翼龙重建：方法论的一个研究例子

Reconstructions of fossil animals are widespread and often very high profile, yet many of these reconstructions exhibit low standards of scientific accuracy.     

翼龙翅膀的空气动力学

The wing of a pterosaur is unique in many ways, not least in its basic morphology, comprising a single supporting structure along the anterior edge of a flexible membrane lifting surface. No other flying vertebrate has adopted this morphology and there are no direct analogues in mechanical aerodynamics, the closest being sailboat mainsails.     

剪断翼龙的翅膀：对于翼展估计和多样性的评论

Giant azhdarchids are perhaps the most spectacular pterosaurs known and, although they lack the elaborate headcrests or striking dentition that adorn other charismatic pterosaurs, the sheer enormity of their proportions has drawn a wealth of popular and scientific interest. Their remains, however, are so fragmentary that only limited interpretations of their anatomy and taxonomy can be made with certainty. Here, we report on recent investigations into giant azhdarchid taxonomy and size estimates that suggest both may be over-inflated.     

基于碳、氧同位素分析的翼龙类生态学

Since their discovery, pterosaurs have prompted much discussion about their ecology and feeding habits. Most pterosaur specimens are known from marine deposits (Kellner, 2003), though this may represent a bias towards preservation rather than necessarily a habitat choice. Recent discoveries of terrestrial deposits (e.g. the Yixian Formation) have also yielded numerous pterosaurs and our knowledge of their diversity has increased dramatically in recent years.     

英国伦敦自然历史博物馆的翼龙收藏：历史、综述、近期管理发展和振奋人心的新发现

Although the Natural History Museum’s pterosaur collection is not large (approximately 1060 specimens), it is of great historical and scientific importance. Most of the material is figured, and several holotypes are housed here. Pterosaurs from UK localities are well represented, but foreign material is also present as original specimens and as high quality casts.     

翼龙类和驰龙类尾的前关节突和脉弧棒的趋同演化及翼龙类和鸟类尾部肌肉退化的平行模式

The caudal morphology of dromaeosaurid dinosaurs and most “rhamphorhynchoid” pterosaurs is a striking example of convergent evolution. In both groups, all but the most anterior five to seven caudal vertebrae have postzygopophyses that are elongate, equaling or exceeding the corresponding centra in length, and have bifurcating rod-shaped prezygopophyses that extend as much as seven times the length of the corresponding centra.     

达尔文翼龙及其对翼龙类系统发育研究的启示

During the last two decades more than twenty phylogenetic analyses of pterosaur relationships have been published. These range from small scale studies restricted to a few species from one clade, to comprehensive analyses that include the majority of known taxa. Most of these contributions can be traced back to data sets published either by Kellner (2003) or Unwin (2003), who, in turn, incorporated data from earlier analyses by Howse and Bennett.     

三维虚拟动画模拟食鱼古魔翼龙Kellner & Tomida, 2000 (翼龙目, 翼手龙亚目)的站姿生物力学

Pterosaurs, usually known as flying reptiles, were the first vertebrate group to develop active flight. Despite being studied for more than 200 years, there are still many controversial questions regarding pterosaur functional morphology, such as the stance and gait when grounded, which rely primarily on direct examination of well-preserved articulated specimens, ichnofossils (trackways) and phylogenetic inferences.     

德国南部索伦霍芬石板印灰岩中翼龙纤维状头骨脊连续矿物化的证据

The Solnhofen Lithographic Limestone and other Upper Jurassic “Solnhofen type” plattenkalks of southeast Germany are famous for pterosaur fossils with soft tissue preservation. Flight membranes, integumentary structures such as pedal scales and bristles as well as pedal webbing are known from these deposits.     

准噶尔翼龙的椎体管道

The anatomical term tuba vertebralis was introduced by Martill et al. (1998) to describe a bony tube which enclosed the spinal cord in the type cervical vertebra of the giant azhdarchid pterosaur Arambourgiania philadelphiae, from the Late Cretaceous of Jordan.     

峨眉山地幔柱轴部位置的讨论

本文对峨眉山地幔柱的轴部位置进行了探讨,认为其应在米易—永仁一带。利用经典地幔柱模型,估算出峨眉山地幔柱到达上地幔时轴部直径大约为65～105km,高温苦橄岩的分布和差异剥蚀程度显示中心区的范围约为260～300km。深大断裂带、古地貌等因素控制了溢流玄武岩的喷发和展布,使得轴部岩浆的喷发偏于西部,形成了大理-丽江一带的苦橄岩分布较多的现象。     

A New Chinese Anurognathid Pterosaur and the Evolution of Pterosaurian Tail Lengths

A new anurognathid pterosaur specimen from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Qinglong, northern Hebie Province is described. The new specimen is referred to Dendrorhynchoides, based on the general morphology of the skeleton, but it represents a new species, named here as Dendrorhynchoides mutoudengensis sp. nov.. It is characterized by the presence of short, robust and straight teeth, and bearing wing metacarpal approximately 40% of the length of humerus. The new specimen provides further osteological information for anurognathid pterosaurs, especially the presence of a relatively elongate tail.     

