质岩石直接部分熔融和拆沉的下地壳脱水熔融的产物。这套adakitic火山岩的厘定指示出在40 Ma左右时,青藏羌塘地区或更大范围的大陆地壳已经加厚到超过40 km,其地表在当时或稍后可能已经开始了隆升。     

扬子地台北缘中段震旦纪早期地层沉积类型及构造古地理演化

本文主要通过对湖北省西北部及其邻区早震旦世地层沉积类型的分析,再造其构造古地理演化。 本区早震且世地层分为下部姚营寨组和上部耀岭河群,两者呈过渡关系。 姚营寨组由一套由陆相到海相的火山—沉积组合组成,属火山复陆屑建造大类。主要包括冲积扇相、网状河流相、滨—浅海相及半深海相。其火山岩主要为偏碱的酸性岩类,少量基性岩。该组地层类型的综合特征表明,其形成的构造古地理背景属于拉张型的边缘断陷裂谷盆地。 耀岭河群可分为以海底基性火山岩为主,夹半深海、深海相钙、硅、泥质沉积组合的沉积序列和以凝灰质细粒陆源浊积岩及深海相泥质岩组合为主的两种组合类型。该群下部普遍发育冰水沉积物。该群火山岩类属典型的拉斑玄武岩系列,稀土配分表现为轻微富集型。其细粒浊积岩及钙、硅、泥质岩组合与现代远洋沉积层序相似。这些特征说明,耀岭河时期已经发育成为扬子地台北缘具一定规模的边缘小洋盆。 本区早震旦世经历了边缘断陷裂谷和陆缘小洋盆两个构造演化阶段。     

内蒙古赤峰敖汉旗地区义县组地层划分与对比

内蒙古赤峰敖汉旗地区属于宁城-捣格朗营子火山喷发带北段。通过实测剖面和大比例尺地质调查,确定敖汉旗地区中生界以火山岩为主的地层为义县组,并将其进一步划分为4个岩性段:一段由复成分砾岩和含砾粗砂组成,二段由酸性流纹质火山岩组成,三段由一套安山质的火山岩及沉积相的凝灰质砂砾岩等组成,四段由中性偏碱性的粗面英安质火山岩组成。本区各段火山岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,敖汉旗地区义县组火山活动时限为127.7~121.6Ma。该结果与北部阜新-义县盆地义县组标准剖面年龄可对比。依据岩石组合特征、同位素测年结果,敖汉地区义县组可以与标准剖面的中部对比,缺失可与标准剖面上部对比的层位。     

柴西南英西地区下干柴沟组上段蒸发岩沉积旋回特征

柴西南英西地区下干柴沟组上段为一套湖盆含蒸发岩系。文章综合运用薄片、岩心、钻井、测井、化验分析等资 料,对研究区下干柴沟组上段蒸发岩系沉积旋回特征进行了研究。研究表明,平面上由盆地中心向边缘呈现蒸发岩-混积 型碳酸盐岩-碎屑岩的环带状分布,纵向上发育2 个三级旋回及6 个四级旋回期次。各级蒸发岩沉积旋回具有不对称的特 征,即快速湖侵、缓慢湖退。总结出研究区的五种蒸发岩岩相组合类型。研究区蒸发岩为气候干旱、盆地基底快速沉降背 景下,湖退时残留盐湖中以蒸发结晶为主具有一定水深的成因,并建立了沉积旋回发育模式。     

Mid-Cretaceous Tuor-Yuryakh Section of Kotelnyi Island,New Siberian Islands: How Does the Probable Basement of Sedimentary Cover of the Laptev Sea Look on Land?

The model of geological structure of sedimentary cover of the Laptev Sea accepted by most geologists suggests that the lower seismic complex of the cover begins by the Aptian–Albian sedimentary rocks. They can be studied in natural outcrops of Kotelnyi Island. The section of the Tuor-Yuryakh Trough, which exposes the lower part of the Cretaceous complex, is described in the paper. It is composed of continental coaliferous rocks ~100 m thick. The marking beds divide it into five members, which are traced along the western wall of the trough at the distance up to 3 km. The spore–pollen complexes and plant megafossils indicate that almost the entire visible section of the mid-Cretaceous is Albian. Only its lower part no more than 14 m thick can probably belong to the Aptian. Marine facies with Albian foraminifers were found 15 m above the bottom of the Cretaceous complex. The section of the Cretaceous rocks is underlain by the Lower Jurassic marine clays and siltstones. The foraminifer assemblages of this part of the section are typical of the upper Sinemurian–Pliensbachian and fossil bivalves indicate late Sinemurian age of the host rocks. The hiatus ~70 Ma duration has no expression in the section and this boundary can de facto be substantiated only by microfossils. This vague contact between the Lower Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous rocks does not correspond to geophysical characteristics of the bottom of the lower seismic complex of the cover of the eastern part of the Laptev Sea. The latter is described as the most evident seismic horizon of the section of the cover, suggesting unconformable occurrence of the lower seismic complex on a peneplenized surface of lithified and dislocated rocks. This is mostly similar to the bottom of the Eocene sediments, which were observed on Belkovsky and Kotelnyi islands. The paper discusses possible application of our land results for interpretation of the shelf seismic sections of the Laptev Sea. It is concluded that local reasons are responsible for a vague boundary between the Lower Jurassic and mid-Cretaceous sequences in the section studied. Our observations support ideas on possible Aptian–Albian age of the rocks of the basement of the lower seismic complex; however, it is proposed to use also the previously popular idea on the Eocene age of the lower seismic complex of sedimentary cover of the eastern part of the Laptev Sea as one of the possible working scenarios.     

阿尔金山东段恰什坎萨依沟的地层新发现

出露于阿尔金山北坡的这套厚度巨大、基本不变质的海相沉积地层,岩性以火山岩、碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩为主,在恰什坎萨依沟的实测剖面中发现该套地层不整合于一套中深变质的长城系之上,不整合以上的硅质岩中发现放射虫、海绵骨针等化石,放射虫化石经鉴定,年代为奥陶纪中晚期,根据以上新发现对本地区的该套地层进行了重新划分与厘定。