尾标定位系统在长排列地震调查中的应用

本文通过Seamap公司生产的Buoylink EX GPStrackingsystem尾标定位系统在长排列地震调查中的应用，阐述了尾标定位系统的工作原理，以及它在地震调查中的重要性和实用性，为常规地震及三维地震调查中尾标定位的使用提供参考。     

Structure,Orientation and Finite Element Analysis of the Tail Club of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis

Abstract: The structure and orientation of the posterior extremity (tail club) of the caudal vertebrae of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis Young and Chao, 1972 from the Upper Jurassic Shangshaximiao Formation has been analyzed to determine the tail club function using Finite Element Analysis. Of the four caudal vertebrae composing the tail club, the second largest (C"1") was probably the most proximal, and is fixed with the preceding sequence of the caudal vertebrae, whereas the smallest (C"4") is free and forms the termination of the tail club. Our analysis also suggests that the tail club is more efficient in lateral swinging rather than up-and-down motion, and that the best region for the tail club to impact is at the spine of the largest of the four caudals (C"2"), with a maximum load for impact at about 450 N. The tail club of Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis probably also had limitations as a defense weapon and was more possibly a sensory organ to improve nerve conduction velocity to enhance the capacity for sensory perception of its surroundings.     

氰化尾渣回收金的研究现状与进展

氰化尾渣是黄金在冶炼过程中通过氰化浸出工艺所产生的的固体废渣,具有较大综合利用价值.根据氰化尾渣的特点,评述了从氰化尾渣中回收金的工艺方法及其主要优缺点.最后指出,各类氰化尾渣均可根据各自矿物组合及其细粒度特点,通过科学的环保与技术经济评价,选择合理的适合自身特点的金回收工艺.     

含重金属的尾矿渣场复垦还田种植农作物的安全技术

含有毒重金属的尾矿渣场复垦还田的安全经济技术方法是目前国内外的难点。为了探索尾矿渣场复垦还田后,种植农作物的安全性和经济性,笔者开展了小秦岭金矿区尾矿渣场不同覆土厚度农作物种植试验研究。结果表明:尾矿渣为土壤、农作物重金属提供了丰富的物源,尾矿渣、土壤和农作物中重金属排序为Pb>Cd>Hg;成熟中后期的农作物内重金属超过国家标准的风险高于成熟早期,叶菜类、果实类蔬菜及粮食类作物的风险主要来自Hg、Pb、Cd;块根类蔬菜是比较安全经济的种植作物,其中萝卜、土豆、青菜的经济安全种植厚度应大于40cm、50cm、70cm,在最大覆土厚度90cm上种植其他农作物也是不安全的;种植农作物后,土壤中Pb、Cd减少量与尾矿渣上覆土厚度有一定相关性,而Hg元素还与自身的挥发性有关;农作物对重金属的选择与重金属在黄土中的迁移能力是影响农作物吸收重金属的重要影响因素。试验结果可为研究金矿尾矿渣复垦还田的安全技术方法提供借鉴作用。     

基于长尾理论的地勘单位发展策略构建

地勘单位随着地质市场的完善及自身队伍的建设,经营范围及主营业务处于不断的调整变化之中,但其固有的经济运行模式符合经济统计学中的长尾理论。以某地勘单位的实际经营数据为例,从长尾理论蕴涵的市场规律出发,分析了地勘市场的特点,指出地勘市场所具有的长尾特性：长尾项目远多于短头项目,从长期看项目分布有向尾部移动的趋势,长尾项目越来越多,短头项目越来越少。依据长尾理论与行业特点,从选择策略、产品服务策略、组织架构策略、人力资源策略、营销策略等方面构建了地勘单位的发展策略,对新形势下地勘单位的发展具有一定的参考价值。     

Quantitative Analysis of Natural and Human Factors of Oasis Change in the Tail of Shiyang River over the Past 60 Years

The human and natural factors complicit in the driving forces of oasis change have always received considerable interest from the international research community. In this study, we used principal component analysis of natural and socio-economic statistical factors to quantitatively analyze the causal relationships and their contributions to the observed periodic expansion or shrinkage of the Minqin Oasis over almost 60 years. Our results show that human factors were the dominant factors governing expansion or shrinkage, with average contributions of 69.38% and 76.16%, respectively. Moreover, policy decisions have been the pivotal human factors. Under the influence of various policies, we have found that water resource utilization, land reclamation, population explosion, ecological protection and economic development have each played leading roles in different periods. This study provides a scientific basis for modelling the dynamics of an oasis for sustainable management.     

Comparison of Two Probability Distributions Used to Model Sizes of Undiscovered Oil and Gas Accumulations: Does the Tail Wag the Assessment?

Undiscovered oil and gas assessments are commonly reported as aggregate estimates of hydrocarbon volumes. Potential commercial value and discovery costs are, however, determined by accumulation size, so engineers, economists, decision makers, and sometimes policy analysts are most interested in projected discovery sizes. The lognormal and Pareto distributions have been used to model exploration target sizes. This note contrasts the outcomes of applying these alternative distributions to the play level assessments of the U.S. Geological Survey's 1995 National Oil and Gas Assessment. Using the same numbers of undiscovered accumulations and the same minimum, medium, and maximum size estimates, substitution of the shifted truncated lognormal distribution for the shifted truncated Pareto distribution reduced assessed undiscovered oil by 16% and gas by 15%. Nearly all of the volume differences resulted because the lognormal had fewer larger fields relative to the Pareto. The lognormal also resulted in a smaller number of small fields relative to the Pareto. For the Permian Basin case study presented here, reserve addition costs were 20% higher with the lognormal size assumption.